AZ31镁合金电池筒反挤压成形模拟与试验验证

用有限元模拟软件Deform-3D对5号AZ31镁合金电池筒反挤压成形过程进行仿真模拟,完成了模具的设计,分析了挤压坯料温度与挤压速度对反挤压成形过程的影响,探讨了电池筒损伤极值、等效应变极值、等效应力极值以及模具温度场中最高温度的变化。结果表明,在相同挤压速度下(145 mm/s),随着挤压坯料温度的升高,电池筒的损伤极值不断增大,等效应变极值先下降后上升,等效应力极值不断下降,模具温度场中最高温度不断升高,并在60℃的挤压坯料温度下,损伤极值最低。在相同挤压温度下,随着冲模挤压速度的升高,损伤极值先增大后减小,等效应变极值不断降低,等效应力极值不断增大,最高温度不断增大,在145 mm/s的挤压速度下,损伤极值最小值。选取不同挤压坯料温度与挤压速度进行正交试验,获得最优的工艺参数,并以此参数进行反挤压试验,获得组织较均匀的5号AZ31镁合金电池筒。     

AZ31镁合金薄壁管材反挤压成形的有限元模拟

根据AZ31镁合金流动应力-应变曲线建立了材料模型,应用Deform-3D软件对AZ31镁合金薄壁管材反挤压过程进行了有限元模拟,分析了挤压过程中坯料和管材内部温度场、损伤因子及流动速率的分布情况,着重探讨了不同挤压温度、挤压速度和模角对最高温升、等效应力、流动速率及挤压力峰值的影响。结果表明,AZ31镁合金薄壁管材反挤压的最佳工艺参数:挤压温度为310℃、挤压速度为1mm/s、模角为60°。     

镁合金正挤压-扭转变形的有限元分析

对镁合金正挤压-扭转成形进行了工艺参数的有限元模拟,分析了扭转剪切变形对AZ31镁合金在成形过程中等效应变和挤压力的影响。结果表明:随着挤压温度的降低,挤压速度和摩擦系数的升高,坯料所获得的等效应变显著升高。正挤压-扭转变形可以显著提高坯料变形过程的等效应变,并改善变形的均匀性。经正挤压-扭转变形后,AZ31镁合金的塑性应变高达4.5。工艺参数的有限元分析能为AZ31镁合金正挤压-扭转变形的实际生产提供重要参考。     

AZ31镁合金保温杯内筒反挤压成形模拟研究

运用DEFORM-3D有限元分析软件模拟了AZ31镁合金保温杯内筒反挤压过程,分析了温度和挤压速度对AZ31镁合金反挤压过程中的等效应力、挤压力的影响。模拟结果表明:凸模圆角处的等效应力值最大;随着温度的升高,所需要的最大挤压力变小;挤压速度越大,最大挤压力越大。     

AZ80镁合金管材反挤压成形的数值模拟与试验研究

采用Deform-3D软件对AZ80镁合金厚壁管材的反挤压过程进行了数值模拟,模拟了不同挤压温度和挤压速度对反挤压成形过程的影响。结果表明,反挤压过程的等效应变主要集中在凸模与坯料接触处和管壁上,管材的内壁和外壁损伤值较大,容易产生损伤。挤压温度越高,管材成形的温差、等效应力和挤压载荷就越小,挤压变形越均匀。挤压速度越小,金属的流动速率峰值越小,金属流动越均匀,管材温差越小,挤压变形越均匀。通过镁合金管材的反挤压试验,验证了模拟结果的准确性。     

AZ31镁合金连续挤压过程数值模拟

采用连续挤压方法可以实现AZ31镁合金变形,变形条件是决定AZ31镁合金连续挤压成形的关键因素.利用DEFORM3D软件,模拟AZ31镁合金在250型连续挤压机上生产Φ7mm杆的成形过程,建立AZ31镁合金线连续挤压的刚粘塑性有限元模型,分析了连续挤压成形过程不同阶段的温度,等效应力应变变化.研究表明,变形金属的等效应力最高值出现在压实轮下方;温度最高值出现在型腔内;等效应变最大值出现在模具入口处.模拟结果对生产中制定合适的工艺和工模具的设计起到指导作用.     

AZ80镁合金深孔筒形件数值模拟及试验研究

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机得到AZ80镁合金的流动应力-应变曲线,根据应力-应变曲线求得材料热变形的材料常数,基于刚塑性有限元法,对AZ80镁合金的反挤压过程进行数值模拟。分析挤压过程中的载荷-行程曲线以及坯料内部的等效应力、等效应变分布,并就挤压温度和挤压速度对反挤压过程的影响进行分析。根据模拟结果对筒形件进行反挤压试验,分析成形件的显微组织及力学性能。模拟结果表明,镁合金深孔筒形件的最佳反挤压温度为360℃,反挤压速度为5 mm·s-1。采用此工艺制备的筒形件表面质量良好,组织得到明显细化,且其抗拉强度、屈服强度与伸长率分别为324 MPa,216 MPa和11%。     

AZ80镁合金锥形件内环筋挤压成形工艺参数研究

镁合金锥形件内环筋通过旋压无法形成高筋。因此,提出斜楔加载整体成形工艺。通过DEFORM-3D软件模拟了AZ80镁合金锥形件内环筋成形过程,采用正交试验法分析了反挤成形过程中挤压温度、挤压速度、分瓣凸模圆角半径对成形过程中最大载荷和平均应变的影响,并对金属流动和等效应变规律进行了分析。结果表明:AZ80镁合金锥形件内环筋的最佳成形温度为410℃,最佳挤压速度为2 mm/s,最佳分瓣凸模圆角半径为55 mm。通过实验,环筋部位填充饱满,零件达到使用要求。     

不同温度场下AZ31镁合金筒形件反挤压成形规律研究

为了探索不同温度场对AZ31镁合金筒形件反挤压成形的影响规律,采用数值模拟与实验相结合的方式,控制模具温度为200℃,通过改变坯料温度探究温度场和应变场的分布规律,以及筒形件的力学性能和微观组织。结果表明:在筒形件的成形过程中坯料自身热量、模具与坯料之间热传递以及形变热形成一定温度场;即使坯料为室温,挤出时最高温度都达到290℃。在不同坯料温度条件下,等效应变主要集中在筒形件的转角处和内壁,筒壁同一高度沿着内壁到外壁等效应变值逐渐减小。反挤压成形后的筒形件的微观组织和力学性能得到了明显的改善,坯料室温时成形的筒形件相比较于原始材料,平均晶粒尺寸从25. 58μm减小到2. 39μm,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别提高了119%和74. 7%,伸长率提高了67. 7%。分析可知反挤压过程中发生了动态再结晶,晶粒显著细化,提高了材料的力学性能。     

镁合金丝静液挤压物理模拟实验与数值模拟分析

根据相似性原理研制AZ31镁合金静液挤压实验模拟成形装置,在630kN液压机上以彩色塑性胶泥为模拟材料进行了静液挤压实验模拟,证明AZ31镁合金静液挤压成形工艺的可行性。应用Deform-3D有限元分析软件对直径3mm的镁合金丝进行了静液挤压成形工艺仿真研究,得到350℃镁合金静液挤压时温度场分布、应力应变分布及挤压力等技术数据,为AZ31镁合金静液挤压成形工艺及模具设计提供了理论依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。