气孔缺陷对同轴电缆焊点热疲劳寿命影响

利用ANSYS软件建立了热循环条件下同轴电缆焊点的三维有限元模型,分析了气孔的大小及位置对焊点在热循环过程中的应力应变分布特征的影响,结合Manson-Coffin方程预测了不同气孔大小及位置对焊点的热疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明:气孔的存在使焊点的热疲劳寿命急剧缩短;相同尺寸的气孔存在于焊点内部时位置的改变对热疲劳寿命影响很小;处于焊点内部的气孔对焊点的疲劳寿命影响要小于靠近表面的气孔;处于焊点根部的气孔对焊点疲劳寿命的影响要远大于其它位置的气孔;气孔越大,对焊点的疲劳寿命影响越大.     

倒装焊焊点形态及其可靠性研究

本文采用Surface Evolver软件对倒装焊复合焊点的几何形态进行了模拟。通过非线性有限元方法研究有铅和无铅两种焊点在热循环作用下的应力应变关系，基于疲劳寿命C—M预测公式对焊点的热疲劳寿命进行预测与比较。     

热循环加载片式元器件带空洞无铅焊点的可靠性

建立了片式元器件带空洞无铅焊点有限元分析模型,研究了热循环加载条件下空洞位置和空洞面积对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明:热循环加载条件下空洞位置和空洞面积显著影响焊点热疲劳寿命.空洞位置固定于焊点中部且面积分别为7.065×10-4,1.256×10-3,1.963×10-3和2.826×10-3mm2时,焊点热疲劳寿...     

CSP封装Sn-3.5Ag焊点的热疲劳寿命预测

对芯片尺寸封装(CSP)中Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊点在热循环加速载荷下的热疲劳寿命进行了预测.首先利用ANSYS软件建立CSP封装的三维有限元对称模型,运用Anand本构模型描述Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊点的粘塑性材料特性;通过有限元模拟的方法分析了封装结构在热循环载荷下的变形及焊点的应力应变行为,并结合Darveaux疲劳寿命模型预测了无铅焊点的热疲劳寿命.     

CSP封装Sn-3.5Ag焊点的热疲劳寿命预测

对芯片尺寸封装(CSP)中Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊点在热循环加速载荷下的热疲劳寿命进行了预测.首先利用ANSYS软件建立CSP封装的三维有限元对称模型,运用Anand本构模型描述Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊点的粘塑性材料特性;通过有限元模拟的方法分析了封装结构在热循环载荷下的变形及焊点的应力应变行为,并结合Darveaux疲劳寿命模型预测了无铅焊点的热疲劳寿命.     

热循环参数及基板尺寸对焊点可靠性的影响

采用Ansys软件建立BGA倒装芯片模型考察焊点的热应力。通过改变热循环保温时间、温度范围和最高温度,研究各参数对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响,同时也考察了基板的长度和厚度的影响。采用Coffin-Manson方程计算并比较热循环寿命。结果表明:随着热循环高低温停留时间、温度范围以及最高热循环温度的增大,热循环寿命减小,最小寿命为879周;同时热循环寿命也随着基板长度和厚度的增大而减小。     

LGA焊点形态对焊点寿命影响的有限元分析

通过Surface Evolver软件对LGA焊点进行了三维形态预测,利用有限元数值模拟对LGA焊点在热循环条件下寿命进行了分析。研究了热循环条件下LGA焊点的应力应变分布规律,随着焊点远离元件的中心位置焊点所受到的等效应力、等效应变和塑性应变能密度逐渐增大,从而得出处于外面拐角的焊点最先发生失效的结论。基于塑性应变范围和Coffin-Manson公式计算了焊点热疲劳寿命;找出了LGA焊点形态对焊点寿命的影响规律,模板厚度一定时PCB焊盘尺寸小于上焊盘时LGA焊点的热疲劳寿命与PCB焊盘尺寸成正比,大于上焊盘时成反比,大约相等时焊点寿命最大。当PCB焊盘和模板开孔尺寸固定时,通过增大模板厚度来增加焊料体积在一定程度上可提高LGA焊点的热疲劳寿命,但是模板厚度增大到一定值时LGA焊点寿命会逐渐降低。     

微连接焊点热循环可靠性的研究进展

介绍了国内外关于微连接焊点热循环可靠性的研究进展。热循环的作用会使焊点内部组织粗化、IMC长大和变厚和锡基无铅焊料重结晶等,诱发焊点中裂纹的萌生与扩展。主流观点认为,焊点的失效是一种疲劳与蠕变相结合的机制。分析了对未来无机械应力作用的单一焊点样品进行热循环实验的意义。影响焊点热循环寿命的因素有焊料成分、焊盘UBM层、焊...     

