衣下间隙对织物系统热湿阻的影响

为研究人体皮肤与织物之间存在的衣下间隙对织物系统传热透湿性能的影响,利用出汗热平板仪测试织物系统的热阻和湿阻,并通过在热板与织物之间放置不同厚度的分隔板来模拟衣下间隙厚度,实现了定量测试皮肤—衣下间隙—织物之间的热湿传递。实验结果证明:织物系统的热阻和湿阻先随衣下间隙厚度的增大而增加,但在衣下间隙达到12 mm时出现下降,随后又进一步增加;虽然织物厚度影响着织物系统的热阻与湿阻,但衣下间隙对织物系统热湿阻的影响更为显著。综合服装的合体美观与舒适保暖性能,建议防寒类服装设计采用胸围放松量6~8 cm之间为宜。本研究有助于理解服装宽松量设计与服装隔热透湿性能之间的相互关系,对服装产品的舒适设计有指导意义。     

出汗暖体躯干的工效模拟

出汗暖体躯干工效模拟的实验装置 ,可对服装面料在不同工况条件下的传热、传湿性能进行静态和动态的测试分析。该系统能实现连续可控加热加湿 ,从而保证模型体内温湿度场的均匀稳定。测量结果可以通过专用程序软件在计算机上输出 ,使被测面料热阻、湿阻的计算和分析方便可靠。     

服装热湿性能测试系统——出汗假人

应用假人技术研究人与环境间的热传递是许多国家已经采用的先进技术,优点是精确度高、重复性好,并可在真人无法试验的极端环境条件下,进行服装舒适性能测试试验.目前已开发并用于服装舒适性能研究的假人主要有暖体假人和出汗假人,暖体假人主要用于测试、评价服装的防寒保暖性能,出汗假人主要用于测试、评价服装的透湿透气性能.文中介绍了出汗假人系统的构成、基本原理、主要特点、试验模式和服装热湿性能的测试与评价.     

基于暖体出汗假人的双层保暖内衣热舒适性研究

以男士双层保暖内衣为研究对象,使用暖体出汗假人同时测量了该内衣的热阻与湿阻,并使用三维人体扫描仪对其与暖体假人之间的空气层体积进行了测量,建立了空气层体积与保暖内衣热阻和湿阻之间的多项回归模型。结果显示,在内衣测量范围内,其热阻随着号型的增大先增加后减小,而湿阻则随着号型的增大逐渐增加。进一步研究发现,其透湿指数随着号型的增大逐渐减小,说明其热舒适性随着号型的增大而减弱。     

织物热湿舒适性能评价指标的灰色理论研究

选用珍珠纤维、莫代尔纤维、大豆纤维、竹纤维、聚乳酸纤维等新型再生纤维及普通棉共9种针织内衣织物进行对比实验.使用GB/T 11048-1989平板式保温仪法与GB/T 12704-1991透湿杯法等常规方法对试样进行测试,得出各试样的热湿舒适性能指标,并与ISO 11092出汗热板仪法测出的试样热阻、湿阻结果进行了比较...     

暖体假人的出汗模拟方式与测量算法

应用出汗暖体假人来测量服装的热湿传递性能是服装热舒适性研究的重要手段。系统地回顾了出汗暖体假人的发展过程,对出汗暖体假人的出汗形式作了明确的分类,并详细阐述了不同出汗系统的设计原理、相应的测量算法以及可能的结果差异。通过分析指出,新型被动式出汗设计和一步法测量原理具有不需要任何假设条件就可以完成服装热阻和湿阻2个指标同时测量的特点,是比较先进且具有前途的方法,将会在出汗假人研制中得到更多的应用。     

应用男体出汗图谱的运动装设计与性能评价

运动装的结构设计影响其热湿传递性能,从而影响着装者的舒适性。本研究根据男体局部出汗分布特征和当前各种吸湿排汗面料的特性,设计不同面料拼接的几款运动装,采用34区段出汗暖体假人‘Newton’来客观评价所研发的人体绘图运动服装（Body Mapping Sportswear）的热阻、湿阻和透湿指数,并通过热应激预测（PHS）模型预测在各种环境条件下穿着运动装后的人体生理指标（包括皮肤温度、核心温度、出汗率、总出汗量）变化,从而评价所研制的运动装在不同环境下对人体的热调节作用。     

PTT纤维纬编针织物热湿舒适性的研究

采用KES-F7织物热性能测试仪、YG141D数字式织物厚度测试仪及锡莱热阻湿阻测试仪,在常温下测量不同含量、不同组织的PTT纤维的热传导性能、热阻湿阻性、织物厚度及透气性.结果表明,PTT网眼织物的舒适性明显优于其他几种纬编针织物,相对于其他纬编针织物组织不仅具有良好的导热率、优良的透气性,而且瞬间冷暖值也相对较小,织物的舒适性好.     

