Phenomenological model of yield strength temperature dependence for irradiated materials

In this work, it is formulated a phenomenological model to describe a yield strength temperature dependence of polycrystalline materials that have undergone irradiation and mechanical experiences in a wide temperature interval including structure levels of plastic deformation. The proposed model shows a good agreement with experimental data of both irradiated and no irradiated materials. Also it is shown that empirical parameters of the model are connected directly with plastic deformation structure levels of irradiated materials that are characterized by known experimental values of athermal and thermo activated stresses.     

Plastic zone and pileup around large indentations

Mechanical properties of cold-worked molybdenum, grade 4 titanium, and an α-β titanium alloy are measured with tensile tests and by indentations using conical indenters with 105, 120, and 137 deg included angles. The extent of plastic deformation and pileup around an indentation is measured using profilometry. Various models predicting the extent of plastic deformation and pileup are compared to the actual measured values. As inferred from indentation, the calculated yield strength of the material from the mean pressure does not correlate well to the yield strength measured by tensile testing. The plastic zone size surrounding an indentation can also be used to determine the yield strength of the material, and this does correlate to the yield strength measured by tensile tests. Furthermore, the extent of plastic deformation is relatively independent of the included angle of the indenter for the range of materials used in this system. Models predicting the amount of pileup at the edges of the indentation appear to approach but overestimate the actual amount of pileup in the materials tested.     

Effects of Shot Peening on Fatigue Properties of Zr-based Amorphous Alloys Containing Ductile Crystalline Particles

In this study, the fatigue properties of a shot-peened Zr-based amorphous alloy containing ductile crystalline particles were investigated, and fatigue processes were analyzed and compared with those of a non–shot-peened (as-cast) alloy. The microstructural analysis results of the shot-peened alloy surface indicated that the flexion and microstructural deformation were observed as the hot-peening time or pressure increased. However, the compressive residual stress formed on the shot-peened surface was approximately half of the ultimate tensile strength and was not varied much with shot-peening time or pressure. The fatigue limit and fatigue ratio of the shot-peened alloy were 368 MPa and 0.24, respectively, which were considerably higher than those of the as-cast alloy. This was because the compressive residual stress formed by the shot peening induced the initiation of fatigue cracks at the specimen interior instead of the specimen surface and, thus, enhanced the overall fatigue limit and fatigue life. These findings suggested that the shot peening was useful for improving fatigue properties in amorphous alloys.     

Recent developments of the high strength and high ductility nanostructured materials

This talk will summarize the recent work related to a kind of new nanomaterials produced by the SMAT (surface mechanical attrition treatment).The concept of surface nanocrystallization of materials will be presented.In terms of the grain refinement mechanism induced by plastic deformation,a novel surface mechanical attrition(SMA) technique was developed for synthesizing a nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials in order to upgrade the overall properties and performance.The grain refinement mechanism of the surface layer during the SMA treatment will be analyzed in terms of the nanostructure observations in several typical materials.Very high yield stress(5 times of the base material) on the surface layer of the material obtained by the SMAT has been observed.The effect of surface nanostructures on the mechanical behavior and on the failure mechanism of metallic material shows the possibility to develop a new strength gradient composite using co-rolling and nitriding.The role of residual stress induced during the treatment will be investigated and discussed.The developed materials are also porosity free materials which can be used as reference material for the local mechanical behavior investigation technique such as the nanoindentation.A general concept for obtaining high strength and high ductility nanostructured materials will be presented.The exceptional high strength and high ductility steels have developed.The simulation of the mechanisms for improving ductility of high strength nanostructured materials will be presented.The potential applications for the land transportation vehicles(car,bus,train) and wind energy have been investigated.Some examples of concept design for the integration of the advanced nanostructured steels will be presented.     

Deformation in wrought Mg−9Wt Pct Y

Considerable tensile-compressive yield strength anisotropy is normally associated with textured wrought magnesium alloys.¹ The ease of {1012} twinning is responsible for the lower compressive yield strengths of these materials. In Mg-9 wt pct Y, however, approximately equal tensile and compressive yield strengths of about 50 ksi have been previously reported.² This investigation was performed to study the deformation of wrought Mg-9 wt pct Y with the purpose of understanding its unusual isotropic behavior. It was found that almost no {1012} twinning occurs in this alloy, thus accounting for the absence of anisotropy. Initial plastic deformation both in tension and compression occurs almost entirely by slip, primarily on the basal plane. Subsequent deformation occurs by a combination of slip and {1121} twinning with short {1012} twins appearing only occasionally.     

