高能氩离子辐照SiO_2玻璃的正电子寿命谱学研究

用 1.15GeV的氩离子在室温下对二氧化硅玻璃样品进行了辐照 ,并通过正电子寿命测量技术研究了辐照后材料微观结构的变化。结果表明 ,在未辐照二氧化硅玻璃中有近 81%的正电子是以正电子素的形式湮灭的 ;根据o -Ps的撞击湮灭寿命确定出未辐照样品的自由体积分布在0 .0 2— 0 .13nm3的区域里 ,平均自由体积半径约为 2 .5nm。辐照后材料的自由体积分布函数变窄 ,峰位下移 ,显示样品经辐照后有密度增大的现象。随着剂量的增大 ,第二正电子寿命成分的强度逐渐增加 ,而相应于o -Ps的寿命成分的强度逐渐减小 ,这被认为是由于辐照产生的电离电子在自由体积中漫游 ,使正电子与这些漫游电子发生湮灭的几率增大 ,从而减小了正电子素的形成几率。     

正电子在高能电子辐照聚乙烯和聚丙烯中的湮没特性

用正电子湮没寿命谱和多普勒展宽方法研究高能电子（12MeV）辐照聚丙烯和聚乙烯的不同特性，发现在160kGy剂量内，正电子在聚丙烯内的短寿命成分随着电子辐照剂量的增大而变长，中间成分的强度则减弱，但当剂量为320kGy时，各湮没寿命与没有辐照的样品类似。而长寿命成分的强度不随剂量增加而变化。在电子辐照的聚乙烯薄膜中，当剂量为80kGy时，正电子中间寿命强度I2增加，长寿命成分的强度I5则有所减少。之后，随着电子辐照剂量的增加，则不再变化。正电子湮没γ射线多普勒展宽S参数随电子辐照聚乙烯的剂量变化与I5相同。正电子湮没特性的差别表明高能电子辐照这两种聚合物所引起结构上的变化是不同的，并为其宏观特性（如力学性质变化）的改变提供了微观依据。     

用正电子湮没技术研究新锆合金包壳的离子辐照效应

国产Zr-Sn-Nb系新锆合金SZA-4和SZA-6是CAP1400大型先进压水堆包壳材料的主要候选材料,对其辐照性能的研究可为制备工艺改进提供科学依据。在中国原子能科学研究院HI-13串列加速器辐照终端,在300 ℃温度下,用100 MeV的Fe束流对两种新锆合金包壳管材进行5 dpa剂量辐照。辐照前后的正电子湮没寿命测量表明：两种样品辐照前湮没寿命为Zr中单空位寿命,表明管材制备过程中最后的退火温度和时间尚未完全消除加工引入的缺陷;两种样品辐照后的正电子湮没寿命减小,分析表明这是由于辐照导致Fe在锆合金中重新分布,主要分布在bcc结构的β-Nb沉淀相颗粒与hcp结构的α-Zr基体之间具有开空间的相界,正电子被相界捕获,与周围Fe原子电子湮没,造成湮没寿命减小。     

含卤素高聚物的正电子湮没特性

用正电子湮没辐射一维角关联实验装置和正电子湮没寿命谱仪观察了全氟乙烯丙烯共聚物(FEP)系列试样和不同含氯量的聚乙烯系列试样的正电子湮没特性,并分别与聚四氟乙烯均聚物(PTFE)和聚乙烯(PE)进行了对照。结果表明:分子材料的介电性质对正电子湮没特性有明显的影响。极性基团的加入改变了分子链上的电荷密度分布,导致微观偶极电场的产生,使在自由体积内部或陷落在缺陷巾的0-Ps正电子波函数与分子链上轨道电子波函数的重迭几率增加,长寿命τ_3减小;同时,由于卤素原子的电负性较强,抑制了Ps的形成,增加了自由正电子的数目,使角关联曲线低动量成分减小。     

硅橡胶中的正电子湮没寿命谱分析

硅橡胶是一种特种橡胶材料,用途十分广泛。我们用正电子湮没寿命谱方法对硅橡胶材料进行了测量分析。经过分析,第一寿命τ_1看作为自由正电子湮没和p-Ps自湮没的结果;第二寿命τ_2为正电子处在生胶大分子缠绕、交叠处和高温硫化胶交联处湮没的结果,第三寿命τ_2应为样品中形成的o-Ps的Pick-off湮没的结果。正电子在硅橡胶中的寿命参数与硅橡胶的分子量、交联密度、大分子链的缠绕交叠等情况紧密相关。     

