热红外遥感监测土壤含水量模型及其应用

在从理论上分析了地表土壤日温差、热惯量和土壤含水量三者的关系后,探讨了由地表土壤日温差推求热惯量、再由热惯量推求土壤含水量的方法,建立了气象卫星热红外遥感监测土壤含水量模型。将所建立的模型应用于实际土壤含水量的监测,做出了辽宁省,1988年8月11日近地表(10cm)土壤含水量分布图,通过实测资料验证,该模型具有较高精度。     

基于MODIS数据的渭河流域土壤水分反演

利用MODIS产品数据MOD11A1、MOD13A2和MOD15A2获取地表温度(TS)、昼夜温差(TSD)、表观热惯量(ATI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)、叶面积指数(LAI),构建渭河流域2006年8月1日、8月6日的TS-NDVI、TS-EVI、TS-LAI、TSD-NDVI、TSD-EVI、TSD-LAI、ATI-NDVI、ATI-EVI、ATI-LAI特征空间,根据TS-NDVI、TS-EVI、TS-LAI、TSD-NDVI、TSD-EVI、TSD-LAI、AI-NDVI、ATI-EVI、ATI-LAI特征空间建立了温度归一化植被指数型干旱指数(TNDI)、温度增强植被指数型干旱指数(TEDI)、温度叶面积指数型干旱指数(TLDI)、温差归一化植被指数型干旱指数(DTNDI)、温差增强植被指数型干旱指数(DTEDI)、温差叶面积指数型干旱指数(DTLDI)、表观热惯量归一化植被指数型干旱指数(ANDI)、表观热惯量增强植被指数型干旱指数(AEDI)、表观热惯量叶面积指数型干旱指数(ALDI),并以这些干旱指数作为土壤水分监测指标,反演了渭河流域2006年8月1日、8月6日的土壤水分.利用TDR实测10cm土壤水分进行相关分析表明: TEDI、TNDI、TLDI在高植被覆盖的地区、低植被覆盖的地区进行土壤水分反演和干旱监测都能取得较好的效果,其中TEDI效果最好;DTNDI、DTEDI、DTLDI、ANDI、AEDI、ALDI比较适合在低植被覆盖的地区进行土壤水分反演和干旱监测,但在高植被覆盖的地区效果较差,不适合进行土壤水分反演和干旱监测.     

基于MODIS数据反演阜新地区土壤水分的研究

利用MODIS数据计算表观热惯量模型反演阜新地区春季的土壤含水状况分布。通过处理 2009、2010年4月的数据,拟合表观热惯量与土壤含水量的关系模型,得到阜新地区土壤含水状况分布图。通过与37个实测点土壤含水量数据对比验证表明,深度为0~10 cm时,相对误差均值为5.4%;深度为10~20 cm时,相对误差值为10.82%;深度为20~30 cm时,相对误差值为16.50%,相对误差都满足地区实际反演要求,并随土层深度增加相对误差均值增大。     

半干旱区土壤热通量遥感估算模型的适应性对比分析

提出了一种基于地表温度的土壤热通量遥感估算模型,结合另外两种应用比较广泛的遥感估算模型,分别是Moran(1989)提出的基于归一化植被指数NDVI、净辐射通量的模型和Bastiaanssen(1998)的基于NDVI、地表反照率、地表温度、净辐射通量的模型,利用MODIS遥感数据对这3种土壤热通量的模型进行了试验分析。参照半干旱区退化草地和农田地面站点实测的土壤热通量数据,3种遥感模型的试验结果表明:提出的基于MO-DIS地表温度的模型得到的土壤热通量精度最高;Bastiaanssen(1998)模型也能得到精度相当的土壤热通量,特别是它得到的可利用能量精度最高;Moran(1989)模型反演的土壤热通量误差最大。     

基于Radarsat-2全极化数据的高原牧草覆盖地表土壤水分反演

大面积土壤水分反演对于青海湖流域草场的管理和保护具有重要的意义。利用C波段全极化的Radarsat-2 合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像数据,开展了青海湖流域刚察县附近草场的土壤水分反演研究,在“水-云”模型和Chen模型的基础上,发展了一种新的土壤水分反演算法。该算法消除了植被覆盖以及地表粗糙度对雷达后向散射系数的影响。实验结果表明:预测结果能够与实测数据很好地吻合,R²、RMSE和RPD分别达到0.71\,3.77%和1.64,反演精度较高,能够满足研究区土壤水分的反演精度要求。如果能够更细致地刻画植被层以及地表粗糙度对雷达后向散射系数的影响,土壤水分反演精度有望得到进一步提高。
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基于SiB2模型的土壤水分降尺度指标的适用性研究

