有连接管的调压室水头损失系数研究

利用调压室水头损失的局部模型试验成果,研究了连接管中水流方向、连接管尺寸以及流量比对具有连接管的阻抗式调压室水头损失系数的影响。研究结果表明,调压室水头损失系数并不是仅与水流方向、连接管尺寸有关的常数,因此在对调压室系统的水力过渡过程计算中,需结合模型试验成果和数值计算结果分析确定调压室水头损失系数。     

有长连接管调压室水头损失系数计算方法研究

研究具有长连接管的阻抗式调压室水头损失系数的计算方法,给出基于Gardel三通水头损失系数经验公式、焊接三通水头损失实验资料以及截面突变管道水头损失资料;得出这种调压室不同流态下水头损失系数的计算方法,并将不同算法得到的调压室水头损失系数分别与水力模型试验结果进行了比较和分析.研究表明,基于Gardel三通水头损失系数经验公式及截面突变管道水头损失系数计算的调压室水头损失系数与试验结果具有较好的一致性.     

考虑连接管的调压室水头损失系数回归分析

为研究调压室结构参数与流态工况对局部水头损失系数的影响,在物理模型实测数据的基础上建立多元线性回归模型。得到了用于计算带连接管的尾水调压室水头损失系数的回归方程,并将回归分析结果与水工模型试验结果进行比较分析。研究表明：回归分析结果与水工模型试验结果吻合度高,相应回归方程能够在分流比、管径比及水流流态的交互作用下较好地反映出局部水头损失系数的变化规律,具有很强的工程适用性,可应用于调压室水力设计中水头损失系数的取值计算。     

CFD方法计算阻抗式调压室阻抗损失系数

运用CFD(计算流体力学)方法,计算了有长连接管的阻抗式调压室的阻抗损失系数.将计算结果与水力模型试验结果进行了比较,经比较发现,采用CFD方法计算得到的结果不管在变化规律还是数值上均可达到与模型试验结果相当的精度.     

用三维计算流体力学方法计算调压室阻抗系数

为了研究计算流体动力学方法确定阻抗式调压井阻抗系数的可行性，本文选用适合调压室流动的可行化k-ε湍流模型及考虑边壁粗糙度的壁函数，用二阶精度算法对T形岔管、管内孔口、突扩管和阻抗式调压室的流场进行了数值模拟。经比较发现采用计算流体动力学方法计算所得的结果在水头损失方面可达到与常规模型试验结果同等的精度，表明计算流体动力学可以应用于调压室的设计计算中。     

长连接管形式对尾水进口压力和涌浪影响研究

抽水蓄能电站中,根据尾水调压室长连接管管径和阻抗孔孔径是否一致,可将尾水调压室分为两种形式。分别建立了这两种不同长连接管形式的调压室边界条件数学模型。以特征线法为理论基础并结合工程实例,对不同连接管管径和阻抗孔孔径的若干组合方案进行过渡过程的数值模拟,并计算了各组合方案中阻抗孔局部水头损失系数,同时分析不同组合方案中阻抗孔局部水头损失系数的差异及其对尾水进口压力水头和涌浪水位的影响。结果表明:增大连接管管径或者阻抗孔孔径均会增大尾水进口最小压力水头和尾水调压室最高涌浪水位。连接管与阻抗孔直径相等与连接管管径略大于阻抗孔孔径的方案相比,两者尾水进口最小压力水头相差较小,但后者可以更为明显地降低调压室最高涌浪水位,这一结论可以为工程中连接管和阻抗孔直径的选取提供参考。     

水电站调压室内三维湍流场数值模拟

运用计算流体动力学方法(CFD)对某抽水蓄能电站尾水调压室进行了数值模拟。计算时选用适合调压室流动特性的Realizablek-ε湍流模型,采用标准SIMPLE算法,离散格式采用一阶迎风格式。计算结果揭示了调压室内流道流场的速度及压力分布规律,并据此计算出调压室水头损失系数。将水头损失系数计算结果与水力模型试验结果进行比较,发现采用CFD方法计算得到的结果不论在变化规律上还是数值上均可达到与模型试验结果相当的精度,表明CFD方法可以应用于调压室的设计和优化中。     

庙林水电站阻抗式调压室水力过渡数值与水力模型试验成果分析

以庙林水电站为例,通过编制阻抗式调压室数值基本方程,试算阻抗式调压室在最不利组合工况下的水位波动和底板压差值,将试算结果数值与水力模型试验结果进行分析对比,结果表明对水力边界条件相似的引水式电站,只要选择合适的阻抗系数,数值计算结果是可行的。     

连接管对调压室涌波水位和水锤压力的影响

在传统大波动过渡过程计算中,调压室底部连接管的影响往往是作为阻抗孔来考虑,在连接管较长的情况下,采用阻抗孔处理时而忽略了连接管的水体弹性,因而容易造成较大误差。通过建立考虑了连接管及不考虑连接管时的调压室节点数学模型,采用Gardel公式来处理调压室的阻抗系数,将调压室的阻抗系数变为负荷实际情况的动态阻抗系数,并结合具体工程实例来分析连接管的长度及管径的变化对调压室涌浪、蜗壳进口压力以及机组转速所产生的影响。研究结果表明,对于连接管较长的情况,应考虑到连接管的作用,为了能充分反射水锤,连接管的面积不宜过小。     

多机组水电站调压室阻抗系数的三维数值模拟

水电站多台机组共用调压室的流态较为复杂,通过模型试验的方法确定其水头损失系数时,历时较长,代价较高。本文利用fluent软件建立数学模型对某常规水电站多机组共用一个尾水阻抗调压室的阻抗系数进行数值模拟分析,分别研究调压室两种典型工况和不同机组台数组合运行时的情况,并将数值模拟结果与物理模型试验值进行了比较,证明用数值模拟方法研究水电站多机组共用调压室的阻抗系数值是有效可行的。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.