中子辐照硅的正电子湮没研究

采用正电子湮没方法研究了１．４５×１０＾２０ｎ／ｃｍ＾２和３．１０×１０＾１７ｎ／ｃｍ＾２快中子辐照高纯单晶硅的辐射损伤及其退火效应。在３４３－１０７３Ｋ温度范围内测量了正电子湮没寿命随退火温度的变化。实验观察到氧－空位对和在高中子剂量辐照的Ｓｉ中发现的双空位复合成四空位。正电子湮没短寿命成分τ１是晶格正电子寿命和氧－空位对捕获的正电子寿命的加权平均值，而长寿命成分τ２是双空位或四空位捕获的正电子     

γ辐照接枝聚四氟乙烯特性和自由体积的关系

用正电子湮没技术研究在聚四氟乙烯照接技过程中的自由体积与正电子湮没寿命谱的关系。吸收剂量，吸收剂量率以及辐照环境等对接枝率有明显影响。而正电子湮没寿命可十分敏感地反映接枝率的变化。接技率的变化规律可用自由体积模型解释。用扫描电子显微镜对样品进行了观察比较。     

正电子湮没寿命谱分析结果的正确表示

正电子湮没寿命的多寿命成分分析结果通常给出了各成份的寿命τｉ及其零时相对湮没强度Ｉｉ（０），指出用零时相对或绝对湮没强度讨论分析结果不合理，只有正电子在各湮状态上的零时相对占有Ｎｉ（０）＝τｉＩｉ（０）或占有率ｎｉ（０）＝Ｎｉ（０）／∑Ｎｉ（０）才能明确的物理意义，因为正电子在态上的几率密度ｎｉ（０）与正电子湮没环境介质的结构特性密切相关，并以二态捕获模型为例对上述论点作了证明。     

用正电子寿命谱研究铋系超导体的结构不稳定性

室温下测量下铋系２２１２相超导体的正电子寿命参数随时间的变化，发现正电子寿命，平均寿命和体寿命都随着时间的延长而减小，直到１３０天以后各个正电子寿命参数才稳定，这就明氧化物超导即使在室温下也是不稳定的，对由这种结构不稳定性经起的样品的电子结构，氧含量和空穴浓度等的变化进行了讨论。     

纯铁中的氢致微观缺陷和氢-缺陷系统的正电子寿命

几十年来,人们对金属的氢致损伤问题的研究主要集中于金属的宏观力学性能和半微观性能。本文用正电子湮没技术研究氢对金属中小到原子尺度的微观结构的影响。 选用纯度99.99％的铁样品八对,经840℃、1.5小时真空退火后电解充氢,充氢电流密度分别为0、2、4、8、16、32、64、256(mA/cm~2),放置19小时后在室温下测量各样品的正电子寿命谱,实验结果用Positronfit程序进行三寿命分量的自由拟合,结果发现,所有充氢样品的平均正电子寿命τ_M和第二寿命成份的相对强度I_2都大于未充氢样品,并且随着充氢电流密度的增大而增大,说明铁中的氢可以引起微观缺陷浓度的显著增大。根据第二寿命成份的寿命值I_2(230～270ps),可以推知新增加的缺陷主要是各种空位,位错和微孔洞。     

高冲聚苯乙烯-低密度聚乙烯的自由体积特征与其相溶性的关系

不同组成的高冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)共混物的正电子湮没寿命谱被测量，结果表明HIPS和LDPE是不相溶共混物。在界面处，二组分的不相溶主要归因与一个组分没有足够大的自由体积孔穴尺寸容纳另一组分的侧基和分子链端基。另外，测量的自由体积分数产生的负偏差被认为主要由最长寿命强度I3所引起。     

Effect of curing agent polarity on water absorption and free volume in epoxy resin studied by PALS

Microstructure and water absorption were systematically studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), gravimetric measurements and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for epoxy resins DER331 (E51) cured with three different kinds of amine curing agents DDS, DDM and MOCA. Experimental results indicated that the water absorption as a function of immersed time could be well fitted to Fick’s second law. Based on the gravimetric measurement, we found that the equilibrium water sorption M_∞ and the diffusion coefficients D of the epoxy resins have an order: E51-DDS > E51-DDM > E51-MOCA, which indicated that the curing agent plays an important role in determining the content of the water absorbed. Positron experimental results showed that the o-Ps lifetime dramatically decreased with the immersed time from 0 to 6 h, which suggested that water molecules were filled into free-volume holes and the interaction between the water-polymer decreased the mobility of molecular chains. In order to deeply discern the influence of water absorption upon the free volume, the continuous lifetime analysis, i.e. the maximum entropy lifetime method (MELT) was employed to obtain the distributions of the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime and the of the free-volume holes. From MELT analyses, we found the existences of two the long-lived components (τ₃ and τ₄), which indicated that two kinds of different o-Ps states exist. The shorter long-lived component (τ₃) is related to the segmental packing density in local ordered region. Compared to dry sample, two peaks of the o-Ps lifetime and the free-volume hole in the wet samples all drift to low values, especially, this drifts is more marked for the water sorption occurring at higher temperature 75 °C. This fact suggested that when the epoxy resin is in the glassy state, the interaction between the water and matrix restricts the motion of segmental chains and prevents from the free-volume hole swelling.     