土壤水分是地表过程的核心变量之一,强烈影响着陆表—植被—大气间的能量和水分交换。当前基于星载被动微波遥感的土壤水分产品的空间分辨率普遍较粗(25~40km),无法满足流域尺度水文气象、生态水文模拟及水资源管理等研究和应用的需求,而土壤水分降尺度是目前较为可行的解决方案之一。通过对不同降尺度指标的研究,分析确定每种降尺度指标的适用条件,为土壤水分的降尺度研究奠定基础。利用2013年5月1日~9月30日黑河中游人工绿洲试验区大满超级站的气象数据驱动SiB2模型,分别模拟了土壤水分、土壤表层温度、植被冠层温度以及地表蒸散发、土壤蒸发等变量,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了地表潜在蒸散发;利用SiB2模拟结果与P-M公式计算结果估算获得常用的土壤水分降尺度指标:表观热惯量(ATI)、土壤蒸发(E)、土壤蒸发/实际蒸散发(E/ETa)、蒸发比(EF)、实际蒸发比(AEF)。通过对降尺度指标与土壤水分之间相关性分析可知,在植被的整个生长季,5种指标与土壤水分之间都具有较好的相关性。其中ATI、E、E/ETa以及EF这4种指标与土壤水分之间的相关性都随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐减弱;而AEF与植被根区土壤水分的相关性最好,更能反映根区土壤水分的动态变化。从可决系数来看,各降尺度指标与土壤水分的相关性排序如下:2cm:E/ETaEFEAEFATI;10cm:AEFEFE/ETaEATI;80cm:EFAEFE/ETaEATI。     

MODIS卫星数据地表反照率反演的简化模式

以内蒙西部地区的MODIS遥感图像数据和地表野外同步观测的光谱数据为例,在野外数据量较少且有定标数据的条件下反演地表反照率。使用6S大气1辐射传输模型进行大气校正,并通过MODTRAN4.0模型获取各波段地表入射光通量和窄波段的地表反照率;在窄波段反照率与宽波段反照率之间存在线性关系的前提下,以各波段的入射光通量占总入射通量的比例作为反演参数,实现窄波段到宽波段的反演。反演结果证明此方法简便可行。     

FY-3C中分辨率成像光谱仪数据的窄波段地表反照率验证研究

地表反照率数据对地表能量平衡和全球变化研究具有重要意义。基于2014年FY-3C卫星250 m分辨率的反射率数据和角度数据,选取非洲及北美洲的4个区域作为研究区,采用RossThick-LiSparseR模型作为BRDF(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)核模型反演了地表窄波段反照率,得到250 m分辨率的4个窄波段黑空、白空反照率。将反演得到的FY-3C地表窄波反照率产品与MODIS反照率产品（MCD43A3）数据进行了交叉验证,结果表明：FY-3C窄波段反照率与对应MODIS窄波段反照率对比的均方根误差在0.01~0.04,平均偏差(MBIAS)为0.09,FY-3C窄波段反照率与对应的MODIS窄波段反照率在可见光波段、近红外波段有较好的一致性。本研究提升了国产风云极轨卫星的应用范围,可为FY-3C地表反照率业务化产品提供算法支撑。     

基于TM影像天山北坡地表反照率反演方法的研究

地表反照率是气候模型和地表能量平衡方程中的重要参数。基于6S模型估算地表反照率,忽略了地形起伏的影响,不同波段组合的地表反照率也有待进一步研究。本文选取干旱区典型流域——天山北坡三工河流域为研究区域,以TM影像为数据源逐步进行地形校正、大气校正等,从而提取窄波段地表反照率。在此基础上,根据亮度、绿度、湿度3个特征变量的物理意义,以各波段能量权重为转换参数对窄波段地表反照率进行组合,实现研究区宽波段地表反照率的反演,得出基于不同波段的物理意义的地表反照率。     

HJ-1/CCD地表反照率估算及其与NDVI关系分析

参照TM地表反照率反演算法,建立了适用于HJ-1/CCD传感器估算地表反照率的算法。通过应用6S辐射传输模型建立查找表,对覆盖内蒙古自治区锡林浩特市的HJ-1/CCD数据进行大气校正,并根据反照率定义,回归分析得到可见光波段地表反照率;通过与地面实测数据进行对比分析,表明该算法估算得到的地表反照率精度较高,其最大相对误差为14.32%。同时,本文将估算结果与同时期NDVI进行拟合分析,得出地表反照率与NDVI存在较高的负相关关系。     

Soil moisture retrieval from MODIS data in Northern China Plain using thermal inertia model

