Comparison of and uncertainties in raw sewage COD measurements by laboratory techniques and field UV-visible spectrometry.

A comprehensive investigation of the uncertainty of different COD analysis methods (DIN, small tube tests (STT) and UV-visible spectrometry methods) has been carried out on potassium hydrogen phthalate standard solutions and raw sewage samples from a large wastewater treatment plant. The UV-visible method allows estimating COD equivalent concentration from the measured absorption spectra by means of site specific regression and correlation functions. CODdin and CODstt methods showed equivalent global results but specific calibration relationships are necessary when high accuracy is required. The CODstt method is suitable for immediate COD analysis in the field. Sub-sampling is the main source of uncertainty. Spectrometry is able to estimate CODeq with an uncertainty of the same order of magnitude as the uncertainty in CODdin.     

城市水体有机污染类型的三维荧光光谱分析法

运用三维荧光光谱技术对深圳市4种水体的有机污染类型进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,深圳市甲水库主要表现为内源污染;深圳市乙水库主要表现为外源污染;大沙河和校园池塘既有内源污染又有外源污染。有机污染的程度由高到低依次为:大沙河、校园池塘、甲水库、乙水库。     

Identification of humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like natural organic matter in river water using fluorescence spectroscopy

Identifying the extent of humic acid (HA)-like and fulvic acid (FA)-like natural organic matter (NOM) present in natural water is important to assess disinfection by-product formation and fouling potential during drinking water treatment applications. However, the unique fluorescence properties related to HA-like NOM is masked by the fluorescence signals of the more abundant FA-like NOM. For this reason, it is not possible to accurately characterize HA-like and FA-like NOM components in a single water sample using direct fluorescence EEM analysis. A relatively simple approach is described here that demonstrates the feasibility of using a fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) approach for identifying HA-like and FA-like NOM fractions in water when used in combination with a series of pH adjustments and filtration steps. It is demonstrated that the fluorescence EEMS of HA-like and FA-like NOM fractions from the river water sample possessed different spectral properties. Fractionation of HA-like and FA-like NOM prior to fluorescence analysis is therefore proposed as a more reasonable approach.     

Wastewater treatment in tsunami affected areas of Thailand by constructed wetlands.

The tsunami of December 2004 destroyed infrastructure in many coastal areas in South-East Asia. In January 2005, the Danish Government gave a tsunami relief grant to Thailand to re-establish the wastewater management services in some of the areas affected by the tsunami. This paper describes the systems which have been built at three locations: (a) Baan Pru Teau: A newly-built township for tsunami victims which was constructed with the contribution of the Thai Red Cross. Conventional septic tanks were installed for the treatment of blackwater from each household and its effluent and grey water (40 m3/day) are collected and treated at a 220 m2 subsurface flow constructed wetland. (b) Koh Phi Phi Don island: A wastewater collection system for the main business and hotel area of the island, a pumping station and a pressure pipe to the treatment facility, a multi-stage constructed wetland system and a system for reuse of treated wastewater. The constructed wetland system (capacity 400 m3/day) consists of vertical flow, horizontal subsurface flow, free water surface flow and pond units. Because the treatment plant is surrounded by resorts, restaurants and shops, the constructed wetland systems are designed with terrains as scenic landscaping. (c) Patong: A 5,000 m2 constructed wetland system has been established to treat polluted water from drainage canals which collect overflow from septic tanks and grey water from residential areas. It is envisaged that these three systems will serve as prototype demonstration systems for appropriate wastewater management in Thailand and other tropical countries.     

Wastewater characteristics from Greek wineries and distilleries.

The present paper deals with the characterization of wastewater generated from Greek wineries and wine distilleries. The quantity and the quality of the wastewater of a distillery depends on the type of wine (white or red), on the processes followed for the production of wine as well as on the volume of the tanks that are used. The total production of wastewater from a winery is about 1.2 times greater than the production of wine with BOD5 1740 mg/l and 1970 mg/l for white and red wine respectively, while the corresponding prices for COD are 3112 mg/l and 3997 mg/l and for the total phenolic compounds 280 and 1440 mg/l respectively. From these results, it is expected that the biological treatment of wastewater from white wines will be more efficient than that from red wines. The characteristics from the waste (vinasses) from the distillation of wines and wine lees are also presented.     

