Intermolecular segregation of siloxane in P3HT: surface quantification and molecular surface-structure

Surfaces of spin-coated and solution-cast poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films are analysed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Low Energy Ion Scattering. Here, we use the P3HT-siloxane system with only 2% siloxane monomers in the bulk as a model system to study segregation and surface orientation of molecules in polymers. The surfaces are enriched in siloxane due to the intermolecular segregation of the siloxanes present in P3HT. The siloxane coverage fraction was found to depend on the preparation parameters such as spinspeed and solution-concentration, and ranges from 25 to 100%.The molecular orientation of segregated siloxanes on P3HT was found to resemble that on pure PDMS. Furthermore, siloxane molecules prefer specific sites on P3HT, such that sulphur atoms are screened from being at the outermost surface to lower the surface free energy. The results presented here demonstrate clearly the unique ability of LEIS to quantify the composition of the outermost atomic layer, and to obtain detailed information on the surface structure.     

Adhesive bonding of CFRP: a comparison of different surface pre-treatment strategies and their effect on the bonding shear strength

A promising joining technology for thermoset CFRP is adhesive bonding. However, the mechanical performance is influenced negatively by contaminants, like release agents, as well as an excess of matrix in the top layer. In order to generate most suitable surface qualities prior to the bonding process, carbon fibre reinforced plastics are treated with different – UV (355 nm) and IR (1064 nm) – lasers. The results are compared to commonly applied grinding surface preparation. The preliminary results on surface properties, e.g. energy and topography point towards high levels of free surface energy, as well as new originated surface structures. After the bonding process mechanical tests are subsequently carried out in Mode II, to characterize the final joint by its tensile shear strength. Finally, the individual fracture behaviour is examined in post mortem analysis. The results indicate that it is possible to increase the tensile shear strength of the joints to a maximum, which equals the interlaminar shear strength of the CFRP-laminate. Therefore, ultrashort pulsed IR-laser techniques show the best reproducibility and the highest tensile shear strength. In addition, IR-laser treatment is expected to have the highest potential for later applications.     

Effects of surface treatment of carbon fiber: Tensile property,surface characteristics,and bonding to epoxy

In this article, effects of electrochemical oxidation and sizing treatment of PAN‐based carbon fibers (CFs) on the tensile properties, surface characteristics, and bonding to epoxy were investigated. As found, the electrochemical oxidation improves the tensile strength of single CF by 16.0%, due to weakening the surface stress concentration and smoothing the surface structure. Further sizing treatment shows a negligible effect on the tensile strength. Both oxidation and sizing treatments significantly improve the wettability and surface energies of CFs by introducing oxygen‐containing functional groups. Microbond test was conducted to characterize the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between a single fiber and an epoxy droplet. The oxidation treatment increases IFSS slightly, which is due to the contradictory effects of the formation of chemical bonds between the resin and CFs, and the reduced mechanical interlocking. Further sizing treatment significantly enhances IFSS from 73.6 to 81.0 MPa, due to the formation of vast chemical bonds. Furthermore, the oxidation and sizing treatment can effectively reduce the degradation of IFSS to the hygrothermal ageing for the CF/epoxy system. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:2921–2932, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

黄铜镀层与硫化胶粘接界面的结构

通过对钢丝黄铜镀层与硫化胶粘接界面的研究分析,指出了界面区的基本结构。     

Intermolecular migration of methyl groups at a Cu(211) surface

The exposure of preadsorbed oxygen to monomethylamine or the coadsorption of a 2:1 monomethylamine (CH₃NH₂)/dioxygen mixture at a Cu(211) surface at room temperature results in the formation of a surface species characterised by C(1s) and N(1s) binding energies of 285.2 and 398.2 eV, respectively, with a calculated carbon to nitrogen ratio of 2:1. This species, which we assign to a chemisorbed dimethylamine ((CH₃)₂NH_x(a)), is the only adsorbed product of the reaction and its formation must involve the breaking of a carbon–nitrogen bond and the intermolecular transfer of a methyl group. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The peel ply surface treatment for adhesive bonding of composites: A review

This paper reviews existing literature related to the peel ply surface treatment of composite materials. A peel ply fabric is used as a removable layer in a composite lay-up and ripped off to modify the surface for adhesive bonding. A peel ply can affect the elemental composition of a surface and it is possible to distinguish between either a polyester or a polyamide peel ply treatment for a specific composite system and application. However, consistent and generalised relationships between the compositional modification or the surface energy and adhesive or resin adherence to treated surfaces are not probable. A compositional analysis and surface energy measurements are affected by the fractured matrix, peel ply fibre cavities and revealed reinforcements. Only a few recent studies have presented results for the regions of the matrix fracture and fibre cavities separately. Resin-impregnated peel plies, namely tear plies, offer additional tailorability for composite surface treatments, but related research is scarce.     

