我国生物质能利用现状与展望

生物质能是重要的可再生能源资源,具有广阔的开发利用前景。介绍了我国生物质能的发展现状,包括固态生物质燃料、液态生物质燃料（燃料乙醇、生物柴油）、气态生物质燃料的开发利用和技术进展。对我国发展生物质能提出了建议,包括生物质能原料的利用和开发,生物质能开发利用的路线与技术,以及开展国际合作与交流,引进吸收国外先进的技术和设备等。     

生物质能发电技术分析

在不可再生能源濒临枯竭,环境污染日益加剧的今天,生物质能源替代化石能源利用的研究和开发,已成为国内外学者研究和关注的热点。介绍了国内外生物质能的主要转化利用技术,分析了生物质直接燃烧发电技术和气化发电技术,提出了符合能量梯级利用原则的生物质能发电方式,将是生物质能利用的主要形式。     

我国生物质能资源与利用

我国生物质资源丰富,产量巨大,2004年我国生物质能合计总量为306.48Mtce,为生物质能的开发利用提供了丰富的原料.通过生物质的热化学转化技术,可生产可燃气体和液体燃料.生物质能的开发利用,对于我国能源结构调整、能源安全、环境保护具有重要意义.     

开发生物质能源提高环境质量

太阳能、生物质能等无污染能源、可再生能源的开发是一项重要工作。生物质能源能够就地开发利用，价格比较低，利用比较方便。生物质能的开发在我国起步较晚，近几年的研究，已经取得了较为明显的效果，其利用方式也越来越多。     

开发利用生物质能是我国农林业发展的重要领域

我国有丰富的生物质资源,开发潜力巨大。农林业部门要担当重任,充分利用土地资源,发展能源农业和能源林业,使生物质能成为我国立足国内开发的一个主要能源品种,为我国能源安全和全球环境保护做出贡献。同时,生物质能开发利用也将是建立以农村为上游的一个新型能源产业链,形成新的经济增长点,增加农民收入,成为新农村建设的一个重要领域。     

生物质能利用技术现状及进展

在阐述生物质能源开发利用意义的基础上,针对现有的生物质能利用技术的发展现状进行了综合分析,主要介绍了生物质燃烧技术、生物质气化技术和生物质液化技术以及生物化学转化过程,指出了在目前形势下,大力发展生物质能利用技术具有广阔的前景.     

三家生物质发电科研推广机构成立

2007年9月12日,国家电网公司生物质燃料与燃烧技术实验室、国网深圳能源发展集团公司生物质能工程技术研究中心和国能生物技术咨询有限公司等三家生物质发电科研推广机构在北京正式揭牌。作为我国生物质燃料技术方面的第一个专业实验室,生物质燃料与燃烧技术实验室将重点从事生物质原料处理加工技术等方面的研究。生物质能工程技术研究中心将重点围绕生物质能源开发利用的关键技术进行研究,为生物质资源利用产业化提供技术支撑和服务体系。国能生物技术咨询有限公司将主要从事生物质能源开发和综合利用领域的政策及市场研究、投融资和运营管理咨询等,积极发展循环经济和可再生能源产业。     

中国林业生物质能源资源开发利用现状与发展建议

开发利用林业生物质能源资源是解决我国生物质能源发展原料瓶颈问题的重要途径之一.文章在全面分析了我国林业生物质能源资源现状的基础上,对其开发利用的可行性及障碍进行了探讨.认为我国开发利用林业生物质资源具备土地资源丰富、林业能源植物培育技术发展成熟、转化利用工艺与设备研发取得一定突破以及政策环境良好等条件.现阶段我国林业生物质资源开发利用面I临的障碍有:收集、运输较困难,能源林经营粗放,林业能源资源开发融资渠道单一,产业扶持政策有待完善等.针对以上问题,提出了进一步开发利用林业生物能源资源的相关建议:重视林业能源资源的规模化培育、加强科技支撑和培育管理,加大财税与金融扶持以及政策配套的机制建设,鼓励企业积极参与并通过利用CDM机制吸引国际资金和先进技术等.     