Soil moisture plays an important role in surface energy balances, regional runoff, potential drought and crop yield. Early detection of potential drought or flood is important for the local government and people to take actions to protect their crop. Traditionally measurement of soil moisture is a time‐consuming job and only limited samples could be collected. Many problems would be results from extending those point measurements to 2D space, especially for a regional area with heterogeneous soil characteristics. The emergency of remote‐sensing technology makes it possible to rapidly monitor soil moisture on a regional scale. Thermal inertia represents the ability of a material to conduct and store heat, and in the context of planetary science, it is a measure of the subsurface's ability to store heat during the day and reradiate it during the night. One major application of thermal inertia is to monitor soil moisture. In this paper, a thermal inertia model was developed to be suitable in situations whether or not the satellite overpass time coincides with the local maximum and minimum temperature time. Besides, the sensibilities of thermal inertia with surface albedo and the surface temperature difference were discussed. It shows that the surface temperature difference has more effects on the thermal inertia than the surface albedo. When the temperature difference is less than 10 Kelvin degrees, 1 Kelvin degree error of temperature difference will lead to a big fluctuation of thermal inertia. When the temperature difference is more than 10 Kelvin degrees, 1 Kelvin degree error of temperature difference will cause a small change of thermal inertia. The temperature difference should be larger than 10 Kelvin degrees when the thermal inertia model is selected to derive soil moisture or other applications. Based on this thermal inertia model, the soil moisture map was obtained for North China Plain. It shows that the averaged difference between the soil moisture values derived from MODIS data and in situ measured soil moisture data is 4.32%. This model is promising for monitoring soil moisture on a large regional scale.     

Thermal inertia mapping over the Brahmaputra basin,India using NOAA-AVHRR data and its possible geological applications

Thermal inertia is a volume property and shows the resistance power of the material against changes in its temperature. The thermal inertia of a surficial feature of interest cannot be directly measured. Hence, a proper modelling is required for its estimation. The objective of the project is to develop a technique to generate thermal inertia images using available National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite data to detect thermal anomalies and oilfield signature over a known producing basin. The Brahmaputra valley in Upper Assam is selected for this study.

NOAA-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) thermal data were converted to temperature, based on the look-up table (LUT) given in the NOAA-AVHRR CD and by using split-window atmospheric attenuation correction models. The thermal inertia imagery is constructed with the help of the albedo imagery generated from the daytime and with the knowledge of the surface temperature change between the daytime and night-time data. The thermal inertia values are computed for all pixels common to both daytime and night-time and the thermal inertia imagery generated for the study area. The thermal inertia of a surface cannot be measured directly; so another model is also used to estimate apparent thermal inertia (ATI). The images from both the models have shown similar results.

The geological map when draped over the ATI image shows good correlation of gross lithology and thermal inertia. The metamorphics/basement and the sediments are well differentiated by their tonal and textural characters. The Mikir massif shows conspicuously brighter signature than the featureless darker signatures of the surrounding valley. Within the valley, the river water exhibits bright tone, whereas the present-day sandbars within the river exhibit darker tone than the alluvial plains of the valley. This is in agreement with the available published data. Major thrusts can be mapped as bright linear tone, and their geometry coincides well with those mapped in the field. Exposed cross faults can also be mapped in Arunachal foothills and faults in Mikir massif. The isoneotectonic map when draped over the ATI image shows that the identified isoneotectonic units can be well differentiated in the image on the basis of tonal characters. The prominent lineaments mapped in Mikir massif can be traced in the valley part also.

The producing and dry structures in the valley show very few signatures on the thermal inertia images, possibly due to poor spectral and spatial resolution of the NOAA data. It is planned to use the developed technique to generate thermal inertia maps using higher spatial and spectral resolution satellite data (e.g. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)), which may provide better oilfield signatures.     

The thermal inertia approach to mapping of soil moisture and geology

Although the principles of thermal inertia mapping, using airborne and satellite thermal infrared data together with broadband visible imagery, have been known for several years, the development of applications and interpretation procedures is still in its infancy. The ability of this remote sensing technique to estimate surface thermal properties opens many areas of potential application in surface resource studies. This article examines the application of thermal inertia mapping procedures to hydrogeological and geological mapping investigations. A method has been developed for estimating the thermal properties of soils for changes in composition, porosity, and moisture content. Results are displayed in a contour format to allow the user to evaluate the usefulness of thermal inertia mapping for his particular application. Information obtained using this simulation method has been analyzed to determine the ability of the thermal inertia approach to estimate remotely both soil moisture content and soil type. Conversely, the results can also be used to determine the temperature contrasts that could be expected for different soil and moisture regimes.     