PCB焊点可靠性问题的理论和实验研究进展

针对SMT－PCB焊点的可靠性问题,对该领域相关的理论和实验研究结果进行了综述,介绍了焊点可靠性的机械测试和热循环测试方法、焊点组织对焊点寿命的影响以及焊点疲劳失效的判别准则等。     

IMC生长对无铅焊球可靠性的影响

通过模拟及实验研究了IMC层及其生长对无铅焊点可靠性的影响.采用回流焊将无铅焊球(Sn3.5Ag0.7Cu)焊接到PCB板的铜焊盘上,通过-55～125℃的热循环实验,获得了IMC厚度经不同热循环次数后的生长规律.采用有限元法模拟了热循环过程中IMC厚度生长对无铅BGA焊点中应力变化的影响,并由能量疲劳模型预测了无铅焊点寿命.计算结果显示,考虑IMC层生长所预测的焊点热疲劳寿命比不考虑IMC层生长时缩短约30%.     

Aging studies of PBGA solder joints reflowed at different conveyorspeeds

In this paper, the shear cycle fatigue properties of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) assemblies' solder joints reflowed with three different profiles, and aged at 125°C for four, nine, 16, 25, and 36 days are studied. The profiles were devised to have the same "heating factor," which was defined as the integral of the measured temperature above the liquidus (183°C) with respect to dwell time in the reflow profile, but to have different conveyor speeds. The effects of conveyor speed on the solder joint (nonaged and aged) fatigue lifetimes were investigated. It was found hat with increasing the conveyor speed the solder joint shear fatigue lifetime could be improved substantially. Also, the shear fatigue lifetimes of aged solder joints decreased with increasing aging time and variation in fatigue lifetimes increased for faster conveyor speed. SEM and optical micrographs show that faster cooling rate caused a rougher interface of solder/IMC and less crystallization microstructure in solder joints. Rougher interface solder joints have a longer nonaged fatigue life. The thickness of IMC increases with increasing aging time and the growth rate for solder with faster cooling rate was larger. SEM cross section views reveal that cracks initiated at the acute position near the solder pad, then propagated along the interface of the bulk solder/IMC layer. Thicker IMC layers deteriorated fatigue life, so the fatigue lifetime variation of aged solder joints with fast cooling rate was larger     

Influence of Asymmetrical Waveform on Low-Cycle Fatigue Life of Micro Solder Joint

The effects of waveform symmetry on the low-cycle fatigue life of the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu alloy have been investigated, using micro solder joint specimens with approximately the same volume of solder as is used in actual products. Focusing on crack initiation life, fatigue tests on Sn-Ag-Cu micro solder joints using asymmetrical triangular waveforms revealed no significant reduction in fatigue life. A slight reduction in fatigue life at low strain ranges caused by an increase in the fatigue ductility exponent, which is the result of a weakening microstructure due to loads applied at high temperature for long testing time, was observed. This was due to the fact that grain boundary damage, which has been reported in large-size specimens subjected to asymmetrical triangular waveforms, does not occur in Sn-Ag-Cu micro size solder joints with only a small number of crystal grain boundaries.     

温度与振动耦合条件下的电路板级焊点失效模式与疲劳寿命分析

基于正交试验法研究不同温度与振动耦合条件下的板级焊点失效行为与模式,采用L₉（34）混合水平正交表设计了不同温度（T）、加速度功率谱密度（PSD）与频率（V）条件下的加速寿命试验,结果表明三者对焊点可靠性影响程度为T>PSD>V,且温度是影响焊点失效模式的主要因素,随温度的升高,焊点裂纹逐渐从近封装侧的界面金属化合物（IMC）层向钎体内部扩展,焊点失效模式从脆性断裂向韧性断裂演化.基于焊点失效数据分析,发现焊点疲劳寿命对数值与PCB板背侧最大应变范围存在关联关系,并采用多项式拟合的方法建立了焊点疲劳寿命模型,拟合结果显示,该模型能较好的评估温度与振动耦合条件下的焊点寿命,预测精度较高.     