生物质直接燃烧技术的发展研究

随着能源危机和环境问题的日益严重,人们不断致力于开发研究低污染、可再生的新能源。在众多的可再生能源中,生物质能是一种储量丰富、清洁方便的绿色可再生能源,具有极大的开发潜力。为了大力开发利用生物质资源,分析比较了国内外生物质直接燃烧技术发展现状,提出应根据生物质燃料的燃烧特性,开发相应的燃烧技术和燃烧设备,以实现生物质资源的大规模集中高效利用。     

生物质能利用技术的开发研究

１国外生物质资源的利用现状与前景随着生物质能源转化技术的发展，以及人们对于改善环境要求的提高，生物质能所起的作用越来越重要。据估计，目前世界总能源消费中，１４％的能源供应来自生物质能，在发展中国家生物质能约占农村用能的９０％；在发达国家，如欧共体国家能源消费中２％到２５％是由生物质能提供的，一些世界能源组织（ＩＥＡ）成员国，生物质能在总能耗中所占份额高达１５％。在某些地区，生物质能已发挥了重要作用，例如美国加利福尼亚州的生物质能发电功率已大于１２００ＭＷ。在今后的数年内，利用生物质发电将成为一…     

Assessment of potential biomass energy production in China towards 2030 and 2050

The objective of this paper is to provide a more detailed picture of potential biomass energy production in the Chinese energy system towards 2030 and 2050. Biomass for bioenergy feedstocks comes from five sources, which are agricultural crop residues, forest residues and industrial wood waste, energy crops and woody crops, animal manure, and municipal solid waste. The potential biomass production is predicted based on the resource availability. In the process of identifying biomass resources production, assumptions are made regarding arable land, marginal land, crops yields, forest growth rate, and meat consumption and waste production. Four scenarios were designed to describe the potential biomass energy production to elaborate the role of biomass energy in the Chinese energy system in 2030. The assessment shows that under certain restrictions on land availability, the maximum potential biomass energy productions are estimated to be 18,833 and 24,901?PJ in 2030 and 2050.     

Latest avenues and approaches for biohydrogen generation from algal towards sustainable energy optimization: Recent innovations,artificial intelligence,challenges, and future perspectives

The limited resources of fossil fuels and bio energies, along with the environmental pollution caused by their combustion, make it necessary to search for renewable and clean alternative sources and to optimize the available current energies specifically for required energy for using in buildings. This is mandatory for a solution of future energy production issues as huge consumption of energy in buildings and structures is unavoidable in buildings for instance China's higher education buildings consume huge amounts of bioenergy. Most of the attention in the production of biofuel has been focused on the use of plant biomass, agricultural waste, solid waste, and sewage treatment sludge. Today, there are renewable resources to replace fossil fuels such as biofuels for usage in buildings required energy; however, in the last decade, the cultivation of microalgae has been proposed as another option for biomass production. Utilization of algae biomass is more cost-effective than vegetable crops in terms of water consumption and cultivated area and reduces costs and greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels. Artificial intelligence is a tool to help for this utilization and becoming much better in recent researches. Many types of microalgae, due to their high ability to consume organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, can grow in different water environments, including urban, industrial, agricultural wastewaters, and wastewaters containing animal waste, which contain large amounts of organic and inorganic carbon. There are nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements that act as a biological filter that with extensive studies and inventing new methods, cost-effective production of algae-biofuels can be achieved. This review goals to run over the latest innovations and artificial intelligence approaches for biohydrogen generation from algal towards sustainable energy optimization and greener environment for buildings required energy. The current state of the art, existing and upcoming challenges, latest technologies, and solutions to overcome existing limitation are presented in details.     

A key review on emergy analysis and assessment of biomass resources for a sustainable future

The present study comprehensively reviews emergy analysis and performance evaluation of biomass energy. Biomass resources utilization technologies include (a) bioethanol production, (b) biomass for bio-oil, (c) biodiesel production, (d) straw as fuel in district heating plants, (e) electricity from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration power plant, (f) electricity from waste landfill gas. Systems diagrams of biomass, which are to conduct a critical inventory of processes, storage, and flows that are important to the system under consideration and are therefore necessary to evaluate, for biomasses are given. Emergy indicators, such as percent renewable (PR), emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratio (ELR) and environmental sustainability index (ESI) are shown to evaluate the environmental load and local sustainability of the biomass energy. The emergy indicators show that bio-fuels from crop are not sustainable and waste management for fuels provides an emergy recovery even lower than mining fossil fuel.     