Suction Caisson Capacity in Anisotropic, Purely Cohesive Soil

This paper presents a plastic limit analysis of the lateral load capacity of suction caissons in an anisotropic, purely cohesive soil assuming conditions of rotational symmetry about the vertical or gravity axis. The formulation utilizes a form of the Hill yield criterion that is modified to allow for different soil strengths in triaxial compression and extension. Using this yield criterion, energy dissipation relationships are formulated for continuous and discontinuous deformation fields. These dissipation relationships are then applied to a postulated caisson failure mechanism comprising a wedge near the free soil surface (mudline), a two-dimensional flow-around failure at depth, and a hemispherical slip surface at the base of the rotating caisson. The plastic limit analysis predictions compared favorably to predictions obtained from finite-element simulations employing a Hill yield criterion. For the range of anisotropic undrained strength properties commonly reported for normally K0-consolidated clays, parametric studies indicate that suction caisson horizontal load capacities predicted using a conventional approach (a von Mises yield surface fitted to the soil simple shear strength) will differ from anisotropic predictions by less than 10%.     

Constitutive properties of hard-alpha titanium

The flow and fracture behavior of hard-alpha Ti was studied as a function of nitrogen content, stress state, strain rate, and temperature. Hard-alpha Ti specimens with nitrogen contents ranging from 2 to 11.6 wt pct were fabricated by powder-metallurgy techniques. Stress-strain curves were obtained under various states of stress by performing uniaxial compression, indirection tension, indentation, and plane-strain compression tests at two strain rates. By varying the test technique and the specimen geometry, deformation and fracture in hard-alpha Ti was characterized for mean pressures as high as 6 times the flow stress. Most of these tests were conducted at 954 °C, but some were performed at 25 °C, 927 °C, and 982 °C. The experimental results indicated that, during compression testing at 927 °C to 982 °C, hard-alpha Ti exhibited substantial plastic deformation for nitrogen contents less than 4 wt pct, but showed brittle fracture with little plastic flow for nitrogen contents of 5.5 to 11.6 wt pct. Both the yield and fracture strengths increase with increasing nitrogen content and pressure, but decrease with increasing temperature. The yield strength increases with strain rate, while the fracture strength shows little or no rate sensitivity. The fracture strength in tension is substantially lower than that in compression. These observed deformation and fracture characteristics are explained on the basis of microcrack formation during inelastic deformation.     

Influence of cold rolling and strain rate on plastic response of powder metallurgy and chemical vapor deposition rhenium

The plastic response of two kinds of rhenium processed via powder metallurgy (PM) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were investigated under uniaxial compression over a range of strain rates. The PM rhenium, further cold rolled to 50 and 80 pct of the original thickness, was also investigated to assess the influence of cold work on the plastic behavior. A strong basal texture was detected in all the preceding materials as a result of processing and cold work. Both CVD and PM rhenium exhibited an increase in yield strength and flow stress with increasing strain rate. In PM rhenium, cold work resulted in an increase in hardness and yield strength and a decrease in the work hardening rate. The deformed microstructures revealed extensive twinning in CVD rhenium. At large strains, inhomogeneous deformation mode in the form of classical cup and cone fracture was noticed.     

Development of TiMicroalloyed 600 MPa Hot Rolled High Strength Steel

 A high strength steel with tensile strength on the order of 710MPa had been development successfully with only addition of titanium alloy element based on a low carbon steel. The results show the hot deformation accelerates ferrite and pearlite transformation and retards bainite transformation under continuous cooling condition. The microstructure of this steel is mainly composed of fine-grained ferrite and carbides distributed along the ferrite grain boundaries. The yield and tensile strengths of steels are about 620～650MPa and 720～740MPa, respectively, and the values of strain hardening exponent (n) and plastic strain ratio (r) are 0.12 and 0.80, respectively, thus providing well-matched strength with toughness. In short, the fine-grained ferrite and TiC nano-precipitates play an effective role in strengthening the steel.     

Composite Behavior of Lath Martensite Steels Induced by Plastic Strain,a New Paradigm for the Elastic-Plastic Response of Martensitic Steels

Based on high-resolution neutron diffraction experiments, we will show that in lath martensite steels, the initially homogeneous dislocation structure, i.e., homogeneous on the length scale of grain size, is disrupted by plastic deformation, which, in turn, produces a composite on the length scale of martensite lath packets. The diffraction patterns of plastically strained martensitic steel reveal characteristically asymmetric peak profiles in the same way as has been observed in materials with heterogeneous dislocation structures. The quasi homogeneous lath structure, formed by quenching, is disrupted by plastic deformation producing a composite structure. Lath packets oriented favorably or unfavorably for dislocation glide become soft or hard. Two lath packet types develop by work softening or work hardening in which the dislocation densities become smaller or larger compared to the initial average dislocation density. The decomposition into soft and hard lath packets is accompanied by load redistribution and the formation of long-range internal stresses between the two lath packet types. The composite behavior of plastically deformed lath martensite opens a new way to understand the elastic-plastic response in this class of materials.     