Combining thermal inertia and a diurnal temperature difference cycle model to estimate thermal inertia from MSG-SEVIRI data

Thermal inertia is an important parameter in geological and agricultural applications. In this study, we present a method that combines models of thermal inertia and the diurnal temperature difference cycle to estimate the thermal inertia from Meteosat Second Generation Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (MSG-SEVIRI) data. This method can directly derive thermal inertia from MSG-SEVIRI brightness temperatures without the need to include the land surface temperature and emissivity. Two important parameters (the time of the maximum temperature and the diurnal temperature difference) that were input into the thermal inertia model were obtained by fitting the diurnal temperature difference cycle model to the diurnal cycle of land surface temperatures. The spatial distribution of thermal inertia shows that high thermal inertia values occur over vegetated areas, whereas low thermal inertia values occur over bare areas. The uncertainty in thermal inertia is investigated in terms of the uncertainties in the surface albedo, the time of the maximum temperature, and the diurnal temperature difference. The results indicate that the uncertainty in thermal inertia over vegetated areas is greater than that over bare areas. The consistency of the thermal inertia model is evaluated by analysing the difference in thermal inertia values on two consecutive days. The root mean square error of the thermal inertia differences under nearly identical surface and atmospheric conditions on two consecutive days is considered to be the error of the thermal inertia model.     

遥感旱情监测方法的比较与分析

比较和分析了目前旱情监测中运用较为广泛的3种模型：土壤热惯量法（ATI）、作物缺水指数法（CW-SI）和温度植被指数法（TVDI）的适用条件,并利用IDL编程实现。以黄河三花间流域为例,利用MODIS影像和气象数据对3种模型进行了计算,并将成果与SEBAL模型计算的蒸散发进行相关分析。结果表明,CWSI和蒸散发的相关性最高,其次是TVDI、ATI。在分析各方法特点的基础上,结合流域特征得到：CWSI和TVDI较适用于研究区域。     

Development of an ATI-NDVI method for estimation of soil moisture from MODIS data

Estimation of soil moisture is essential for research of climatology, hydrology, and ecology. The commonly used remotely sensed approach is LST-NDVI (land-surface temperature-normalized difference vegetation index). In this study, the apparent thermal inertia (ATI) is used instead of surface temperature to develop an ATI-NDVI space for estimation of soil moisture. Comparison with ground-based measurements shows a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0378 m³ m^?3 between retrieved and measured soil moistures. Validation with time series in situ data indicates the RMSE as 0.0162, 0.0285, 0.0368, and 0.0093 m³ m^?3 for forest, shrub, cropland, and grassland, respectively, which is comparable to or even better than the results of previous studies. The proposed method in this study is a remote-sensing approach without elaborate ancillary data except for the percentage of sand in the soil, and it is practical and convenient to be applied to regions with surfaces from bare soil to full vegetation and the entire range of surface moisture contents from wet to dry.     

基于TVDI的大范围干旱区土壤水分遥感反演模型研究

温度植被干旱指数TVDI(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index)是一种基于光学与热红外遥感通道数据进行植被覆盖区域表层土壤水分反演的方法。当研究区域较大、地表覆盖格局差异显著时,利用TVDI模型来反演陆表土壤水分,精度通常较低。对Sandholt的TVDI土壤水分反演模型进行了改进:利用云掩膜校正和多天平均温度合成来减少云的影响;同时对研究区域地形起伏、覆盖类型差异的影响进行了消除;对TVDI模型干边的模拟方法进行了改进。最后,使用铝盒采样等方法利用新疆地区观测得到的地面数据来拟合改进后的模型参数,并对2009年5月和8月的土壤水分进行了反演实验。与实测数据的比较分析表明,该模型能基本满足大区域土壤水分反演的要求,改进后的模型对新疆地区的土壤水分估算精度有较显著的提高。     

On the analysis of thermal infrared imagery: The limited utility of apparent thermal inertia

A spectral window in the thermal infrared permits observations of surface temperature by satellite radiometry. The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) acquired 10–12 μm data at times of day favorable for estimation of surface thermal properties and the surface energy budget. Two variables, surface wetness, which controls evaporation and hence mean surface temperature, and thermal inertia, which relates the diurnal excursion of surface temperature to ground heat flux, are responsible for most observed temperature variability. These variables may be estimated from the mid night (2:30 a.m.) and early afternoon (1:30 p.m.) data from the HCMM or from the afternoon NOAA satellites. However, the HCMM data product, “apparent thermal inertia,” is potentially misleading in agricultural areas because surface evaporation reduces the amplitude of the soil heat flux compared to the amplitude in dry areas. Thus apparent thermal inertia should not be used in regions having variability in surface moisture.     

麦田土壤水分NOAA/AVHRR遥感监测方法研究

本文立足于河南省农业遥感业务服务实际,在系统研究麦田土壤水分NOAA/AVHRR遥感监测理论、模型、资料处理、指标及应用技术的基础上,针对这一领域中存在的问题,在GIS技术的支持下,重点探讨了不同土壤质地和风速对遥感干旱监测的影响、用遥感表层土壤水分耦合深层土壤水分的方法与模型、用单时相遥感资料反演土壤水分的方法等,并最终建立了河南省冬小麦干旱遥感监测应用服务系统。