Effect of additives and inhibitors on metal corrosion during the oxidation of oils

Conclusions A study has been made of the effect of additives and inhibitors on the corrosion of steel, lead, and copper during the oxidation of oil with moist air. It has been shown that electrochemical corrosion processes are a decisive factor in corrosive wear and therefore, to protect motors and mechanisms from corrosive wear, oil-soluble multifunctional additives should be used which ensure simultaneous protection from chemical and electrochemical corrosion.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 53–56, January, 1969.     

氨精馏塔腐蚀失效原因分析

某炼油厂污水汽提装置氨精馏塔发生腐蚀失效,在塔的上部存在严重的冲刷腐蚀沟槽区和点蚀区,沟槽区局部腐蚀减薄穿孔,点蚀区塔壁最薄为10．73ram（最厚14．23mm）。文章从宏观腐蚀形貌、腐蚀介质、材质化学成分、金相显微观察等方面分析了腐蚀发生的原因。腐蚀主要是由塔内冷凝液的酸腐蚀和垢下腐蚀、N}{4HS的冲刷腐蚀、湿硫化氢环境下的氢损伤造成的。因此,可以采取以下预防腐蚀的措施：选用抗HIC钢板;将塔的中间冷却器改到塔外,同时控制原料中H2S质量浓度不超过设计指标3mg/L,其它杂质含量及塔污水中N｜14HS质量分数浓度不大于2％以及其他杂质含量不超标。腐蚀监控应增加塔体的定点测厚布点,并扩大腐蚀监控范围,预防相近部位腐蚀的发生。     

Evaluating the Efficacy of Corrosion Inhibitors in Automotive Gasolines

A method for assessing the corrosion properties of automotive gasolines containing oxygenates and the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors for these fuels similar to the method in ASTM D 665 is examined. Data on its use are reported.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 49 – 50, July – August, 2005.     

Protective properties of oil-soluble corrosion inhibitors based on alkenylsuccinic anhydride

Conclusions Additives and corrosion inhibitors based on alkenylsuccinic anhydride have been studied in relation to their effects on the corrosion of ferrous and nonferrous metals under conditions of chemical, electrochemical, and mixed chemical/electrochemical corrosion.A series of salts of alkenylsuccinic acid has been synthesized, also succinimides based on urea, and a complex corrosion-inhibiting additive.It has been shown that, for the protection of engines and mechanisms against corrosive wear, use should be made of oil-soluble, multifunctional, complex additives that will provide simultaneous protection of metals against chemical and electrochemical corrosion.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 10, pp. 38–41, October, 1970.     

硫醇、硫醚类化合物在白油中对环烷酸腐蚀性的影响

采用静态失重法研究了不同烷基结构和含量的硫醇、硫醚和二硫醚类化合物在工业白油体系中对环烷酸腐蚀性的影响。实验结果表明,当硫醇含量小于9.0μmo/g时对环烷酸的腐蚀性有一定的抑制作用,反之,则促进环烷酸腐蚀,不同结构硫醇腐蚀速率快慢的顺序为:环己硫醇>正丁硫醇>十二硫醇>苄硫醇;当硫醚含量小于19.7μmol/g时加剧了环烷酸的腐蚀,随硫醚含量的增加,腐蚀速率减慢,抑制了环烷酸的腐蚀,含量大于98.6μmol/g后腐蚀速率基本趋于不变,固定硫醚的一个烷基改变另一烷基的结构,其腐蚀速率快慢的顺序为:丁基苄基硫醚>丁基十二烷基硫醚>丁基环己基硫醚>二丁基硫醚;二硫醚中的二环己基二硫醚、二丁基二硫醚及双十二烷基二硫醚加剧了环烷酸腐蚀且随含量的增加腐蚀速率加快,而二苄基二硫醚对腐蚀的影响表现为没有促进也没有减弱腐蚀。     

二氧化碳腐蚀规律研究

采用高温高压腐蚀模拟实验研究了CO2腐蚀规律,同时应用扫描电镜(SEM)研究了腐蚀产物的表面形貌和微观结构。实验结果表明,随着温度升高CO2腐蚀速率呈现增加、减小、再增加、再减小的趋势,存在两个极大值点,CO2质量浓度不同,峰值存在明显不同。当CO2质量浓度为4,6和8 g/L时,低温极大值均出现在60℃;当CO2质量浓度为4和6 g/L时,高温极大值在120℃出现,而CO2质量浓度为8 g/L时,高温极大值漂移到140℃。在低温条件下随着CO2质量浓度的增加,腐蚀速率增大,而高温下却出现一定的不确定性。这主要是由于CO2扩散、保护膜的抑制两种因素共同作用的结果。应用扫描电镜研究腐蚀产物的表面形貌和微观结构,结果显示腐蚀产物膜的完整性和致密性越好,则腐蚀速率越小,完整、致密、附着力强的稳定性膜可减少均匀腐蚀速率,而膜的缺陷、脱落则可诱发严重的局部腐蚀。     