Radiation damage in neutron transmutation doped-InP

InP crystals irradiated at different thermal neutron fluences have been investigated by optical absorption and positron lifetime measurements. Irradiation produces a shift of the absorption edge towards long wavelengths and the appearance of an absorption band centered at 1.24 eV. The absorption edge is fully recovered after annealing but the absorption band remains. Positron lifetime spectra are analysed with two components. The longer lifetime, τ₂ = 300 ps, has an intensity that increases with the fluence and falls down after annealing. This component has been associated to positrons trapped at In-monovacancy related defects. The absorption tail has been proposed to be due to optical transitions involving vacancies that act as acceptors while the 1.24 eV band has been tentatively ascribed to anion antisites.     

掺杂BaTiO3系PTC材料的正电子湮没研究

采用正电子湮没寿命谱学的方法研究了ＢＳＴｉＯ３系ＰＴＣ材料中掺Ｎｂ５＋、Ｙ３＋及不同掺杂量所引起的缺陷变化，并讨论了不同掺杂对ＰＴＣ效应的影响。     

Investigation on the porosity of zeolite NU-88 by means of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

Seven well characterized zeolites were investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The lifetime spectra were analysed in four discrete components. The third one was associated with ortho-positronium annihilation in the channels, framed in terms of infinite cylinders. Differences between the radii determined from the positron annihilation technique and X-ray diffraction data were found and explained in terms of the physical structure of the channel. An analogous study on a high-silica NU-88 zeolite gave a value of 0.33 nm for the corresponding radius, in agreement with Ar and N₂ adsorption data as well as with the catalytic behaviour of this zeolite in several acid catalyzed reactions. The longest lifetime component in NU-88 reveals the existence of mesopores, with average radius of about 1.8 nm, which could explain the importance of hydrogen transfer reactions in this zeolite.     

Positron affinity for precipitates in reactor pressure vessel steels

The sensitivity of positron annihilation spectroscopy to irradiation-induced precipitates in reactor pressure vessel steels is discussed in the light of recent positron affinity and lifetime calculations. Carbide and nitride precipitates are found to trap positrons only if they contain metal vacancies. Copper precipitates are also attractive to positrons but they are probably detected through annihilation at the precipitate-matrix interface. These findings are related to available experimental data.     

纳米碳中的微观缺陷结构特征

测定了定向石墨和纳米碳的正电子寿命谱,结果表明,热解法制备的纳米碳存在开空间小于单空位的自由体积以及开宽间相当于约１０个空位聚集体全的微孔洞,比较了热解法制备的纳米碳,ＵＦＰ冷压法制备的纳米Ｆｅ和纳米ＴｉＯ２以有非晶晶化法制备的纳米ＮｉＰ的缺陷结构特征,结果为纳米ＮｉＰ中缺陷的电子密度最高,纳米Ｆｅ和纲米ＴｉＯ２次之,纳米碳的最低,纳米碳中的缺陷浓度最高,纳米Ｆｅ和纳米ＴｉＯ２的次之,纳米ＮｉＰ的     

Positron annihilation lifetime and Doppler broadening study in 50 MeV Li3+ ion irradiated polystyrene films

Swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation of polymeric materials results in the change of their free volume properties which have strong correlation with their macroscopic properties. The modification depends on the polymer and ion beam parameters, namely ion energy, fluence and ion species. Polystyrene films were irradiated with Li³⁺ ions of energy 50 MeV from 15 UD Pelletron accelerators at Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi, India to the fluences of 10¹¹, 10¹² and 10¹³ ions/cm². Nanosized free volume parameters in the polymer have been studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS). From o-Ps lifetime τ_3, free volume hole radius, mean free volume of microvoids and fractional free volume are computed and modification in free volume with the fluence is studied. Free volume parameters change slowly with ion fluence with a decrease at the highest fluence of 10¹³ ions/cm². The decrease in τ₃ and I₃ (reflecting the number of free volume holes) may be interpreted on the process of cross-linking. S parameter obtained from DBS measurements showed a minor decrease with increasing fluence.     

Sulfonated polyetherketone （SPEK-C） films investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy

The characterization of sulfonated polyetherketone （SPEK-C） films was investigated by using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy （PALS） and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. It was found that free volume radius and intensity depend on the variation of sulfonation degree and solvent evaporation time of the films. Pore size and distribution determined from PALS and AFM measurements showed reasonable agreement.