Physics 1800–1900: A quantitative outline

The authors utilize the index of theCatalogue of Scientific Papers of theRoyal Society of London dealing with the physics journal literature of the 19th century. Graphs of the publication activity of the entire 19th-century physics and of a bout 50 of its most important subareas are displayed; both the number of active contributors in each area, the number of papers and its share of publications of the entire 19th century physics are exhibited. Typical scientometric regularities such as “Lotka’s law” (with regard to the number of papers and the number of areas treated by physicists) are confirmed. In addition, the shares of the leading countries of important physical discoveries in the 19th century are studied.     

The Development of a Three-Fluid Model of Two-Phase Flow for Dispersed-Annular Mode of Flow in Channels: Film Thickness and Pressure Drop

This paper is a continuation of the papers [1, 2] dealing with the development of a three-fluid model of a two-phase medium for the dispersed-annular mode of flow. Calculations and experiments are performed to determine the liquid film thickness and the pressure drop.     

Infrared photodetectors based on reduced graphene oxide and graphene nanoribbons

The use of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) as infrared photodetectors is explored, based on recent results dealing with solar cells, light-emitting devices, photodetectors, and ultrafast lasers. IR detection is demonstrated by both RGO and GNRs in terms of the time-resolved photocurrent and photoresponse. The responsivity of the detectors and their functioning are presented.     

Crystallization a tool for product design

Product design is a cutting-edge area of research. Over the last few years, many papers have been presented dealing with product design. The review focuses on processing of crystalline solids with a particular filed of application in mind and shows how crystallization can be used as tool to generate materials with particular properties and how to tailor these properties by crystallization. The fact that crystallization is a tool for product design will be highlighted by 4 selected examples, dealing with roughness and shelf life of fertilizer granules (case 1 and 2), with micro container as carrier system and, finally, with an alternative tablet forming technique for heat sensitive materials.     

General definition of 3D warp interlock fabric architecture

3D warp interlock fabric can be used as a fibrous reinforcement for composite material. Despite of the numerous research papers dealing with this specific woven structure, few researches were conducted to clearly define this multi-layer fabric. Moreover, in many research papers, unskilled scientists of weaving technology have some difficulty to describe the different components of the 3D warp interlock fabric and sometimes make some confusion between the different architecture. Then, with a lack of a clear definition of these 3D multi-layer fabrics, most of the research papers are conducted on a very limited number of structures such as orthogonal, angle and layer to layer interlock.Thus, based on different definitions proposed by skilled scientists, a new general definition of a 3D warp interlock fabric has been proposed to better describe the position of the several yarns located inside the 3D woven structure. Thanks to this improved definition, we hope that the scientific community will use it in order to better design new architectures and conduct finer research based on these product parameters.     

Computer simulation of ultrasonics and its applications

Numerical calculations have been carried out for about 20 years, and the results are demonstrated graphically by vector or lattice representations. These results are now being used mainly for clarifying the mechanisms of ultrasonic interaction with material and defects and checking and improving the experimental results. Parts of this paper review results, many involving cracktip diffraction in various geometries, which have been published mainly in conference proceedings and have not appeared in journals. Other parts, dealing with focused fields, focal lenses, and radiation in an anisotropic medium are new, and have not appeared even as conference papers.     

Co-author inclusion: A novel recursive algorithmic method for dealingwith homonyms in bibliometric analysis

Summary Large scale bibliometric analysis is often hindered by the presence of homonyms, or namesakes, of the researchers of interest in literature databases. This makes it difficult to build up a true picture of a researcher's publication record, as publications by another researcher with the same name will be included in search results. Using additional information such as title and author addresses, an expert in the field can generally tell if a paper is by a researcher or a namesake; however, manual checking is not practical in large scale studies. Previously various methods have been used to address this problem, chiefly based on filtering by subject, funding acknowledgement or author address. Co-author inclusion is a novel algorithmic method based on co-authorship for dealing with problems of homonyms in large bibliometric surveys. We compared co-author inclusion and subject and funding based filter against the manual assignment of papers by a subject expert (which we assumed to be correct). The subject and funding based filtering identifies only 75% as many papers as assigned by manual scoring. By using co-author inclusion once we increase this to 95%, two further rounds produces 99% as many papers as manual filtering. Although the number of papers identified that were not assigned to the PIs manually also increases, the absolute number is low: rising from 0.2% papers with subject and funding filtering, to 3% papers for three rounds of co-author inclusion.     

