新疆滴灌技术发展制约因素及研究趋势

滴灌是发展农业高效用水,实现新疆农业可持续发展的战略手段。目前新疆滴灌系统建设与运行管理中存在重建设轻管理、缺乏合理的施肥灌溉制度、灌区调配水管理模式与滴灌系统用水不适应等多方面制约因素,使农业高效用水和施肥的理念没有得到很好的体现,滴灌系统没有发挥应有的效益。针对新疆农业高效用水发展瓶颈和制约因素,从离子灌溉系统理论创新研究、低流量大管径滴灌带(管)的研制、无压与低压过滤器的研发、施肥灌溉设备的改进等方面提出新疆农业高效用水研究方向。     

新疆沙雅县高效节水滴灌工程运行管理模式探讨

纵观我国新疆五十年来的农业灌溉发展历史,先后采用过多种灌溉方式,高效节水滴灌工程,注重的是农作物生长机理,实际上是一种农艺节水模式,对于实现节水增产之目标,具有非常重大的保障作用。文章结合新疆沙雅县农业高效节水滴灌工程实践,从管护主体、管护责任、管护经费、系统运行方式等几个方面总结了沙雅县现有的三种滴灌工程运行管理模式,并分析其优缺点,为今后在更广泛的区域开展农业高效节水滴灌工程推广工作提供参考,促进农业水资源的高效利用与可持续发展。     

农业高效节水不同节约化管理模式的研究

目前新疆呼图壁农业高效节水示范区开展了高效节水灌溉与智慧农业项目运行管理社会化服务示范工作,现有合作社、大户、滴灌协会、灌溉服务公司这四种用水管理模式,本文从不同用水管理模式的运行机制和效果方面进行比较研究分析,得出灌溉服务公司更适应当前的市场机制,具有更好的绩效表现,适合大范围推广。     

滴灌工程施工方法及运行管理 模式分析(I)

滴灌作为一种新型的低压节水的先进灌溉技术,科学合理的施工和运行管理是保证工程质量 和系统正常运行的关键。结合施工和运行管理经验,对滴灌工程各个环节的施工方法和运行管理模式 及注意事项进行了分析,以期为该技术的进一步推广应用提供建议     

浅谈大面积推广玉米膜下滴灌应具备的条件

一、杜蒙县膜下滴灌发展概况 膜下滴灌工程是大庆市政府从新疆天业集团引进的先进的节水灌溉技术模式。它能适合新疆那样干旱环境,为其农业生产提供水利保障,可见膜下滴灌适应能力之强。膜下滴灌节水效率之高可称世界之最,它比普通的滴灌还要节水,比喷灌、渗灌、渠灌等其他节灌方式更优越。     

固扩工程南城拐子支干渠补灌区节水改造

针对宁夏水资源短缺、远距离高扬程输水灌区供水成本高、沿用传统渠道输水灌溉模式和种植结构难以维持扬黄灌区良性运行和持久发挥效益的问题,以宁夏固海扬黄扩灌工程南城拐子支干渠节水补灌区的节灌技术和管理模式为研究对象,对该地区先后实施管灌和滴灌的原因进行了分析,并通过喷灌、滴灌试验研究了以马铃薯为种植对象的节水灌溉制度和灌水定额。结果表明:1试验区滴灌比喷灌每公顷节水720 m3,增产0~7 500 kg,滴灌优于喷灌,区域可供推广的节水改造技术应为以滴灌为主、喷灌为辅的节水技术;2在加强对扬黄含沙水流技术处理的基础上,管理模式应为推行土地流转后的"公司+农工"集约化模式。     

大棚葡萄滴灌系统设计

以某大棚葡萄灌溉为例,设计了节水滴灌系统。该设计通过实地考察确定了葡萄的灌溉方式,通过计算需水量拟定灌水定额及灌溉制度,进而选择合适输水体系,做到定量、准确、高效的灌溉,同时配以合适的施肥系统,形成了完整的滴灌系统。为滴灌设计提供借鉴和参考。     

