基于Deform的热成形冷却系统优化

以22Mn B5高强度钢U形件为例,建立B柱热冲压有限元模型,并通过Deform-3D软件对热冲压过程进行数值模拟。设定保压结束后U形件的最大减薄率以及最大温差作为评价指标,基于数值模拟和3因素5水平正交实验方法,分析了在多指标因素不同水平下冷却系统参数对保压结束后U形件的最大减薄率以及最大温差大小和分布规律的影响,获得参数的优化组合:冷却管道直径为Φ8.5 mm,两管道孔中心间距为30 mm,管道孔中心与模具型面距离为13 mm。通过热冲压实验,得到保压结束后U形件的最大温差为124.5℃,最大减薄率为4.73%,验证了优化参数组合的有效性,为热冲压模具冷却系统设计优化提供了理论参考。     

热冲压成形数值仿真及模具冷却系统参数研究

在热冲压成形过程中,为更进一步认识热冲压成形过程,提高零件冷却性能和模具自身冷却能力,数值模拟了高强钢板料的热冲压成形和淬火过程,并对模具冷却系统参数做了研究。运用ABAQUS建立了基于热力耦合的弹塑性有限元模型,数值模拟了22Mn B5高强钢板U型件的热冲压成形和淬火过程,并将数值仿真结果与试验结果对比,验证了数值仿真模型的有效性。通过正交试验设计和灰色关联分析,以成形件最高温度、成形件最大温差、模具最高温度为目标,对模具冷却系统中冷却水流速和管道孔几何参数进行了灰色关联分析。分析结果表明,对上述3个目标影响重要度依次是冷却管道孔径、冷却管到模具表面距离、管道间距、水流速度。     

基于相变与回弹的热冲压成形冷却过程控制

回弹是影响高强度板热冲压成形精度的主要因素,通过22MnB5硼镁合金板热冲压成形实验,考察了冷却速率对回弹和相变的影响,提出了热冲压成形模具冷却系统设计相关的技术问题。研究表明,只有当冷却速度达到或超过临界冷却速度时,奥氏体才能直接转变为均匀马氏体;在模具结构、冷却系统、冷却介质等因素确定的情况下,可以通过控制冷却系统的水流速度,实现对最佳冷却速度的控制,消除热冲压成形中变形和回弹等缺陷,提高高强度板热冲压成形质量。     

超高强度钢热成形冷却过程数值模拟

针对热成形模具的冷却系统中冷却管道布置情况,建立了超高强度钢板热成形有限元模型,并利用ABAQUS进行热冲压模拟仿真,着重对成形速度与保压时间对冷却效果进行了研究。模拟分析表明:成形速度越快,板料变形抗力与最大温差越小;管道对板料的冷却并不是保压时间越长而效果越好。该研究结果为同类钢板热成形时工艺参数的选择提供了参考。     

热冲压模具冷却水道FEM-CFD耦合优化研究

基于FEM-CFD耦合优化方法对某车型B柱进行了连续热冲压数值模拟,获得了热冲压模具冷却水道优化设计方案并研究了热冲压设计参数对模具冷却性能的影响规律。结果表明:水道换热系数h c和水道与模面距离H能显著地影响冷却系统性能和模具温度分布。在设计冷却水道时通过引入水道换热系数h c对H、D(水道间距)、R(水道半径)参数进行了集成优化。该方法对热冲压模具冷却系统的设计具有重要意义。     

汽车B柱高强度钢热冲压工艺

采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法,研究了汽车B柱22Mn B5高强度钢热冲压成形工艺。根据对B柱零件结构的分析,设计模具型面,并合理添加压料板。建立B柱热冲压有限元模型,设置板料加热温度、模具温度、压料板的压力、冲压速度、淬火保压压力等工艺参数,确定工艺参数方案。对B柱热冲压进行全过程数值模拟,得到了热冲压件的厚度、微观组织、硬度等性能分布情况,并与试验结果进行对比。热冲压件性能检测结果表明:零件的厚度分布较均匀,最大减薄率小于25%,平均硬度达到470 HV以上,平均抗拉强度达到1400 MPa以上,显微组织为均匀板条状马氏体。成形后的B柱各项性能均满足热冲压技术规范要求,表明了该B柱热冲压成形工艺的可靠性。     

基于响应曲面法的波形弹簧片冲压工艺参数优化

以汽车离合器波形弹簧片作为分析对象,利用响应曲面法对冲压成形工艺参数进行优化。通过中心设计组合法及弯曲成形模具得出板料成形高度的响应值,建立了工艺参数与成形高度之间的二阶响应面模型,研究得知工艺参数对板料成形高度交互式影响的顺序依次为:弯曲半径与冲压速度、模具间隙与冲压速度、弯曲半径与模具间隙。将模具间隙、弯曲半径以及冲压速度作为设计变量,以板料成形高度作为优化目标,结合Design Expert软件对响应曲面模型进行优化,通过分析得出优化的冲压工艺参数:弯曲半径为22.13 mm,模具间隙为1.01t mm,冲压速度为2699.47 mm·s-1,成形高度的响应值为1.782 mm,经过工艺参数的修正,成形高度的试验值为1.72 mm。然而相比于正交试验得出的成形高度优化值1.65 mm,响应曲面法在波形弹簧片冲压成形工艺参数的优化中更具优越性。     

基于Dynaform的22MnB5高强度钢热冲压仿真

有限元分析是热冲压成形过程中节约成本的必要手段,然而,计算机数值仿真的精确性对于材料模型和边界条件有着很强的依赖关系。以高强钢22Mn B5为研究对象,通过热模拟实验和成形过程中工件与模具之间的热分析来准确获得材料模型和热边界条件,从而提高热冲压成形过程数值仿真精度,为热冲压成形零件质量控制提供参考。仿真结果表明,热冲压变形过程中板料减薄率变化分布不均匀,板料减薄率最大值出现在侧壁靠近法兰圆角处,而法兰与底部减薄率则较小,仿真结果与实验结果基本吻合,验证了热冲压仿真的正确性与可靠性。     

基于数值模拟的汽车冲压模具轻量化研究

针对汽车覆盖件铸造基体的冲压模具,研究了汽车冲压模具轻量化优化方法。以汽车后地板为研究对象,借助数值模拟软件,对拉延成形工序进行数值模拟,得到模具成形过程所受载荷。将分析得到的凸模最大载荷映射到划分网格的模具型面上,建立静力分析有限元模型,得到原模具的最大变形位移为0. 0324 mm。采用汽车冲压模具轻量化优化方法,对后地板模具的凸模进行结构优化,得到优化后凸模的质量为2772 kg,优化后的模具最大变形位移为0. 0297 mm。与原模具相比,优化后模具质量降低20%,最大变形位移减小。数值模拟结果表明,本方法在保证模具刚度的前提下,可以有效地降低模具的质量。     

基于传递函数的时效成形模具修正算法

提出一种基于传递函数的时效成形模具修正算法,由时效成形闭环控制系统推理,得出模具修正的传递函数公式,在构建具有多个功能单元的实验系统基础上,设计出适用于时效成形模具型面修正的工作流程。针对变曲率T型试件,设计加工3套曲率相近的成形模具,进行时效成形并检测,依据检测数据反求实验模具型面,与设计的模具形状相比,误差分布均处于误差允许范围,证明基于传递函数的模具修正算法可用于变曲率模具型面预测修正;对尺寸为700mm×800mm整体壁板的时效成形模具型面进行两次修正,检测结果均满足精度要求,证明该文的模具修正算法可用于复杂型面整体壁板时效成形模具的型面预测修正。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.