以废治废处理印染废水

介绍了以酸洗废液作中和混凝剂处理印染废水的小试及混凝 SBR生化处理的应用和工业运行结果 ,在进水CODCr和色度分别为 976mg/L和 2 50 0倍的情况下 ,出水分别达到 10 5mg/L和50倍 ,去除率分别是 91 1%和 96 6 %     

荧光光谱技术在废水溶解有机物研究中的应用进展

分析废水中特征污染物质的组成、性质、来源等对于水污染控制、应急事故处理、环境质量责任认定等具有重要的意义和价值。荧光光谱技术利用物质的荧光特性,构建物质的特征光谱图,并以此分析物质特性,可用于分析废水中腐殖质、氨基酸、荧光增白剂、木质素、多环芳烃等多种有机污染物质。文章从荧光光谱技术的原理出发,主要对三维荧光光谱技术和同步荧光光谱技术在研究废水溶解有机物特征组成物质中的应用及环境因子对其影响进行了综述,并对该技术的发展前景进行展望,以期为废水溶解有机物特征组成物质提供完善可靠的分析方法。     

光催化与生化组合工艺联合处理染料废水研究

通过研究两种染料活性艳红X— 3B和阳离子艳红 5GN的光催化和生化降解特性 ,发现阳离子艳红可生化降解而难光催化降解 ,而活性艳红较易光催化降解 ,生化降解性能差。将两种染料配成模拟染料废水 ,用光催化预处理去除某些易光催化但难生化降解的成分 ,或者破坏难生化降解成分 ,使之可生化性提高 ,然后采用生化工艺处理。试验结果表明 ,采用光催化与生化组合工艺处理印染模拟废水 ,脱色率达到 94 % ,而COD去除率为 94 0 9% ,在COD去除率和脱色率上远比单独用光催化或生化处理优越。     

沈阳华润三洋压缩机有限公司工业废水处理及回用工程实践

沈阳华润三洋压缩机有限公司 (简称沈阳三洋公司 )依照清洁生产原则 ,实施生产废水分路收集净化处理 ,既节约原料消耗 ,提高水循环利用率 ,又减少废水排放量 ,取得了显著的经济和环境效益     

Catchment-scale fluorescence water quality determination.

Chemical water quality determinants and river water fluorescence were determined on the River Tyne, northeast England. Statistically significant relationships between nitrate (r = 0.87), phosphate (r = 0.80), ammonia (r = 0.70), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (r = 0.85) and dissolved oxygen (r = -0.65) and tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity were observed. The strongest correlations are between tryptophan-like intensity and nitrate and phosphate, which in the Tyne catchment derive predominantly from point and diffuse source sewage inputs. The correlation between BOD and the tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity suggests that this fluorescence centre is related to the bioavailable or fluorescence intensity and ammonia concentration and dissolved oxygen. The weaker correlation with ammonia is due to good ammonia treatment within the wastewater treatment plants within the catchment, and that with dissolved oxygen due to the natural aeration of the river such that this is not a good indicator of water quality. Mean annual tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity, measured by both bench and portable spectrometers, agrees well with the General Water Quality Assessment as determined by the England and Wales environmental regulators, the Environment Agency.     

混凝-生化法处理表面活性剂废水

介绍了混凝 水解酸化 生物接触氧化工艺在处理表面活性剂废水中的应用 ,在进水平均COD为 10 56mg/L ,LAS为 56 6mg/L时 ,出水平均值分别为 95 4mg/L和 3 74mg/L ,平均去除率分别为 91 0 %和 93 4 %。     

Detection of fatty acid beta-oxidizing syntrophic bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

A new 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe, specific for the cluster of fatty acid beta-oxidizing syntrophic bacteria of the family Syntrophomonadaceae was designed for fluorescence in situ hybridization. This probe was evaluated with target as well as non-target cultures. Moreover this probe was assessed with butyrate and oleate degrading enrichment cultures and methanogenic sludges from full-scale plants. The results showed that the probe revealed the presence of fatty acid beta-oxidizing syntrophic bacteria in some of the samples analyzed. However, cell quantification was possible only in enrichment cultures and in a flocculent sludge from a reactor that treats lipid-rich wastewaters, but not in methanogenic granular sludges from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors.     