基于出汗暖体假人冬季保暖棉服填充材料的筛选

在温度为(10±2)℃,相对湿度为50%±8%的环境条件下,基于出汗暖体假人"Walter"测试技术,研究不同填充材料或不同填充量的冬季保暖棉服的热湿舒适性能。研究表明:羽绒类填充物的冬季保暖棉服具有较好的保暖性能和透汽性能;中空保暖纤维类填充物的冬季保暖棉服保暖性和透汽性与其结构有关,多孔、表面有沟槽的保暖纤维填充的冬季保暖棉服保暖性能接近羽绒,且具有比羽绒更好的透汽性能;冬季保暖棉服填充量增加,着装的热阻会增加,但填充物材料不同,着装热阻增加的速率是不同的,多孔、表面有沟槽的保暖纤维填充的冬季保暖棉服热阻增加速率较低,在较少填充量时,具有较高的热阻。     

消防员防护服面料的热湿舒适性

为研究消防员防护服面料的舒适性并考察其是否满足欧美国家相关标准,选取了我国消防员防护服常用的几种面料,进行单层织物热阻和湿阻以及多层织物热阻、湿阻和总热损失的测试与分析,考察空气层对多层织物热阻的影响,并将测试结果与欧美标准的相关要求进行对比。结果表明:在厚度大致相同时,外层面料的密度对热阻和湿阻影响较大;因为隔热层材料是非织造布结构,热阻和湿阻较大;空气层的位置对多层织物的热阻值影响不大,但其厚度对多层织物的热阻影响较大;选取的几种面料组合,湿阻低于30 Pa·m~2/W,总热损失高于205 W/m~2,均满足欧美国家相关标准要求。     

The influence of a sweat rate on heat losses of the selected segments of a sweating thermal manikin

Abstract

The procedure of determining the heat resistance, i.e. thermal insulation is described in a series of the European Standards. It is well recognised and disseminated across the world. However, there is no European Standard with regard to the procedure for determining clothing evapourative resistance (R_et). In 2016, ASTM published F2370 standard where it set out the method for determining R_et. The said standard however is lacking detailed information concerning the required sweat rate for a manikin. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of a sweat rate on the segmental heat losses at the selected manikin’s parts in the so-called isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The research was carried out on the NEWTON thermal manikin dressed in special fabric skin. Four sweating rates were considered, i.e. 100, 250, 500 and 650?g/(h m²). The results showed different segmental heat loss in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. It was furthermore found that heat loss depended on a sweat rate, namely a lower sweat rate caused lower heat loss.     

Study on thermal and evaporative resistances of multilayered fabric ensembles

The present work deals with the study on thermal and evaporative resistance of multilayered fabric ensembles meant for cold weather applications. Three-layered structure is used to study the thermal comfort properties. Knitted fabric and polytetrafluoroethylene coated fabrics were used in inner and outer layer, respectively. Needle punched fabrics produced from polyester fibre were used in middle layer. Fifteen different non-woven fabrics were produced according to Box and Behnken experimental design for three variables and three levels by varying mass per unit area, punch density and depth of needle penetration. The produced fabrics were evaluated for thermal and evaporative resistances with and without inner and outer layer fabrics. Thickness, air permeability, bulk density and porosity of the needle punched fabrics were studied. The properties of the fabrics were analyzed for statistical significance by using ‘Design-Expert’ statistical software. Artificial neural network model was developed to predict the properties of fabrics and validation of model was done with the testing data-set. The performance of prediction was evaluated by mean square error, mean absolute error percentage and correlation coefficient. It was concluded that the predicted properties of fabric correlated well with the experimental results.     

仿人体出汗比例的 Walter 暖体假人皮肤制备

为了使Walter 暖体假人各个部位具有与真人类似的相对出汗强度,采用了硅胶涂层的方法制备了非均匀出汗皮肤。通过对不同组分和不同厚度的硅胶涂层透湿率的分析,确定了最佳涂层工艺,以此工艺制备了3 种具有自相似结构的硅胶涂层,通过对3种涂层的分形维数的计算和热阻,湿阻的测量,选择出最佳涂层结构。使用此涂层结构制备了整套非均匀出汗皮肤。实验测量了使用非均匀出汗皮肤和均匀出汗皮肤的暖体假人的裸态与着装状态的热阻和湿阻。结果显示：分形维数最接近黄金分割数的涂层方法可使非均匀出汗皮肤具有最佳热湿性能;所制备的非均匀出汗皮肤与原始均匀出汗皮肤对比,假人裸态和着装状态下的热阻、湿阻测量结果均有增加。     

Statistical and ANN analysis of thermal and evaporative resistances of multilayered fabric ensembles