用于ABS粘接的UV固化胶粘剂

研究了用于低表面能材料ABS的UV固化胶粘剂的组成,及各组分对胶粘剂性能的影响。结果表明,配比为:双酚A环氧丙烯酸酯、脂肪族聚氨酯丙烯酸酯的混合物为预聚物(占50%~55%),混合单体40%~45%,光引发剂3%~7%,流平剂BYK 307占0.1%~0.2%的胶粘剂,对ABS的湿润性及粘接强度最好。     

偶联剂对竹材表面润湿性及胶合强度的影响

利用3种硅烷偶联剂KH550、KH560及KH602和1种偶联剂HMR处理竹材表面,考查了偶联剂对竹材表面性能及粘接性能的影响。结果显示,偶联剂HMR、KH560及KH602可以提高竹片的表面自由能,改善竹片的表面润湿性能;而KH550处理竹片后降低了竹片的表面自由能,竹片的表面润湿性变差。但是4种偶联剂均能提高竹片的胶合强度。综合价格与性能因素,偶联剂HMR的使用效果最好。     

硫醇调节黏接型氯丁橡胶的结构与性能

以正十二碳硫醇为相对分子质量调节剂,参照传统调丁型氯丁橡胶(CR,牌号为244)的生产工艺,合成了硫醇调节型CR,考察了调节剂用量对CR相对分子质量的影响,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表征了CR的微观结构,研究了CR的热性能和溶液稳定性,并与调丁型CR进行了比较。结果表明,随着硫醇用量的增加,CR的门尼黏度呈明显的下降趋势,达到相同调节效果时,硫醇用量仅为调节剂丁的1/4;硫醇调节型CR以反式-1,4-构型为主,以头-尾方式相连,且反式-1,4-结构含量略高于调丁型CR;硫醇调节型CR和调丁型CR的玻璃化转变温度基本相当,且随着温度的升高,出现晶区解晶现象;硫醇调节型CR与调丁型CR相比具有更优异的溶液黏度稳定性。     

表面粗糙度对镍镀层结合性能的影响

对玻璃基双层镍表面进行阳极活化以提高镍层之间的结合强度。阳极活化液组成和工艺条件为:NiCl2·6H2O 100 g/L,H3BO3 25 g/L,pH 4.0,温度45°C,阳极电流密度10~30 mA/cm2,时间5~15 min。研究了电流密度和处理时间对镍镀层表面形貌、孤岛结合力、表面粗糙度和界面结合强度的影响,探讨了双层镍表面粗糙度和界面结合强度的关系。结果表明,在30 mA/cm2下阳极活化10 min后,双层镍的界面结合强度为629.8 MPa,比盐酸活化试样高了近2倍。镍层表面粗糙度与界面结合强度之间有明显的对应关系,表面粗糙度越大,界面结合强度越高。采用阳极活化法可有效提高微机电系统微器件的可靠性。     

Investigation of surface pre-treatments for the structural bonding of titanium

This paper evaluates wet-chemical pre-treatments (alkaline etching, anodising) and a plasma treatment for structural bonding of titanium (Ti₆Al₄V). The main objective of this study is the comparison of the applicability of the plasma pre-treatment to wet-chemical treatments on titanium for structural bonding. In this context, an atmospheric pressure plasma device was used to deposit thin functional films from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursor on titanium.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to assess the chemical composition of the surface after different pre-treatments on the titanium substrate, while the morphology and the film thickness were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adhesion properties on titanium were evaluated by means of a wedge test in hot/wet conditions. After bonding tests the fracture surface and the failure loci were analysed.Using a long arc plasma generator and HMDSO precursor almost stoichiometric SiO₂ coatings were obtained on the titanium substrate. These coatings exhibit good long-term durability and bond strength compared to an alkaline etching in the wedge test. The investigated anodising process leads to oxide layers revealing a highly porous nanostructure. In contrast to the alkaline etching, the plasma derived coatings and the oxide layer produced by the anodising process exhibit a higher micro, respectively nano roughness, and hence a better long-term durability.     

Activated gas plasma surface treatment of polymers for adhesive bonding

Polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl fluoride) (Tedlar), polystyrene, nylon 6, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Mylar), polycarbonate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and a poly(oxymethylene) copolymer were treated with activated helium and with activated oxygen. Mechanical strengths of adhesive-bonded specimens prepared from treated and from untreated coupons were compared. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) showed the greatest increases in bond strength. Oxygen and helium were both effective with polyethylene, but polypropylene showed no improvement when treated with activated helium. The results with excited helium parallel the effects of ionizing radiation on these two polymers, as does the appearance of unsaturation bands in the infrared (965 cm^?1 in PE, and 887 and 910 cm^?1 in PP). Active nitrogen produced excellent bond strength with polyethylene but not with polypropylene. Of the remaining polymers examined, Tedlar, polystyrene, and nylon 6 showed the greatest improvement in bondability after treatment, and Mylar showed moderate improvement. Polycarbonate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and the poly(oxymethylene) copolymer gave approximately two-fold increases in lap-shear bond strength. In several cases, significant differences in response to time of treatment and type of excited gas were found.     