Compressive deformation and energy absorbing characteristic of foamed aluminum

Experiments were carried out to investigate the deformation and energy absorbing characteristics and mechanisms of foamed aluminum (FA) with two different matrices. Some new results were obtained. It is found that, like other cellular solid materials, FA has a stress-strain curve with three distinct regions, i.e., the linear elasticity region, the plastic collapse region or brittle crushing region, and the densification region. The energy absorbing capacity of FA increases by increasing the relative density and the yielding strength. Brittle foam exhibits higher capacity than plastic foam with similar yielding strengths. FA reaches its peak value of energy absorbing efficiency at the strain of about 0.15 to 0.35, depending on the relative density. AlMg10 foam shows higher absorbing capacity and efficiency than Al foam.     

冲击磨损中合金结构钢的组织结构变化

利用自行研制的落球冲击磨损实验装置，在模拟球磨机的工矿条件下，研究了冲击磨损后样品的组织结构变化，实验结果发现，硬度较低的样品冲击磨损后产生了剧烈的塑性变形，甚至形成绝切的形变带，硬度较高的样品冲击磨损后得到了表面白层和亚表层白层，有时在样品表面下产生了白色块状组织，还利用透射电子显微镜观察了白层的形貌。     

Effect of Single and Duplex Thin Hard Film Coatings on the Wear Resistance of 1.2343 Tool Steel

In aluminum extrusion process, tool steels used as die materials suffer from mechanical, thermal and tribological stresses causing plastic deformation, wear and heat checking during hot metal flow. Thin hard film coatings like TiN, (Ti,Al)N and CrN are preferred in order to improve the surface properties of the tools. These coatings can reduce the friction force, minimize the adhesive interaction between the die and billet pairs and decrease the plastic deformation of the tool. In this study, effect of single (CrN and AlTiN) and duplex (CrN + AlTiN) thin hard films on the hot wear behavior of DIN 1.2343 tool steel was investigated. Wear tests were performed both at room temperature and elevated temperature to simulate the conditions of aluminum extrusion process. Based on the evaluation of coefficient of friction values, specific wear rates and worn surface examinations, the duplex coating, which had the best performance in the RT wear test showed good resistance to high temperature wear under the simulated aluminum extrusion conditions.     

Constitutive Model for Static Liquefaction

A general, three-dimensional formulation of the elastoplastic refined Superior sand constitutive model is presented. The model is aimed at realistic simulation of liquefaction phenomena occurring in loose saturated granular materials under monotonic static loading. The isotropic hardening/softening is related to plastic deformation and distance to a reference yield surface. The nonassociated flow rule is used with the closed yield surface introduced previously in the Superior sand model. The refined model accounts for the different response of materials with different deposition densities. The model prediction of drained and undrained plane-strain compression is presented and compared with the response in triaxial compression/extension loading. Static and kinematic instability states also are discussed.     

时效制度对6013铝合金挤压型材屈强比的影响

以挤压态的6013铝合金为研究对象,通过显微硬度测试、单向拉伸实验和组织分析,研究了自然时效、人工时效和回归再时效处理时合金的力学性能变化规律。结果表明:自然时效峰值状态（16 d）的抗拉强度为286 MPa,屈服强度为158 MPa,屈强比为0.54,适合塑性成形;将自然时效峰值状态下的试样进行回归再时效处理（210 °C回归0.5 h+170 °C峰值时效2 h）,抗拉强度为362 MPa,屈服强度为336 MPa,屈强比达到0.92,抗塑性变形能力显著增强。这是因为回归再时效后析出相的尺寸减小,数密度显著增大,析出强化效果显著增强。而析出强化对屈服强度和抗拉强度的影响程度不同,因此可通过时效热处理来调控屈强比,即通过自然峰值时效提高合金的塑性变形性能以成形零件,而在零件成形后采用回归再时效提高其抗变形能力。      

Microstructure and Properties of Mo Microalloyed Cold Rolled DP1O00 Steels

Two kinds of ultra-high strength cold rolled dual phase steels have been developed by designing C-Si-Mn-Cr and C-Si-Mn-Cr-Mo alloy systems. Tensile strength and elongation of both steels exceed 1 100 MPa and 10%, respectively. The microstructures of both steels consist of massive martensite and ferrite. And the massive martensite of Mo-free steel disperses in the ferrite with volume fraction of 64%. However, the massive martensite of Mo-containing steel is connected or closed by small martensite islands each other, and martensite volume fraction is 69%.As to Mo-free steel, the yield strength, yield ratio, and work hardening exponent n are 548 MPa, 0.49, and 0.26,respectively. As for Mo-containing one, the yield strength, yield ratio, and n value are 746 MPa, 0. 66, and 0.33,respectively. Besides, the ferrite of Mo-free steel is deformed at the initial stage of plastic deformation. However,for Mo-containing one, Mo solution strengthened ferrite and small overaged martensite islands are deformed preferentially at small strain, which causes the yield strength to reach approximately 200 MPa higher than that of Mo-free steel.     