膜下滴灌在日光温室中的应用实践

膜下滴灌技术是一项适合设施蔬菜灌溉的先进节水灌溉技术。介绍了膜下滴灌在平遥县现代农业温室中的应用,从节水、节能、增产、省工、省地、省肥等方面分析了应用效果,针对操作方法不规范、与换种后栽培模式不匹配、滴头堵塞、运行维护滞后等问题,从技术服务、栽培模式、预防滴头堵塞、运行管护及发展前景方面提出了对策建议。     

滴灌在蔬菜大棚中的应用

滴灌是一种先进的高效节水灌溉技术,具有省水、节能、适应性强等特点,同时由于它灌水时可兼施肥,起到节约肥料、提高肥效,促进作物优质高产的效果。本文通过淳化县大棚蔬菜种植中滴灌的应用,证明滴灌技术在大棚蔬菜种植中作用显著。     

喷滴共用节水灌溉技术

从近几年来对农业节水灌溉的设计工作中,总结了喷灌、滴灌各自的优缺点。实践证明,喷灌、滴灌两种灌溉方式在节水灌溉中具有节水及丰产等作用,喷滴共用系统灌溉方式更是综合了喷灌和滴灌的优点,效果良好,值得推广。     

长江口南北港泥沙冲淤定量分析及河道演变

作者收集了自1842至1997年多幅不同年代的长江口南北港地区海图资料，利用地理信息系统(GIS)和数字化仪进行处理，并考虑不同基准面的换算关系，建立不同时期的长江口南北港水下数字高程模型(DEM)，以此作为基础资料，计算了南北港河槽容积，分析了南、北港河槽容积与分汉口演变的互动关系，总结了南北港河槽演变过程。     

黄河上中游水沙变化特点分析及未来趋势展望

本文对1950年以来黄河上中游水沙变化特点进行了分析，分析结果表明，自50年代以来黄河上游水沙总体上呈逐年代递减的趋势，其中尤以80年代和90年代减少量为显著。90年代是1950年以来黄河上中游径流总量最少的十年，而输沙量较80年代有所增加。本文还就气候因素、工业业用水以及水利水保工程对水沙变化的影响作了简要分析，在此基础上，对未来黄河三门峡以上区的水沙变化趋势进行了展望。     

宁夏黄河干流和干支流交汇处河床冲淤演变分析

分别采用沙量平衡法和断面法计算宁夏黄河干流和干支流交汇处的冲淤量,以刘家峡、青铜峡水库运行前(1951-1968年)、刘家峡、青铜峡水库运行后(1969-1985年)、龙刘联合运用(1986-2005年)和近期(2006-2011年)四个阶段对干流的冲淤变化进行了研究,对干支流交汇处1993-2015年历次实测大断面资料进行套绘,分析了1993-2015年干支流交汇处的断面特征变化以及干、支流不同水沙组合对干流和干支流交汇处冲淤的影响。分析结果表明:宁夏黄河干流年均来沙系数越大,干流河床淤积越严重,但支流来沙量的增大对干流河床冲淤的影响不大;干支流交汇处年均全断面冲淤量与干流年均来沙系数无明显相关关系;支流年均来沙系数越大,干支流交汇处断面反而冲刷越严重。     

Phosphorus and nitrogen in the waters of the El-Kabir River watershed in Syria and Lebanon

In order to assess the quality of the waters of the El‐Kabir River, which forms the border between Lebanon and Syria, water samples were collected for phosphorus (P) and nitrogen analyses at 39 sample stations in the river watershed (18 in Syria, 21 in Lebanon). These samples were collected on the main stem and three major tributaries (Nahr al‐Arous and Nahr Nasrive in Syria, Chadra River in Lebanon). Three major springs also were sampled. The sampling was carried out in September 2001, and January, April and August 2002. Nutrient analyses were carried out on samples taken in September 2001, January and April 2002 in Syria, and in September 2001 and August 2002 in Lebanon. The P concentrations were extremely high throughout the watershed, as were the ammonia‐nitrogen and nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations, indicating extensive pollution. Although the nitrite‐nitrogen concentration was relatively low, it is at the upper end of what might be considered normal, thereby perhaps being indicative of some anthropogenic sources. The spring waters were found to be polluted by nutrients. The nutrient sources contributing to the river pollution were mainly from piped, direct sewage discharges from the many settlements throughout the basin. These were supplemented by diffuse sources directly from agricultural fertilizer use and from the indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes into the river and on the stream banks and lands adjacent to the roads of the watershed.     