A Citation Analysis of the Research on Manufacturing and Supply Chain Flexibility

Manufacturing and supply chain flexibility has been discussed extensively in the scientific literature. Given the different definitions, types and dimensions of flexibility, the purpose of this paper is to explore the origins and structure of the scientific research on manufacturing and supply chain flexibility. We identified a sample of 153 internationally published papers and conducted a citation analysis to examine the connections between the many scientific papers and to explore the most influential works and their impact on flexibility research. Our analysis revealed that research on flexibility received the most scientific attention between 1996 and 2005. However, the majority of the currently valid types and dimensions of flexibility have been defined in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The current paper provides the leading academic journals and papers in the field of flexibility research. Additionally, the results of our citation analysis indicate that flexibility research is significantly influenced by papers that have been presented at subject-specific conferences. Finally, our paper presents a clearly arranged structure of the most frequently cited papers dealing with manufacturing and supply chain flexibility. Furthermore, its contents and findings are briefly discussed to provide an overview of the previous academic research.     

纸张与TDI气体接枝共聚及其机理的研究

研究了滤纸与甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)气体反应合成聚氨酯材料的方法及其反应机理.采用化学分析、红外光谱和电子显微镜观察相结合的方法,分析了聚氨酯化后滤纸的化学及物理特性以及聚氨酯结构的形成机理.研究结果表明:滤纸经聚氨酯化处理后,可以使纸张中的纤维之间产生氨基甲酸酯结构的连接,从而大幅度提高了纸张的物理性能,尤其是湿强度和施胶度,为纸张在包装、建筑等工农业生产中开辟更为广阔的前景.     

Physico-chemical principles of the action of admixtures with various cements and concretes

Eight paper directly concerned with the theme of Section II and two others primarily devoted to other themes but nevertheless of interest in relation to the subject of Section II have been studied for this report and the following account is the reporter's summary of their contents. The majority of the papers can be regarded as research papers dealing with the effects of additives on the phase composition of hardening cement water pastes and on the kinetics of the reactions which occur soon after mixing the cement and water. Of the remainder, one paper is devoted to a general survey of accelerators and retarders, one discusses the differing physico-chemical action of additives which act as air entrainment agents or increase the fluidity of cement pastes, and two describe the effects on the properties of hardened cement paste when additives have been used.     

Finite Element Analysis of the Stability (Buckling and Post-Buckling) of Composite Laminated Structures: Well Established Procedures and Challenges

Finite element procedures for the analysis of composite structures under compressive loads (buckling and post-buckling) generally are not deployed in books because they are still considered object of research whereas they are deemed as assessed by researchers that focus their papers on restricted audience topics. Therefore, regarding these procedures, a gap exists in literature between what researchers consider as well established and what has been already published. The aim of this paper is to contribute to close this gap by providing an insight in linear and non-linear buckling analyses and in their use with composite structures. Both modelling and analysis considerations are presented and discussed, focusing on what can be considered as best practice when dealing with this kind of problems. Applications (to a stiffened panel and to a wing box) are provided for demonstrating the effectiveness of the procedures presented.     

Infrared and visible absolute and difference spectra of bacteriorhodopsin photocycle intermediates

We have used new kinetic fitting procedures to obtain infrared (IR) absolute spectra for intermediates of the main bacteriorhodopsin (bR) photocycle(s). The linear-algebra-based procedures of Hendler et al. (J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 3319-3228 (2001)) for obtaining clean absolute visible spectra of bR photocycle intermediates were adapted for use with IR data. This led to isolation, for the first time, of corresponding clean absolute IR spectra, including the separation of the M intermediate into its M(F) and M(S) components from parallel photocycles. This in turn permitted the computation of clean IR difference spectra between pairs of successive intermediates, allowing for the most rigorous analysis to date of changes occurring at each step of the photocycle. The statistical accuracy of the spectral calculation methods allows us to identify, with great confidence, new spectral features. One of these is a very strong differential IR band at 1650 cm(-1) for the L intermediate at room temperature that is not present in analogous L spectra measured at cryogenic temperatures. This band, in one of the noisiest spectral regions, has not been identified in any previous time-resolved IR papers, although retrospectively it is apparent as one of the strongest L absorbance changes in their raw data, considered collectively. Additionally, our results are most consistent with Arg82 as the primary proton-release group (PRG), rather than a protonated water cluster or H-bonded grouping of carboxylic residues. Notably, the Arg82 deprotonation occurs exclusively in the M(F) pathway of the parallel cycles model of the photocycle.     

