结构化低秩字典学习的人脸识别

目的 现实中采集到的人脸图像通常受到光照、遮挡等环境因素的影响,使得同一类的人脸图像具有不同程度的差异性,不同类的人脸图像又具有不同程度的相似性,这极大地影响了人脸识别的准确性。为了解决上述问题对人脸识别造成的影响,在低秩矩阵恢复理论的基础上提出了具有识别力的结构化低秩字典学习的人脸识别算法。方法 该算法基于训练样本的标签信息将低秩正则化以及结构化稀疏同时引入到学习的具有识别力的字典上。在字典学习过程中,首先利用样本的重建误差约束样本与字典之间的关系;其次将Fisher准则应用到稀疏编码过程中,使其编码系数具有识别能力;由于训练样本中的噪声信息会影响字典的识别力,所以在低秩矩阵恢复理论的基础上将低秩正则化应用到字典学习过程中;接着,在字典学习过程中加入了结构化稀疏使其不丢失结构信息以保证对样本进行最优分类;最后再利用误差重构法对测试样本进行分类识别。结果 本文算法在AR以及ORL人脸数据库上分别进行了实验仿真。在AR人脸数据库中,为了分析样本不同维数对实验结果造成的影响,选取了第一时期拍摄的每人6幅图像,包括1幅围巾遮挡,2幅墨镜遮挡以及3幅脸部表情变化以及光照变化（未被遮挡）的图像作为训练样本,同时选取相同组合的样本图像作为测试样本,无论哪种方法,图像的维度越高识别率越高。对比SRC （sparse representation based on classification）算法与DKSVD （discriminative K-means singular value decomposition）算法的识别率可知,DKSVD算法通过字典学习减缓了训练样本中的不确定因素对识别结果的影响;对比DLRD_SR （discriminative low-rank dictionary learning for sparse representation）算法与FDDL （Fisher discriminative dictionary learning）算法的识别率可知,当图像有遮挡等噪声信息存在时,字典低秩化可以提高至少5.8%的识别率;对比本文算法与DLRD_SR算法可知,在字典学习的过程中加入Fisher准则后识别率显著提高,同时理想稀疏值能保证对样本进行最优的分类。当样本图像的维度达到500维时人脸图像在有围巾、墨镜遮挡的情况下识别率可达到85.2%;其中墨镜和围巾的遮挡程度分别可以看成是人脸图像的20%和40%,为了验证本文算法在不同脸部表情变化、光照改变以及遮挡情况下的有效性,根据训练样本的具体图像组合情况进行实验。无论哪种样本图像组合,本文算法在有遮挡存在的样本识别中具有显著优势。在训练样本只包含脸部表情变化、光照变化以及墨镜遮挡图像的情况下,本文算法的识别率高于其他算法至少2.7%,在训练样本只包含脸部表情变化、光照变化以及围巾遮挡图像的情况下,本文算法的识别率高于其他算法至少3.6%,在训练样本包含脸部表情变化、光照变化、围巾遮挡以及墨镜遮挡图像的情况下,其识别率高于其他算法至少1.9%。在ORL人脸数据库中,人脸图像在无遮挡的情况下识别率达到95.2%,稍低于FDDL算法的识别率;在随机块遮挡程度达到20%时,相比较于SRC算法、DKSVD算法、FDDL算法以及DLRD_SR算法,本文算法的识别率最高;当随机块遮挡程度达到50%时,以上算法的识别率均不高,但本文算法的其识别率仍然最高。结论 本文算法在人脸图像受到遮挡等因素的影响时具有一定的鲁棒性,实验结果表明该算法在人脸识别方面具有可行性。     

稀疏综合字典学习的小样本人脸识别

传统以字典学习为基础的小样本人脸识别方法存在字典低辨别性、弱鲁棒性等缺点,对此,本文提出稀疏综合字典学习模型。该模型有效利用和生成人脸变化,以镜像原理及Fisher准则扩充训练样本多样性,通过构造混合特色字典、扩充干扰字典以及低秩字典原子,提取不同类别数据之间的共性、特殊性和异常情况,从而提高算法识别率以及对表情变化、姿态变化、遮挡等异常情况的处理能力。在AR、YALEB、LFW等人脸数据库进行仿真实验,实验结果验证了算法的有效性和可行性。     