X65海底管线在多相流中的冲刷腐蚀

介绍了X65耐腐蚀钢材在油田海管中的应用，研究了海管材料X65在多相流及冲刷腐蚀环境下的腐蚀规律，并提出了腐蚀控制措施及建议。试验表明：当流速达到或越过2m／s时．管线的腐蚀加剧；水含量增加时，腐蚀速率也增长，当水质量分数由30％增加到60％时，腐蚀速率由4．07mm/a增大到了14．70mm／a。     

Chemical engineering protection in primary crude oil refining units

Efficient methods of protecting primary crude oil refining units from corrosion are: using demulsifiers in the electric desalting stage, alkalization of the crude oil before vaporization, use of corrosion inhibitors in atmospheric tower distillate lines. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 17–18, May–June, 2000.     

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通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、阴极发光显微镜观察、岩心CT图像分析、测井解释等手段，以揭示山东埕岛油田埕北30区块潜山油气藏下古生界碳酸盐岩储层储集空间类型、裂缝发育特征、古岩溶等为目的开展工作，得到以下认识：储层具有裂缝—孔隙复合储集空间类型，发育溶孔、溶洞、晶簇孔洞、晶间孔隙、构造缝、风化破裂缝、缝合线等。下古生界发育5个裂缝频数高值带，风化壳以下150～250 m范围内为最有利的储集层段，地层总孔隙度可达15％以上，裂缝孔隙度一般大于0.5％。碳酸盐岩古岩溶作用是控制储层发育的主要因素，它分为加里东早期同生—近地表成岩早期溶蚀作用、加里东晚期—印支期风化壳溶蚀作用、燕山期浅埋藏溶蚀作用和喜山期深埋藏溶蚀作用等四期，受其影响储层具有强烈角砾化和非均质性严重等特点。应用该成果为油气田新增石油地质储量228×104 t、溶解气地质储量4.31×108 m3。     

稀乙烯制乙苯／苯乙烯装置失效分析

介绍了干气制乙苯／苯乙烯装置典型腐蚀的失效形态以及对生产的影响,并分析了几种典型腐蚀失效的原因。二氧化碳的弱酸腐蚀是脱非芳塔顶管道及换热设备腐蚀和尾气压缩机转子腐蚀的主要原因,采用高Cr钢是应对二氧化碳腐蚀较为有效的手段。高压凝结水管道的腐蚀失效主要由冲刷腐蚀造成,应增加管道壁厚并将材质更换为15CrMo等较为抗冲刷腐蚀的材质以抑制该类腐蚀。工艺阻聚剂管道的腐蚀失效主要为氯离子造成的孔蚀,主要从材质升级、降低阻聚剂温度以及增加阻聚剂在管道内的流速三方面以消除孔蚀。应力腐蚀是高温部位压力仪表接管的断裂失效主要原因,提高材质的抗应力能力,消除应力腐蚀产生的环境因素是杜绝该类腐蚀失效的根本途径。还对部分易腐蚀的部位提出了设计建议。     

Aspects of corrosive wear in lubricating media

Conclusions The corrosion protection of metals through the action of oils and additives is based on limiting the development of corrosion on the metal surface through the formation of dense layers of reaction products that are chemically and mechanically stable. The presence of oxygen favors the formation of protective layers, even though sometimes the decrease in adhesive wear will be accompanied by severe increases in corrosive wear.Tribomechanical loads accelerate the corrosion process through erosion of the protective layer and activation of the metal. However, this type of loading may bring about certain tribochemical reactions that will in turn establish protective layers on the metal surface.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 50–53, February, 1975.     

加工海洋高酸原油减压塔填料的腐蚀与防护

论述了某公司加工海洋高酸原油常减压装置减压塔填料的腐蚀问题,分析表明填料腐蚀原因是:高温环烷酸腐蚀、填料冷加工变形引起材质劣化、氯化物产生的晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀、高温缓蚀剂的注入量不足、流体诱发振动和腐蚀疲劳。提出了减轻填料腐蚀,延长寿命的具体措施:(1)第Ⅴ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ段填料材质从316L升级为317L材质填料,并对新填料的材质进行检验分析以保证填料的材质符合要求;(2)增加材料的厚度,由原来的0.2 mm增加到0.25~0.3 mm;(3)开好电脱盐装置,降低脱后原油的盐含量;(4)增加第Ⅴ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ段填料高温缓蚀剂的有效注入量;(5)在减二中、减二线、减三线、减四线、减五线增加腐蚀在线监测探针或挂片腐蚀探针,监测侧线油的腐蚀率。     

Corrosion fracture of equipment within wells and pipelines at western Siberia oil deposits

It is shown that corrosion fracture of equipment within wells at the Western Siberia deposits occurs due to specific forms of corrosion, in particular hydrogen sulfide corrosion fracture (HCF) that is caused by the presence of hydrogen sulfide in aqueous solutions. HCF is connected with metal embrittlement by hydrogen that is a product of reaction with hydrogen sulfide. The state of steel structure and phase components affects its tendency towards SCF. __________ Translated from Khimicheskoe i Neftegazovoe Mashinostroenie, No. 2, pp. 43–46, February, 2007.     