电迁移作用下的微焊点振动疲劳行为研究

研究了不同电迁移时间(0～96 h)和电流密度(0～1.52×104A/cm2)对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu微焊点振动疲劳行为的影响.结果显示,在电迁移时间和电流密度均为0时,微焊点的振动疲劳循环次数大于1 170次,疲劳寿命大干234 min;而在125℃服役温度下,当振动频率为0.8 Hz,交变应力为0～20 M...     

陶瓷阵列封装的两种形式及其接头可靠性

介绍了CBGA及CCGA的基本结构,对它们的优缺点进行了对比,分析了在热循环过程中,CBGA、CCGA封装结构产生的热应变及接头的热疲劳寿命,对目前接头热疲劳失效机理的分析进行了对比,总结了影响接头热疲劳寿命的几种因素。     

The influence of dwell time on reliability of SMT solder joints under thermal cycling

The influence of dwell time on mechanical behaviour and fatigue life of SMT solder joints under thermal cycling has been investigated. The dwell time has two effects on the mechanical behaviour of SMT solder joints under thermal cycling: first, in the dwell time of high-temperature part, the stress in SMT solder joints will notably relax, and secondly, as the dwell time increase, the stress in solder joints in the low-temperature part of thermal cycling increases. With the increase of dwell time, the life of SMT solder joints under thermal cycling exponentially decreases.     

A Probabilistic Approach to Predict Thermal Fatigue Life for Ball Grid Array Solder Joints

Numerous studies of the reliability of solder joints have been performed. Most life prediction models are limited to a deterministic approach. However, manufacturing induces uncertainty in the geometry parameters of solder joints, and the environmental temperature varies widely due to end-user diversity, creating uncertainties in the reliability of solder joints. In this study, a methodology for accounting for variation in the lifetime prediction for lead-free solder joints of ball grid array packages (PBGA) is demonstrated. The key aspects of the solder joint parameters and the cyclic temperature range related to reliability are involved. Probabilistic solutions of the inelastic strain range and thermal fatigue life based on the Engelmaier model are developed to determine the probability of solder joint failure. The results indicate that the standard deviation increases significantly when more random variations are involved. Using the probabilistic method, the influence of each variable on the thermal fatigue life is quantified. This information can be used to optimize product design and process validation acceptance criteria. The probabilistic approach creates the opportunity to identify the root causes of failed samples from product fatigue tests and field returns. The method can be applied to better understand how variation affects parameters of interest in an electronic package design with area array interconnections.     

Fatigue life prediction of Package-on-Package stacking assembly under random vibration loading

This paper presents a general methodology to predict the fatigue life of the Package-on-Package (PoP) under random vibration loading by means of vibration tests and finite element (FE) simulation. The behavior of the critical solder joints of the PoP under vibration loading was accurately described by FE model using ANSYS software and confirmed by modal analysis and linear sweep tests. The stress-life (S-N) curve of the PoP solder joints was obtained by the sinusoidal fatigue vibration tests and FE simulations to characterize the fatigue properties of the PoP under vibration. The comparison of the S-N curves of the SAC305 solder joints in different structures indicates the S-N curve of the SAC305 solder joints depends on the package structure. With the same fatigue cycles, the stress levels for the current 3D package is the smallest compared with the other 2D package due to the stacked structure of the PoP. Spectrum analysis for the random vibration tests was performed by the FE simulations to acquire the stress response power spectral density (PSD) of the critical solder joint. A specific frequency domain approach based on the Palmgren-Miner's rule was established to predict the fatigue life of the PoP under random vibration. Results show that simulated fatigue life matches well with the random vibration test results, which implies that this approach could be a potential method for the predication of fatigue life of the 3D packaging under random vibration.