Invariance theory for nonlocal variational principles—I extended variations

This is the first in a series of four papers dealing with the extensions of the Noether theorems on invariance and conservation laws to the nonlocal calculus of variations. After a summary of the germain aspects of the nonlocal variational calculus, the effects of the action of coordinate transformations and point transformations on the domain space of dependent functions are obtained. These results are then used to compute the variations in a functional of functionals that are induced by infinitesimal coordinate transformations and point transformations. Several forms are obtained for such variations since each will be required in the sequel.     

Systematic literature review on city logistics: overview,classification and analysis

City logistics is one of the significant branches of supply chain management, dealing with the logistics and transportation activities in urban areas. This research area has recently appropriated an exponential growth of publications. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis along with a systematic literature review to organise the results of surveying more than 370 papers and research works published since 2010. We identify the top contributing research topics. The most common keywords used in the city logistics literature are referred to in order to propose six research categories identifying the main innovative research perspectives.     

Kronecker algebra for series–parallel multi-state systems reliability evaluation

Multi-state systems (MSS) are systems whose stochastic degradation process is characterised by several performance levels varying from nominal functioning to complete failure. MSS arise naturally in many application areas. MSS reliability evaluation and estimation has received much attention from researchers and a wide range of papers dealing with MSS have been published. In this paper, an approach based on Kronecker algebra combined with stochastic processes is proposed to evaluate the reliability of a series–parallel MSS. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that the mathematical expressions of the MSS reliability indices are derived from data of individual elementary components without generating the whole, possibly huge, MSS state space. Furthermore, the approach is well formalised and easy to implement thanks to Kronecker algebra operators. Examples are given to illustrate the proposed approach.     

Genetic algorithms in supply chain management: A critical analysis of the literature

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are perhaps the oldest and most frequently used search techniques for dealing with complex and intricate real-life problems that are otherwise difficult to solve by the traditional methods. The present article provides an extensive literature review of the application of GA on supply chain management (SCM). SCM consists of several intricate processes and each process is equally important for maintaining a successful supply chain. In this paper, eight processes (where each process has a set of sub-processes) as given by Council of SCM Professionals (CSCMF) are considered. The idea is to review the application of GA on these aspects and to provide the readers a detailed study in this area. The authors have considered more than 220 papers covering a span of nearly two decades for this study. The analysis is shown in detail with the help of graphs and tables. It is expected that such an extensive study will encourage and motivate the fellow researchers working in related area; to identify the gaps and to come up with innovative ideas.     

The smooth piecewise polynomial particle shape functions corresponding to patch-wise non-uniformly spaced particles for meshfree particle methods

In the previous papers (Kim et al. Submitted for publication, Oh et al. in press), for uniformly or locally non-uniformly distributed particles, we constructed highly regular piecewise polynomial particle shape functions that have the polynomial reproducing property of order k for any given integer k ≥ 0 and satisfy the Kronecker Delta Property. In this paper, in order to make these particle shape functions more useful in dealing with problems on complex geometries, we introduce smooth-piecewise-polynomial Reproducing Polynomial Particle shape functions, corresponding to the particles that are patch-wise non-uniformly distributed in a polygonal domain. In order to make these shape functions with compact supports, smooth flat-top partition of unity shape functions are constructed and multiplied to the shape functions. An error estimate of the interpolation associated with such flexible piecewise polynomial particle shape functions is proven. The one-dimensional and the two-dimensional numerical results that support the theory are resented. June G. Kim is Visiting Professor of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.