总线控制网络中基于优先级CSMA/CD协议的改进

总线控制网络的MAC层协议对网络实时特性具有重要影响。结合优先级CSMA／CD协议的等级原则与Token Bus协议的均衡思想，提出了一种改进的总线优先级轮循CSMA／CD协议。其高级别的总线优先级类似于Token Bus协议中的令牌，在各节点之间轮循传递；使控制网络在遵循整体分级的原则下，相同类型节点的性能局部能够相对均衡。详细阐明了该改进基本思想，概述其具体实现方式，并给出了对比仿真结果。该改进协议对于CAN等基于优先级CSMA／CD协议的总线控制网络具有一定实用价值。     

Performance analysis of BusNet protocol for backplane bus-based interprocessor communication

Nowadays, backplane bus-based multiprocessor systems often utilize the standard network protocol such as TCP/IP for communication between processors on the backplane bus. In such systems, it is common for the backplane bus to emulate the standard MAC protocols such as CSMA/CD. This paper aims to analyze the delay performance of the MAC emulation-based backplane network by constructing queueing models based on detailed bus operations. For this purpose, we choose BusNet as a target protocol. BusNet is an ANSI standard network protocol and its specification contains basic operations commonly used in most backplane buses. We investigate the throughput-delay characteristics in terms of packet size, block transfer scale, and arbitration scheme. We also compare the packet delay in BusNet with the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD network which BusNet is expected to be compatible with. The simulation result shows how an optimal block transfer scale can be determined in respect of the performance trade-off between BusNet and other real-time traffics.     

A priority media access control protocol for video communication support on CSMA/CD LANs

Real-time multimedia communication applications demand performance requirements which differ significantly from conventional data communication applications. Current local area networks (LANs) provide efficient transport for bursty data traffic; however, they cannot necessarily provide quality of service guarantees for real-time communications. In this work we introduce and investigate an experimental priority protocol for supporting real-time communication on Ethernet, a popular implementation of multiple-access broadcast bus LANs. We examine the new protocol, known as Priority Mode-CSMA/CD (PM-CSMA/CD), providing a high priority (HP) class with CSMA/CD employed for standard priority (SP) traffic. PM-CSMA/CD performance is examined through computer simulation of videotelephony workstations operating over the shared bus LAN. Over all observed traffic conditions, the priority protocol provides performance satisfying real-time packet transport requirements of audio and video streams. The primary advantage of our protocol over similar priority schemes is its physical layer compatibility with standard CSMA/CD. The protocol also provides improved channel utilization with increasing high priority load, with no penalty in SP class performance at low to medium network loads.     

A local area network with ordered bus access by low level token passing

In local area networks with token-controlled access to the physical medium, the access rights are passed from one station (or node) to another by transferring a token. There is only one token owner at a time which controls the packet generation onto the physical medium. Token-controlled systems are deterministic, in contrast with systems controlled by carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD), and therefore worst case access times or transaction times can be defined, which is an important characteristic in distributed process control systems. In this paper a token-passing scheme is described which may be added below a commercially available data link controller with CSMA/CD control. The performance of the two access protocols is compared.     

容错型令牌总线局域网建模及性能指标评估

本文对符合ＩＥＥＥ８０２．４标准的容错型令牌总线局域网给出了其Ｐｅｔｒｉ网建模及性能指标评估方法。文中考虑了具有信包重发机制、令牌最大保持时间和信包缓冲区容量有限的令牌网络的性能指标评估问题。克服了以往不能分配具有信包重发机制和令牌最大保持时间等令牌网性能的局域。本文讨论了带计数禁止弧的确定性时延随机Ｐｅｔｒｉ网（ＤＳＰＮ）的特性，并对给出的ＤＳＰＮ模型进行了仿真计算，对影响网络性能的系统指标进行     

ADRR局域网语音、数据综合通信协议的性能分析

本文对ADRR数据、语音综合通信协议的性能进行了分析。分析结果表明，该协议能充分利用信道，并在分组传输时延很小的情况下支持相当数量的语音用户，同时还为数据业务提供了足够的带宽，其性能要优于CSMA／CD和其它虚令牌DAMA方法。     