直接式加热炉炉管腐蚀与预防

根据直接式加热炉炉管温度分布及炉管腐蚀产物,分析了直接式加热炉炉管腐蚀产生的原因,即高温氧化、高温硫腐蚀和硫酸露点腐蚀。探讨了加热炉炉管腐蚀机理。根据加热炉炉管腐蚀部位、挂片试验和检测数据,提出了相应的保护措施。     

N80油管钢在模拟油田CO2环境中的腐蚀行为

为了研究模拟CO2环境中温度和CO2分压对N80钢腐蚀行为的影响,采用失重法和扫描电子显微镜分析了试样的腐蚀速率、腐蚀形态和腐蚀产物膜形貌。结果表明,随着温度的升高,N80钢的腐蚀速率呈先增大后减小的趋势,90 ℃时达到最大值;温度较低时,试样表面附着的腐蚀产物较少,以均匀腐蚀为主;温度升高,腐蚀产物膜增厚,疏松、不均匀,发生明显的局部腐蚀;温度较高时,腐蚀产物膜致密、稳定,又转变为均匀腐蚀。随着CO2分压的升高,N80钢的腐蚀速率逐渐增大,腐蚀产物膜较厚且不完整,局部腐蚀严重。     

X65/316L机械复合管焊接接头CO2腐蚀行为研究

在模拟CO<,2>腐蚀环境中,采用高温高压釜对复合管内层不锈钢焊接接头的CO<,2>腐蚀行为进行了试验研究.结果表明,焊接接头随着腐蚀温度的升高,腐蚀产物膜越来越多,到了95℃时,有脱落的趋势,腐蚀速率随温度升高不断增加.通过EDS分析结果可知,复合管内层发生CO<,2>的腐蚀产物可能为FeCO<,3>和Cr<,2>O...     

大型油罐的腐蚀与防护技术

介绍了如下内容①各种油罐的腐蚀情况及特征；②近年来油罐防腐蚀方面的成功经验，即各种环境下各种油罐内外防腐蚀的具体方案及其选择；③油罐内外底板应采用的阴极保护技术；④防腐蚀工程的施工和质量检查。     

金属镍腐蚀与磨蚀行为的研究

论述了对金属镍和１８－８不锈钢在温度为１００℃的１０％ＮａＯＨ＋３０％ＣａＣＯ３固相颗粒碱性溶液中的均匀腐蚀试验和磨蚀试验以及在温度为５０℃的３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中的点蚀行为试验，采用草酸电解浸蚀法测试了镍晶间的腐蚀倾向。对比试验表明，金属镍在高温碱性溶液中具有良好的耐腐蚀和耐磨蚀性能；在草酸溶液中也有较强的抗晶间腐蚀能力；在３．５％的ＮａＣｌ溶液中，镍比１８－８不锈钢具有更好的抗点蚀性能。     

Effects of alternating current interference on corrosion of X60 pipeline steel

With rapid economic development in China, demand for energy and transportation is growing. Due to the limitations of factors such as terrain and traffic, a large number of buried oil and gas pipelines are parallel to highvoltage transmission lines and electrified railways over long distances. Alternating current (AC) corrosion of pipelines is very serious in such cases. In this work, laboratory experiments were carried out with an electrochemical method in a simulated soil solution at various AC current densities from 0 to 200 A/m2 and AC frequencies from 10 to 200 Hz. Experimental results indicated that with an increase in the AC current density, the corrosion potential of an X60 steel electrode shifted negatively, the anodic current density increased significantly, and the corrosion rate increased. Moreover, with an increase in the AC frequency, the corrosion potential of the X60 electrode shifted positively and the anodic current density decreased, which led to a decrease in the corrosion rate. Furthermore, the morphology of X60 electrodes indicated that uniform corrosion occurred at a low AC current density; while corrosion pits were found on the X60 electrode surface at a high AC current density, and deep corrosion pits seriously damaged the pipelines and might lead to leakage.     

石油加工中的硫腐蚀与防护

对含硫原油的加工过程中常见且腐蚀严重的低温轻油部位腐蚀、湿硫化氢腐蚀、高温硫腐蚀等多种腐蚀类型、腐蚀介质的形成过程、腐蚀状况、腐蚀机理,以及采取的工艺和材料防腐蚀措施进行了论述。同时对硫酸露点腐蚀和连多硫酸应力腐蚀开裂两种特殊的腐蚀类型,也从腐蚀机理和防腐蚀措施方面作了介绍。