复合生物反应器对焦化废水中典型污染物处理特性的研究

采用厌氧缺氧好氧工艺，并在好氧段投入球形填料形成复合反应器处理焦化废水，重点对好氧复合反应器中两相污泥的污染物降解活性进行了比较。试验结果表明好氧复合反应器中附着相污泥浓度高于悬浮相污泥浓度；附着相污泥对焦化废水中苯酚、喹啉和氨氮三种代表性污染物的降解能力和抗抑制性能力均高于悬浮相污泥。     

塔式生物滤池处理城市污水的研究

尽管目前塔式生物滤池在城市污水处理中运用较少 ,但在有可资利用的地形时它可达到少动力或无动力运行 ,有较大的优势。研究了塔式生物滤池的工作参数及其处理特点。     

微机自动准同期原理及优越性分析

叙述发电机投入电力系统并列运行时间期操作采用的微机自动准同期原理及实现方法，并与常规的同期装置进行对比，分析微机自动准同期的优越性。     

Wastewater reclamation systems in small communities.

The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration-percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration-percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants, The use of infiltration-percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide.     

Wastewater treatment with anaerobic membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis.

Domestic wastewater from a new city district in Stockholm has been treated by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR) followed by reverse osmosis (RO). The main objectives were to study the gas production, the reduction of organic matter and nutrient recovery. The AMBR was operated at 22 degrees C (equal to the average temperature in the influent) and a hydraulic retention time of 0.6 d. The results show that the reduction of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus over the AMBR was approximately 92, 9 and 9%, respectively. A stable gas production was registered throughout the evaluation period. The overall removal efficiency, i.e. including the RO, was >99% for TOC, >91% for Kj-N and about 99% for P. Adding a reverse osmosis (RO) unit to the AMBR makes it possible to produce a concentrated, nutrient rich product well suited for agricultural use. The quality of the concentrate is, in terms of nutrient concentration and heavy metal content, similar to source separated human urine, i.e. nitrogen content about 3 g N/L and <2 mg Cd/kg P. However, addition of acid is required to prevent precipitation/fouling of the RO. The total electricity use for operation for the system, including the RO-unit, is estimated to be 3-6 kWh/m3.     

Wastewater treatment with activated pre-clarifier and planted soil filters.

With a series of buffer tank, activated pre-clarifier (SBR) and planted soil filters, it is possible to get a stable degradation and good effluent values in the case of unsteady inflow and changing concentrations. In the process presented here the activated pre-clarifier is working as a denitrification tank and the soil filter as a nitrification reactor. An automatic control manages the storm-water runoff, the water-recirculation returns the nitrate and provides a minimal feed. Experiences with this plant from 1999 to 2005 are given in this paper, research has been done in the project "Planted soil filters as a Biotechnological Process", founded by the German Federal Environment Foundation (DBU). A full scale pilot plant was built to treat wastewater from composting sides, with a 42 m3 SBR and a bed area of 2 x 550 m2 of the planted soil filters. Now, after six years of operation, the results are still satisfactory. Besides this pilot plant, landfill leakage and municipal wastewater have been treated in a technical scale plant with the same process in an 80 L SBR and 0.75 m2 vertical flow soil filter with good results.     

厌氧-接触氧化-稳定塘工艺处理化工制药废水

某化工制药废水含有对生物有毒性的有机氯化物和高浓度的有机化合物 ,根据当地的地理气候等自然条件采用厌氧 接触氧化 稳定塘工艺进行处理取得了成功。介绍了该工艺设计参数和工程运行的效果