基于令牌的无线工业控制网络的信道接入控制

针对无线工业控制网络(WICN)的实时性和可靠性要求,在分析了几种常见的无线局域网的MAC协议(MACA、MA-CAW和IEEE802.11)的不足后,提出了一种基于令牌控制的MAC协议.并且还详细介绍了该协议中的令牌恢复机制、优先级机制和数据帧确认机制,并利用离散事件仿真平台OMNeT 对该协议和CSMA/CA协议进行了仿真对比试验.仿真结果表明,该协议保证了信道接入的公平性,减少了数据传输时延,增强了数据传输的可靠性,适用于无线工业控制网络.     

基于有序竞争的传感器网络MAC协议

在定向扩散路由无线传感器网络中,为减轻竞争型MAC协议CSMA/CD的碰撞冲突问题,以及减小MAC协议引入的时延,对CSMA/CD协议进行改进,提出基于定向扩散与有序竞争的传感器网络MAC协议,即CSMA/CD-DDOC,通过将同跳梯度层次内的转发节点进行分组后实施各分组对共享信道的有序竞争,减少同时争用信道的节点数目,以达到减少碰撞和减小时延的目的。理论分析和仿真结果表明,CSMA/CD-DDOC协议具有优于CSMA/CD协议的时延性能。     

MAP协议集及其在CIMS中的实现方法

MAP协议集是CIMS制造自动化分系统理想的网络体系结构.本文论述第一层基于IEEE 802.3协议的MAP功能的实现以及IEEE 802.3、IEEE 802.4协议的特点、CSMA/CD总线网的效率、响应时间,给出了基于IEEE 802.3 MAP功能实现的限定条件.     

Collision detection technique for multiple access protocols on radio channels

The carrier sense multiple access with collision detection protocol (CSMA/CD) has already gained wide commercial acceptance and is used in cable and optical-fibre based local computer networks. However, its use in radio channels is inhibited by the difficulty of sensing remote carriers in the presence of local transmission. A new collision detection technique for radio channels called time-split collision detection is introduced. Collision is detected by a sequence of carrier sense, preamble transmission and carrier sense again at the beginning of a packet transmission. Throughput analysis of a new multiple access protocol using time-split collision detection is also presented. The proposed protocol has throughput performance between those of the CSMA and CSMA/CD.     

有效减小时延的自适应p-坚持CSMA协议研究

针对一些对实时性要求较高而数据吞吐量不高的网络服务,提出一种有效减小时延的自适应p-坚持CSMA/CD协议算法。依据与网络性能相关的关键参数之间的关系,提炼出能有效反映网络负载的状态监测量,基于对监测量的联合判断结果,将网络分为轻负载、较轻负载、较重负载和重负载四种状态,并针对不同负载状态调整发送概率[p]和最大避退上限值[Bm]。通过对协议的时延、吞吐量和总线利用率进行仿真,与一般的p-坚持CSMA/CD协议相比,自适应p-坚持CSMA/CD协议能较有效降低时延、减小抖动。     

具有时间同步和节点定位的工业无线网络协议

针对工业无线网络WIN的特点及传输实时性和空间位置的确定性要求,引入了工业无线网络的通信参考模型和协议架构.然后简单介绍了基于令牌的控制WIN-Z的MAC协议,并对其嵌入的时间同步算法和节点定位方法做了详细介绍.最后利用改进后的GAINS平台和WSN分析与管理平台SNAMP对WIN-Z的MAC协议和CSMA/CA做了数据吞吐量和数据传榆延迟的测试,测试结果表明,该协议保证了信道接入的公平性,减少了数据传输时延,适用于WIN网络.     