Sustainable hydrogen production options and the role of IAHE

In this paper, some potential sustainable hydrogen production options are identified and discussed. There are natural resources from which hydrogen can be extracted such as water, fossil hydrocarbons, biomass and hydrogen sulphide. In addition, hydrogen can be extracted from a large palette of anthropogenic wastes starting with biomass residuals, municipal wastes, plastics, sewage waters etc. In order to extract hydrogen from these resources one needs to use sustainable energy sources like renewables and nuclear. A total of 24 options for sustainable hydrogen production are then identified. Sustainable water splitting is the most important method of hydrogen production. Five sustainable options are discussed to split water, which include electrolysis, high temperature electrolysis, pure and hybrid thermochemical cycles, and photochemical/radiochemical methods. Other 19 methods refer to extraction of hydrogen from other materials than water or in conjunction with water (e.g., coal gasification with CO₂ capture and sequestration). For each case the achievable energy and exergy efficiency of the method were estimated based on state of the art literature screening for each involved process. In addition, a range of hydrogen production capacity is determined for each of the option. For a transition period to hydrogen economy nuclear or solar assisted coal gasification and fossil fuel reforming technologies – with efficiencies of 10–55% including CO₂ sequestration – should be considered as a viable option. Other “ready to be implemented” technology is hydro-power coupled to alkaline electrolysers which shows the highest hydrogen generation efficiency amongst all electrical driven options with 60–65%. Next generation nuclear reactors as to be coupled with thermochemical cycles have the potential to generate hydrogen with 40–43% energy efficiency (based on LHV of hydrogen) and 35–37% exergy efficiency (based on chemical exergy of hydrogen). Furthermore, recycling anthropogenic waste, including waste heat, waste plastic materials, waste biomass and sewage waters, shows also good potential as a sustainable option for hydrogen production. Biomass conversion to hydrogen is found as potentially the most efficient amongst all studied options in this paper with up to 70% energy efficiency and 65% exergy efficiency.     

Low-grade heat conversion into power using organic Rankine cycles – A review of various applications

An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) machine is similar to a conventional steam cycle energy conversion system, but uses an organic fluid such as refrigerants and hydrocarbons instead of water. In recent years, research was intensified on this device as it is being progressively adopted as premier technology to convert low-temperature heat resources into power. Available heat resources are: solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass products, surface seawater, and waste heat from various thermal processes. This paper presents existing applications and analyzes their maturity. Binary geothermal and binary biomass CHP are already mature. Provided the interest to recover waste heat rejected by thermal devices and industrial processes continue to grow, and favorable legislative conditions are adopted, waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycle systems in the near future will experience a rapid growth. Solar modular power plants are being intensely investigated at smaller scale for cogeneration applications in buildings but larger plants are also expected in tropical or Sahel regions with constant and low solar radiation intensity. OTEC power plants operating mainly on offshore installations at very low temperature have been advertised as total resource systems and interest on this technology is growing in large isolated islands.     

Analysis of olive grove residual biomass potential for electric and thermal energy generation in Andalusia (Spain)

As fossil fuels are not only a limited resource, but also contribute to global warming, a transition towards a more sustainable energy supply is urgently needed. Therefore, today's environmental policies are largely devoted to fostering the development and implementation of renewable energy technologies. One important aspect of this transition is the increased use of biomass to generate renewable energy. Agricultural residues are produced in huge amounts worldwide, and most of this residue is composed of biomass that can be used for energy generation. Consequently, converting this residue into energy can increase the value of waste materials and reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal. This paper analyses the situation of biomass energy resources in Andalusia, an autonomous community in the south of Spain. More specifically, biomass is the renewable source which most contributes to Andalusian energy infrastructure. The residual biomass produced in the olive sector is the result of the large quantity of olive groves and olive oil manufacturers that generate byproducts with a potentially high energy content. The generation of agricultural and industrial residues from the olive sector produced in Andalusia is an important source of different types of residual biomass that are suitable for thermal and electric energy since they reduce the negative environmental effects of emissions from fossil fuels, such as the production of carbon dioxide.     