Robust face recognition via discriminative and common hybrid dictionary learning

Dictionary learning has recently attracted a great deal of attention due to its efficacy in sparse representation based image classification task. There are two main limitations of the Sparse Representation based Classification (SRC) for applications. One is that the training data is required to be less corrupted, and the other is that each class should have sufficient training samples. To overcome these two critical issues, we propose a novel approach, namely Discriminative and Common hybrid Dictionary Learning (DCDL), for solving robust face recognition. With the priori target rank information, the DCDL is able to recover a clean discriminative dictionary by exploiting underlying low-rank structure of training data. Simultaneously, the common intra-class variation dictionary is learned to make sure that a query image can be better represented by the collaboration with image variations of other classes. Extensive experiments on representative face databases show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art sparse representation based algorithms in dealing with non-occluded face recognition, and yields significant performance improvements in most cases of occluded face recognition.     

Learning low-rank and discriminative dictionary for image classification

Dictionary learning plays a crucial role in sparse representation based image classification. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to learn a discriminative dictionary with low-rank regularization on the dictionary. Specifically, we apply Fisher discriminant function to the coding coefficients to make the dictionary more discerning, that is, a small ratio of the within-class scatter to between-class scatter. In practice, noisy information in the training samples will undermine the discriminative ability of the dictionary. Inspired by the recent advances in low-rank matrix recovery theory, we apply low-rank regularization on the dictionary to tackle this problem. The iterative projection method (IPM) and inexact augmented Lagrange multiplier (ALM) algorithm are adopted to solve our objective function. The proposed discriminative dictionary learning with low-rank regularization (D²L²R²) approach is evaluated on four face and digit image datasets in comparison with existing representative dictionary learning and classification algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our approach.     

Robust face recognition via occlusion dictionary learning

Sparse representation based classification (SRC) has recently been proposed for robust face recognition. To deal with occlusion, SRC introduces an identity matrix as an occlusion dictionary on the assumption that the occlusion has sparse representation in this dictionary. However, the results show that SRC's use of this occlusion dictionary is not nearly as robust to large occlusion as it is to random pixel corruption. In addition, the identity matrix renders the expanded dictionary large, which results in expensive computation. In this paper, we present a novel method, namely structured sparse representation based classification (SSRC), for face recognition with occlusion. A novel structured dictionary learning method is proposed to learn an occlusion dictionary from the data instead of an identity matrix. Specifically, a mutual incoherence of dictionaries regularization term is incorporated into the dictionary learning objective function which encourages the occlusion dictionary to be as independent as possible of the training sample dictionary. So that the occlusion can then be sparsely represented by the linear combination of the atoms from the learned occlusion dictionary and effectively separated from the occluded face image. The classification can thus be efficiently carried out on the recovered non-occluded face images and the size of the expanded dictionary is also much smaller than that used in SRC. The extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better results than the existing sparse representation based face recognition methods, especially in dealing with large region contiguous occlusion and severe illumination variation, while the computational cost is much lower.     

改进稀疏表示算法在人脸识别中的应用

人脸识别的主要难度在于，受到光照变化、表情变化以及遮挡的影响，会使得采集的不同人的人脸图像具有相似性。为有效解决基于稀疏表示的分类算法（Sparse Representation-based Classification，SRC）在人脸训练样本不足时会导致识别率降低和稀疏表示求解效率较低的问题，提出了基于判别性低秩分解与快速稀疏表示分类（Low Rank Recovery Fast Sparse Representation-based Classification，LRR_FSRC）的人脸识别算法。利用低秩分解理论得到低秩恢复字典以及稀疏误差字典，结合低秩分解和结构不相干理论，训练出判别性低秩类字典和稀疏误差字典，并把它们结合作为测试时所用的字典；用坐标下降法来求解稀疏系数以提高了计算效率；根据重构误差实现测试样本的分类。在YALE和ORL数据库上的实验结果表明，提出的基于LRR_FSRC的人脸识别方法具有较高的识别率和计算效率。     