AlN微粉表面结合状态的XPS研究

通过X射线光电子能谱 (XPS)分析研究了碳热还原氮化法制备的AlN微粉的表面结合状态。结果表明 :AlN微粉的表面有明显的氧化层存在 ;AlN微粉表面结合状态为Al—O和Al—N复合型结合 ;杂质元素W主要是由球磨介质中的WC引入的 ,并以WO2 - 4形式分布于AlN微粉表面。     

Influence of zirconia surface treatments on resin cement bonding and phase transformation

It evaluated the effects of different zirconia surface treatments on the bond strength of a resin cement to Y-TZP (yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia) ceramics, as well as their phase-transformations. 75 blocks (5 mm × 5 mm × 4 mm) of Y-TZP were assigned into five groups (n = 15): (tribochemical silica coating - TBS) zirconia surface was abraded by silica coated alumina particles followed by silanization; (GLZ₁) zirconia surface received the application of a thin layer of low-fusing porcelain glaze, followed by hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching for 1 min; (GLZ₅) glaze application + HF etching by 5 min; (GLZ₁₀) glaze application + HF etching by 10 min; (GLZ₁₅) glaze application + HF etching by 15 min. After etching, all the specimens were washed, dried and silanized. Cylinders of composites (diameter: 3.25 mm; height: 3 mm) were cemented to the Y-TZP blocks using a resin cement. All the specimens were subjected to aging (10,000 thermal cycles and 90 days storage), tested under shear conditions, and finally analyzed by a stereomicroscope (failure analysis). In addition, we also performed topographical and phase transformation analyses of the treated zirconia surfaces. The TBS group presented the highest bond strength value (23.34 MPa). The glazed groups presented low bond values and high prevalences of pretest failures. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a phase transformation for the TBS group (13.14%); however, there was no clear phase change observed for the GLZ groups. From our results, we concluded that tribochemical silica coating is the main Y-TZP surface conditioning for resin bond improvements.     

Adhesive bonding of polyvinylidene fluoride: Effect of curing agent in PVF2 surface modification

—We have shown that certain amine and amide curing agents for epoxy resins modify the surface properties of the fluoropolymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF₂), thereby permitting the formation of strong adhesive joints. When PVF₂ is exposed to these curing agents at the temperatures used in preparing adhesive joints (~70°C), discoloration (darkening) occurs with concomitant gelation. This suggests that there is dehydrofluorination followed by crosslinking. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to follow the course of these reactions. In effect, the curing agent serves a dual function. It reacts with the fluoropolymer both to modify the surface region and to crosslink the epoxy resin.     

丁苯橡胶表面处理技术对粘接强度的影响

丁苯橡胶表面是非极性的,为了增强丁苯橡胶与金属或者其他材料之间的粘接强度,需娶对橡胶表面进行处理。综述了当前国内外橡胶表面处理的常用方法、原理及研究进展。     

Effect of N-substituents on the surface characteristics and hydrogen bonding network of polybenzoxazines

In our study, the effect of N-substituents on the surface free energy and hydrogen bonding network structure of polybenzoxazine has been studied systematically. The contact angle measurement results show the surface energies of the polybenzoxazines decrease with the increase of alkyl chain length, and are not affected by the steric factor of the tert-butyl group. However, the FTIR curve fitting results show that both the chain length and bulkiness of alkyl group have an effect on the hydrogen bonding network of the polybenzoxazines, and facilitate the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding during the progress of cure. This indicates that both alkyl group and the fraction of intermolecular hydrogen bonding have an effect on the surface energy of the polybenzoxazines. Additionally, the transformation mechanism of the intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding during the progress of cure is proposed for the first time.     

直升机机体“鼓包”损伤的胶接修理

针对某型直升机机体“鼓包”损伤,分析了损伤的原因,采用不同的胶接修理方法进行修理,达到了较好的效果。     

金属基陶瓷磨盘衬板表面堆焊结合性研究

为了实现对金属基陶瓷磨盘衬板高效、高质量的堆焊修复,选用自主研发的药芯焊丝在报废的陶瓷磨盘衬板上进行修复性研究。利用着色探伤、光学显微镜、扫描电镜等技术检测手段,对堆焊层与磨盘衬板的结合性、堆焊层应力释放裂纹的扩展情况进行了检测与表征,研究了堆焊层与磨盘衬板之间界面的结合情况。结果表明,自主研发的药芯焊丝所形成的堆焊层与磨盘衬板结合性良好,应力释放裂纹扩展细密均匀。经实践证明,在确保了堆焊层与母体结合性条件下,可对陶瓷磨盘衬板进行高质量的表面堆焊修复,改变目前陶瓷磨盘衬板只换不修的局面,对水泥行业降本增效有着积极的意义。