佳木斯市水土流失的成因及防治

依据佳木斯市的实际情况，论述了水土流失造成的土壤侵蚀、毁坏幼苗、冲沟发育吞噬农田、水库河道淤积、旱涝灾害等一系列危害，分析了水土流失产生的人为与自然因素，提出了三个方面的具体防治对策。     

泥结碎石道路在怀洪新河工程中的应用

一、工程概况 怀洪新河工程是一项以分泄淮河洪水、扩大漴潼河水系排水出路为主,兼有灌溉、航运等综合效益的大型工程.河道全长125km,其中安徽省境内约95km.怀洪新河大部分河道是利用原有河槽和湖泊洼地开挖、疏浚并在两岸筑堤而成.因此,两岸地形较为复杂,堤身线路长,交通不便.为方便日常堤防管理和汛期人员及防汛器材迅速及时地调运,怀洪新河防汛道路按设计要求尽量布置在堤顶或尽可能靠近堤防,并根据堤身高度、堤防防汛难度和保护范围大小及重要程度布置在堤防一侧,全长约96km.     

2010年江西省圩堤巡查抢险的思考

2010年江西省遭遇了特大洪灾.本文总结了其圩堤巡查抢险的主要做法,分析了存在的不足,提出了相关建议.     

Trends and attribution of runoff changes in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River in China

Natural changes of river regime have been strongly interfered globally by human activities. This gives rise to the demand of quantifying the contribution of natural and human impacts to runoff changes of rivers for river management. In this study, Mann-Kendall test and BFAST algorithm were used to evaluate the trends of runoff change in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River from 1965 to 2016, and to identify the breakpoints of runoff changes in the two reaches. Based on the data-driven analysis of runoff generation mechanism, the natural annual runoff was related with a comprehensive climatic factor integrating temperature and precipitation, and the impacts of human activities and climate change on the runoff changes were quantitatively distinguished by comparing the measured runoff with the “natural runoff”. For revealing the periodical changes in correlation between climate factors and runoff, the method of cross wavelet transform was used, and the time-frequency characteristics of precipitation/temperature against runoff were also examined. The results show that the breakpoints were the year 1987 in the upper reaches, 1986 and 2003 in the middle reaches. Compared with the baseline period (1965–1987), the contribution rates of climate change and human activities to runoff change in the upper reaches of the river were 56% and 44% respectively in 1988–2016. For the middle reaches, compared with the reference period (1965–1986), the contribution from climate change in 1987–2003 and 2004–2016 was 38% and 41% respectively, and that from human activities was 62% and 59% respectively. The results of cross wavelet transform analysis support the growth of climatic contribution to runoff reduction in the middle Yellow River from 1987–2003 to 2004–2016. Apparently, the influencing degree of climate change on runoff in the upper reaches was similar to that of human activities, while human activities played a dominant role in runoff change in the middle reaches. Moreover, the construction of reservoirs and human water consumption were the key factors for the decline of runoff in the upstream, and the reduction of runoff in the middle reaches was related to the large-scale implementation of water conservancy and soil and water conservation in the region.     

黄河河源区积雪变化及影响因素分析

利用遥感解译的积雪资料和测站观测资料,分析了几十年来黄河河源区积雪面积、各测站积雪深度和积雪日数的变化趋势以及气温、降水的变化趋势和幅度。结果表明：黄河河源区几十年来积雪的增加是主要积雪期的降水量增加对积雪年际变化的积极作用大于气温升高的负作用而引起的;在全球变暖的大背景下,未来河源区平均温度将不断上升,而降水量仅会小幅增加,气温升高对积雪的影响将逐渐赶上并超过降水增加的影响,从而使积雪的年际变化趋势发生转折,甚至导致部分地区终年无积雪出现。