α污染层对Ti-6Al-4V铸造钛合金组织与性能的影响

对真空冶炼铸造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金(简称ZTC4)表面α污染层的组织、氧氢含量及纳米硬度趋势进行了研究,分析了α污染层对铸造钛合金拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,α污染层为粗大的片状结构,最大深度为0.28 mm;与心部区域相比,氧元素含量增加了1.64倍,氢元素减少了1倍,0硬度值增加了0.94倍,α污染层对ZTC4的拉伸性能影响显著,与不含α污染层试样相比,屈服强度、抗拉强度、延伸率和断面收缩分别降低了14.2%、12.5%、20%和35%,这是由于氧等原子固溶在试样表面形成脆而硬的α污染层,在拉伸载荷作用下α层不易变形形成多源断裂,在材料最薄弱区域形成宏观断裂源并向基体快速扩展,最后形成脆性解理断裂。     

Microstructure and Properties of Mo Microalloyed Cold Rolled DP1000 Steels

  Two kinds of ultra high strength cold rolled dual phase steels have been developed by designing C Si Mn Cr and C Si Mn Cr Mo alloy systems. Tensile strength and elongation of both steels exceed 1100 MPa and 10%, respectively. The microstructures of both steels consist of massive martensite and ferrite. And the massive martensite of Mo free steel disperses in the ferrite with volume fraction of 64%. However, the massive martensite of Mo containing steel is connected or closed by small martensite islands each other, and martensite volume fraction is 69%. As to Mo free steel, the yield strength, yield ratio, and work hardening exponent n are 548 MPa, 049, and 026, respectively. As for Mo containing one, the yield strength, yield ratio, and n value are 746 MPa, 066, and 033, respectively. Besides, the ferrite of Mo free steel is deformed at the initial stage of plastic deformation. However, for Mo containing one, Mo solution strengthened ferrite and small overaged martensite islands are deformed preferentially at small strain, which causes the yield strength to reach approximately 200 MPa higher than that of Mo free steel.     

烧结和锻造态Fe–2Cu–0.5C–0.11S材料的组织与力学性能研究

采用国产原料制备粉末冶金烧结态和锻造态Fe–2Cu–0.5C–0.11S材料,考察该材料的密度、显微组织、静态力学性能及动态超声疲劳性能。结果表明,粉末锻造工艺可以有效提高材料密度,锻件的平均密度可达到7.75 g/cm~3,其相对密度可达到98.7%;烧结件和锻件的显微组织主要由珠光体和铁素体组成,但锻件中的孔隙明显较少;锻件的力学性能相对于烧结件得到明显提升,其抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率及硬度分别为1018 MPa、778 MPa、4.0%及HB 206,比烧结件分别提高了155%、145%、167%及87%;锻件在106、107和108周次下相应的超声疲劳强度为437.7 MPa、351.1 MPa和281.7 MPa,比烧结件分别提高了82%、70%和59%;在相同疲劳寿命下,锻件的疲劳强度一直高于烧结件,但随着疲劳寿命的提高,两者之间的差值变小;烧结件和锻件在拉伸时均表现出脆性断裂的特征,同时存在微观塑性变形区域。     

Ultrafine high-cobalt hard alloys. II. Connection between mechanical properties and structure

The experimental dependences of strength, plastic properties, hardness, and fracture toughness on sintering or pressing temperature for ultrafine alloy WC-41 wt.% Co are presented. The alloy densifies in solid phase and temperature varies from 950 to 1250°C. The dependences of mechanical properties are extreme, excepting fracture toughness. The properties reach their maximum values at 1050 to 1150°C depending on the type of testing. Fracture toughness continuously increases with densification temperature. The highest values of some properties are reached after additional solid-phase annealing. The mechanical properties of ultrafine high-cobalt alloy samples are assessed with the use of structural parameters and empirical equations established for standard hard WC-Co alloys sintered in liquid phase. The calculated and experimental values of properties differ: transverse rupture strength, fracture toughness, and yield strength show higher values, while hardness and compressive strength have lower values as compared with calculated ones.