In this paper, thermal and evaporative resistance of multilayered fabrics meant for cold weather conditions have been reported. Polyester hollow fibers of 6 denier and 15 denier were used to produce needle-punched fabrics. Full factorial experimental design was used to produce 30 different needle-punched nonwoven fabrics from two different linear densities of fiber by varying mass per unit area and punch density at three and five different levels, respectively. The needle-punched nonwovens were used as insulative middle layer. Single jersey knitted fabric and polytetrafluoroethylene-coated fabric was used as inner and outer layer, respectively. The multilayered fabric ensembles were evaluated for thermal and evaporative resistance using sweating guarded hot plate (SGHP) system. Regression equations were developed to draw the contour plots and to analyze the effect of different parameters on thermal and evaporative resistance of fabrics. Two independent one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to find the significance of linear density of fiber and effect of inner and outer layers on thermal and evaporative resistance of fabrics. The two-way ANOVA was conducted to analyze the effect of mass per unit area and punch density on thermal properties of fabrics and ‘F’ values were calculated. Mean square values of pure error and lack of fit were studied to analyze the fitness of the developed model for thermal properties of fabrics. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to predict the thermal and evaporative resistance of multilayered fabrics and compared with the experimental values. It has been observed that the ANN model predicts the thermal and evaporative resistance of multilayered fabrics with high degree of accuracy.     

吸湿排汗整理剂在改善织物湿传递性能中的应用

采用吸湿排汗柔软整理剂XY - WST对涤/粘、纯粘胶、涤/棉织物进行处理,分别采用垂直芯吸法和透湿杯法对不同整理工艺条件下织物的湿传递性进行测试.结果表明:织物的芯吸高度及透湿量的变化随着整理剂用量的增加而增加,但用量过多会使织物厚度相应增加,阻碍液体在织物中的传递.研究表明,吸湿排汗整理剂用量以10 ～15 mL为宜,对织物的湿传递性能的改善最为明显.     

出汗假人系统特征方程与稳定性判定

采用实验方法,通过出汗假人皮肤表面温度和湿润度的单位阶跃响应,求得系统的结构参数阻尼比ξ和自然振荡频率ωn,判定该出汗假人系统的稳定性。实验结果表明:假人皮肤表面温度控制过程的阻尼比ξ为0.804,说明皮肤表面温度控制系统为欠阻尼二阶系统,振荡过程为衰减振荡,且自然振荡频率ωn为0.004 6,温度控制过程平稳性较好;假人出汗控制过程的阻尼比ξ为0.643,说明出汗控制系统也为欠阻尼二阶系统,振荡过程为衰减振荡,自然振荡频率ωn为0.002 8,出汗控制过程平稳性也很好。     

开放式局部热阻测试系统的实现

针对目前适用于单段暖体假人局部热阻测试系统较少的问题,结合康奈尔大学的单段暖体假人（Walter 出汗暖体假人）系统,设计搭建了开放式局部热阻测试系统并进行了局部热舒适性研究。采用该系统对Walter 出汗暖体假人的裸态和穿M 号全棉衬衣和休闲裤、穿大孔M号全棉短袖衫和休闲裤、穿小孔M号全棉短袖衫和休闲裤、穿全棉T恤和休闲裤等4种着装状态下共5种情况进行了整体热流密度、局部热流密度和服装热阻3 项测试。结果表明,开放式局部热阻测试系统可准确表示穿着不同服装条件下假人的局部热流密度数值,其整体热流密度误差不超过4.6W/m2 ,热阻误差不超过3.1%。     

Modeling of thermal properties of multilayered fabrics by ANN consisting of polypropylene needle-punched nonwovens

This paper presents the prediction of thermal and evaporative resistances of multilayered fabrics meant for cold weather conditions using artificial neural network (ANN) model. Thermal and evaporative resistances of fabrics were evaluated using sweating guarded hot plate method. The significance and interdependency of thickness on other fabric and process parameters and its effect on prediction performance of ANN model is analyzed in detail. For this purpose, two different network architectures were used to predict the thermal properties of multilayered fabrics. In both the networks, three-layer structure consisting of input, hidden and output layers was used. First, network was constructed with four input parameters, namely linear density of fiber, mass per unit area, punch density, and thickness of nonwoven fabric which predicts thermal and evaporative resistances. Second network was made with three input parameters, namely linear density, mass per unit area, and punch density. The network parameters were optimized to give minimum mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error percentage, and good correlation coefficient. The trend analysis was conducted and influence of various input parameters on the thermal properties of multilayered fabrics was studied. The significance of each input parameter in the prediction of thermal properties was studied by carrying out sensitivity analysis. The mean square error of the test dataset before and after the exclusion of the corresponding input parameter is taken for analysis. The input parameters were ranked based on the MSE ratio of test dataset. The predicted thermal properties of multilayered fabrics are correlated well with the experimental values. It was observed that the ANN model with minimum input parameters, namely linear density of fiber, mass per unit area, and punch density can predict the thermal properties of multilayered fabrics with good accuracy.