Increasing biomass resource availability through supply chain analysis

Increased inclusion of biomass in energy strategies all over the world means that greater mobilisation of biomass resources will be required to meet demand. Strategies of many EU countries assume the future use of non-EU sourced biomass. An increasing number of studies call for the UK to consider alternative options, principally to better utilise indigenous resources. This research identifies the indigenous biomass resources that demonstrate the greatest promise for the UK bioenergy sector and evaluates the extent that different supply chain drivers influence resource availability.The analysis finds that the UK's resources with greatest primary bioenergy potential are household wastes (>115 TWh by 2050), energy crops (>100 TWh by 2050) and agricultural residues (>80 TWh by 2050). The availability of biomass waste resources was found to demonstrate great promise for the bioenergy sector, although are highly susceptible to influences, most notably by the focus of adopted waste management strategies. Biomass residue resources were found to be the resource category least susceptible to influence, with relatively high near-term availability that is forecast to increase – therefore representing a potentially robust resource for the bioenergy sector. The near-term availability of UK energy crops was found to be much less significant compared to other resource categories. Energy crops represent long-term potential for the bioenergy sector, although achieving higher limits of availability will be dependent on the successful management of key influencing drivers. The research highlights that the availability of indigenous resources is largely influenced by a few key drivers, this contradicting areas of consensus of current UK bioenergy policy.     

Importance of biomass energy sources for Turkey

Various agricultural residues such as grain dust, crop residues and fruit tree residues are available in Turkey as the sources of biomass energy. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be one of the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21% and the techniques for converting it to useful energy are not necessarily sophisticated. Selection of a particular biomass for energy requirements is influenced by its availability, source and transportation cost, competing uses and prevalent fossil fuel prices. Utilization of biomass is a very attractive energy resource, particularly for developing countries since biomass uses local feedstocks and labor. Like many developing countries, Turkey relies on biomass to provide much of its energy requirement. More efficient use of biomass in producing energy, both electrical and thermal, may allow Turkey to reduce petroleum imports, thus affecting its balance of payments dramatically. Turkey has always been one of the major agricultural countries in the world. The importance of agriculture is increasing due to biomass energy being one of the major resources in Turkey. Biomass waste materials can be used in Turkey to provide centralized, medium- and large-scale production of process heat for electricity production. Turkey's first biomass power project is under development in Adana province, at an installed capacity of 45 MW. Two others, at a total capacity of 30 MW, are at the feasibility study stage in Mersin and Tarsus provinces. Electricity production from biomass has been found to be a promising method in the nearest future in Turkey.     

A review of biomass potential and current utilisation – Status quo for 93 biogenic wastes and residues in Germany

The efficient use of biogenic by-products, residues and waste offers an extensive range of advantages. As well as fulfilling requirements of public services, intelligent “cascading” can tap alternative sources of carbon and play a key part in a system using renewable sources of energy. However, a comprehensive overview of existing resources and their current use is required as a sufficient basis for decision-making. Accordingly, this article studies the development and application of a four-stage categorisation of relevant biomasses and a consistent comparison of existing findings in form of a literature review. Taking the case example of Germany, 30 studies were evaluated with regard to their information on the theoretical and technical potential of biomass and its current use as a material and source of energy. The compiled results offer a detailed, consistent overview of the status quo in Germany for a total of 93 individual biomass types. The findings show a technical biomass potential between 92.7 and 122.1 million Mg (DM) that means up to 1,500 kg per capita. A share of 62.7–71.2 million Mg (DM) is already in established use. 26.9–46.9 million Mg (DM) are still unused. Currently, however, there is no guaranteed, unified reference year for cross-sectoral reporting on the potential and use of biomass. Also, the handling of sustainability criteria is regulated insufficiently. Thus, long-term monitoring is required to manage the efficient, sustainable use of resources in a future-proof manner. Looking forward, up to 7% of Germany's current primary energy consumption, and at least 13% of the target consumption, could be met using residual matter and waste.     

Energy generation from biomass and waste in the Netherlands: A brief overview and perspective

For a number of years, the interest in energy generation on the basis of biomass and waste has been increasing. A brief overview is given of biomass waste availability in the Netherlands. In recent years several new projects related to energy generation from biomass and waste are initiated in the Netherlands. The results and status of some major projects are outlined in this paper. In the short term only biomass waste (available at low and even negative prices) can play an important role. Establishment of a carbon tax will increase the feasibility of energy crops for energy generation.