基于低秩约束的极限学习机高效人脸识别算法

复杂应用场景中,光照变化、遮挡和噪声等干扰使得将像素特征作为相似性度量的识别算法的图像类内差大于类间差,降低了人脸识别性能。针对这一问题,提出了一种低秩约束的极限学习机鲁棒性人脸识别算法,提升了复杂场景下的识别性能。首先,利用人脸图像分布的子空间线性假设,将待识别图像聚类到相对应的样本子空间;其次,将像素域分解为低秩特征子空间和稀疏误差子空间,依据图像子空间的低秩性对噪声鲁棒的原理,提取人脸图像的低秩结构特征训练极限学习机的前向网络;最后,实现对噪声干扰鲁棒的极限学习机人脸识别算法。实验结果表明,相比前沿的人脸识别算法,所提方法不仅识别精度高、算法时间复杂度低,且具有较好的实用性。     

联合判别性低秩类字典与稀疏误差字典学习的人脸识别

目的 由于受到光照变化、表情变化以及遮挡的影响,使得采集的不同人的人脸图像具有相似性,从而给人脸识别带来巨大的挑战,如果每一类人有足够多的训练样本,利用基于稀疏表示的分类算法（SRC）就能够取得很好地识别效果。然而,实际应用中往往无法得到尺寸大以及足够多的人脸图像作为训练样本。为了解决上述问题,根据基于稀疏表示理论,提出了一种基于联合判别性低秩类字典以及稀疏误差字典的人脸识别算法。每一类的低秩字典捕捉这类的判别性特征,稀疏误差字典反映了类变化,比如光照、表情变化。方法 首先利用低秩分解理论得到初始化的低秩字典以及稀疏字典,然后结合低秩分解和结构不相干的理论,训练出判别性低秩类字典和稀疏误差字典,并把它们联合起来作为测试时所用的字典;本文的方法去除了训练样本的噪声,并在此基础上增加了低秩字典之间的不相关性,能够提高的低秩字典的判别性。再运用l₁范数法（同伦法）求得稀疏系数,并根据重构误差进行分类。结果 针对Extended Yale B库和AR库进行了实验。为了减少算法执行时间,对于训练样本利用随机矩阵进行降维。本文算法在Extended Yale B库的504维每类32样本训练的识别结果为96.9%。在无遮挡的540维每类4样本训练的AR库的实验结果为83.3%,1 760维的结果为87.6%。有遮挡的540维每类8样本训练的AR库的结果为94.1%,1 760维的结果为94.8%。实验结果表明,本文算法的结果比SRC、DKSVD（Discriminative K-SVD）、LRSI（Low rank matrix decomposition with structural incoherence）、LRSE+SC（Low rank and sparse error matrix+sparse coding）这4种算法中识别率最高的算法还要好,特别在训练样本比较少的情况下。结论 本文所提出的人脸识别算法具有一定的鲁棒性和有效性,尤其在训练样本较少以及干扰较大的情况下,能够取得很好地识别效果,适合在实际中进行应用。     

基于鉴别性低秩表示及字典学习的鲁棒人脸识别算法

针对人脸识别中的图像存在噪声等情况,提出基于鉴别性低秩表示及字典学习的算法。使用鉴别性低秩子空间恢复算法(discriminative low-rank representation, DLRR)获得类别间尽可能独立且干净的训练样本,然后通过引入基于Fisher准则的字典学习(Fisher Discrimination Dictionary Learning, FDDL)方法得到结构化字典,其子字典对对应的类有较好的表示能力,约束编码系数具有较小类内散列度和较大类间散列度。最后对测试样本稀疏线性表示时正确类别的样本贡献更大。在标准人脸数据库上的实验结果表明该算法有较好性能。     

基于Gabor特征和支持向量引导字典学习的人脸识别

稀疏编码中的字典学习在稀疏表示的图像识别中扮演着重要的作用。由于Gabor特征对表情、光照和姿态等变化具有一定的鲁棒性,提出一种基于Gabor特征和支持向量引导字典学习（GSVGDL）的稀疏表示人脸识别算法。先提取图像的Gabor特征,然后用增广Gabor特征矩阵来构造初始字典。字典学习模型中综合了重构误差项、判别项和正则化项,判别项公式化定义为所有编码向量对平方距离的加权总和;通过字典学习同时得到字典原子与类别标签相对应的结构化字典和线性分类器。该字典学习方法能够自适应地为不同的编码向量对分配不同的权值,提高了字典的判别性能。实验结果表明该方法具有很好的识别精度和较高的识别效率。     