自动切换混合型MAC的分析与研究

从大量的分析可知，ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ在网络负载较轻时，能获得较好的通信效率，而Ｔｏｋｅｎ Ｐａｓｓｉｎｇ Ｂｕｓ在网络负载较重时能保证较高的通信效率及实时响应能力。因此本文提出了一种新型的、滞自动切换机制ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ和Ｔｏｋｅｎ Ｂｕｓ混合型介质访问控制协。其基本思想是在网络轻载时，采用ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ介质访问控制机制，而当网络负功增加到一定程度时，它能自动切换到使用Ｔｏｋｅｎ Ｂｕｓ介质访控制机制。     

Performance analysis of CSMA and BTMA protocols in multihop networks (I). Single channel case

Busy tone multiple access protocols have been used in multihop networks to reduce the effect of the hidden terminal problem. Due to complexity, the performance of these protocols for large networks has not been analyzed. In this paper, using a Markov chain model and an approximation, we are able to analyze and evaluate the throughput performance of the non-persistent CSMA protocol, the conservative busy tone multiple access (C-BTMA) protocol and the ideal destination-based busy tone multiple access (ID-BTMA) protocol for large networks. The throughput comparison of the protocols is given. The results show that in a large multihop network, the BTMA protocols have a better performance than the non-persistent CSMA protocol and the ID-BTMA protocol has a better performance than the C-BTMA protocol at light channel loads.     

Timed Petri net model for the accurate performance analysis of CSMA/CD bus LANs

This paper discusses timed Petri net models that have been developed to investigate the performance of a local area network with a linear topology, in which the bus is accessed by a finite population of stations, randomly located along the bus, using the 1-persistent CSMA/CD protocol. A detailed model is first constructed, mainly for specification purposes. From such a model, results can be obtained only through simulation. A compact, analytically tractable model is then developed, which is validated by comparing its results with those obtained by simulation of the detailed model. Performance curves show that the proposed compact model can be used to obtain accurate performance estimates in the considered case, which had previously been considered intractable.     

基于分布式动态优先权队列的媒体访问控制协议

结合现场总线技术提出了在媒体访问控制方式中利用分布式动态优先权队列和非破坏性优先权逐位仲裁规则解决CSMA方式中的冲突－重发问题，使报文冲突的过程变为优先权仲裁的过程，提高了信道的使用率和解决了报文传输的延时不确定性。针对这种新的访问控制方式建立了数学模型进行了解析，并与相关的访问控制方式进行了比较。     

基于IEEE802．15．4a的无线测控网络协议

为满足工业现场测控任务对网络通信实时性的要求,提出一种基于IEEE80215．4a的无线测控网络协议,其中的令牌控制子层采用令牌机制管理各站点对无线信道的访问,克服了CSMA／CA机制无序竞争的缺陷,保证数据传输的时间确定性,介绍协议栈模型、逻辑令牌环动态建立过程以及令牌故障的自恢复机制,并在硬件平台NanoNET上加以实现。实验结果表明,该协议能够在强电磁干扰环境中稳定运行,具备实时特性。     

工业局域网中介质访问方式的对比介绍

本文阐述了工业局域网中存在的多种介质访问方式，对常用的介质访问方式进行对比分析，重点介绍了Polling,TDMA／FTDMA，CSMA／CR与CSMA／CD及其差别。     

Performance evaluation of client-server systems

A client-server system is a distributed system where a server station receives requests from its client stations, processes the requests and returns replies to the requesting stations. The authors consider client-server systems in which a set of workstations access a file server over a local area network. The systems are modelled by a class of stochastic Petri nets. The mean response time, the throughput and the parametric sensitivities are evaluated for a client-server system based on token ring network and a system based on CSMA/CD network. These models are different from the prevalent performance models of token ring or CSMA/CD network systems because of the message interdependencies introduced by the clients-server structure. An approximate analytic-numeric method rather than simulation is used to solve the models. The solution method and the accuracy of approximation are also discussed     

RS485总线通信协议的设计与实现

针对目前接口标准的 RS485 总线通信协议不统一问题,设计一个高效稳定的通信协议.介绍 RS485 总线网络的组网方式,给出 RS485 总线通信协议的设计方法.借鉴CSMA/CD协议,提出一种简单高效的冲突处理方法.在ARM7、ARM9、DE2-703种嵌入式开发平台,以及μC/OS、Linux、VxWorks 3种操作系统上进行实验和测试,结果表明,该通信协议在通用性、稳定性、实时性和可扩展性等方面均符合接口标准技术要求.