基于判别低秩矩阵恢复和协同表示的遮挡人脸识别

针对训练样本和测试样本均受到严重的噪声污染的人脸识别问题,传统的子空间学习方法和经典的基于稀疏表示的分类(SRC)方法的识别性能都将急剧下降。另外,基于稀疏表示的方法也存在算法复杂度较高的问题。为了在一定程度上缓解上述问题,提出一种基于判别低秩矩阵恢复和协同表示的遮挡人脸识别方法。首先,低秩矩阵恢复可以有效地从被污损的训练样本中恢复出干净的、具备低秩结构的训练样本,而结构非相关性约束的引入可以有效提高恢复数据的鉴别能力。然后,通过学习原始污损数据与恢复出的低秩数据之间的低秩投影矩阵,将受污损的测试样本投影到相应的低维子空间,以修正污损测试样本。最后,利用协同表示的分类方法(CRC)对修正后的测试样本进行分类,获取最终的识别结果。在Extended Yale B和AR数据库上的实验结果表明,本文方法对遮挡人脸识别具有更好的识别性能。     

Dictionary learning with the cosparse analysis model based on summation of blocked determinants as the sparseness measure

Dictionary learning is crucially important for sparse representation of signals. Most existing methods are based on the so called synthesis model, in which the dictionary is column redundant. This paper addresses the dictionary learning and sparse representation with the so-called analysis model. In this model, the analysis dictionary multiplying the signal can lead to a sparse outcome. Though it has been studied in the literature, there is still not an investigation in the context of dictionary learning for nonnegative signal representation, while the algorithms designed for general signal are found not sufficient when applied to the nonnegative signals. In this paper, for a more efficient dictionary learning, we propose a novel cost function that is termed as the summation of blocked determinants measure of sparseness (SBDMS). Based on this measure, a new analysis sparse model is derived, and an iterative sparseness maximization scheme is proposed to solve this model. In the scheme, the analysis sparse representation problem can be cast into row-to-row optimizations with respect to the analysis dictionary, and then the quadratic programming (QP) technique is used to optimize each row. Therefore, we present an algorithm for the dictionary learning and sparse representation for nonnegative signals. Numerical experiments on recovery of analysis dictionary show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于非凸低秩分解判别的叠加线性稀疏人脸识别

目的 针对因采集的人脸图像样本受到污染而严重干扰人脸识别及训练样本较少（小样本）时会由于错误的稀疏系数导致性能急剧下降从而影响人脸识别的问题,提出了一种基于判别性非凸低秩矩阵分解的叠加线性稀疏表示算法。方法 首先由γ范数取代传统核范数,克服了传统低秩矩阵分解方法求解核范数时因矩阵奇异值倍数缩放导致的识别误差问题;然后引入结构不相干判别项,以增加不同类低秩字典间的非相干性,达到抑制类内变化和去除类间相关性的目的;最后利用叠加线性稀疏表示方法完成分类。结果 所提算法在AR人脸库中的识别率达到了98.67±0.57%,高于SRC（sparse representation-based classification）、ESRC（extended SRC）、RPCA（robust principal component analysis）+SRC、LRSI（low rank matrix decomposition with structural incoherence）、SLRC（superposed linear representation based classification）-l₁等算法;同时,遮挡实验表明,算法对遮挡图像具有更好的鲁棒性,在不同遮挡比例下,相比其他算法均有更高的识别率。在CMU PIE人脸库中,对无遮挡图像添加0、10%、20%、30%、40%的椒盐噪声,算法识别率分别达到90.1%、85.5%、77.8%、65.3%和46.1%,均高于其他算法。结论 不同人脸库、不同比例遮挡和噪声的实验结果表明,所提算法针对人脸遮挡、表情和光照等噪声因素依然保持较高的识别率,鲁棒性更好。     

基于近端梯度的快速字典学习方法的研究

基于稀疏表示的图像处理技术近年来成为研究热点,多种字典学习算法如K-SVD,OLM(Online dictionary learning Method)等予以提出;这类算法使用重叠的图像块来构建字典进行稀疏表示,产生了大量稀疏系数,致使计算过缓,且不能确保收敛。针对此问题开展研究,提出了基于近端梯度的快速字典学习算法;该算法结合了多凸优化求解,采用近端梯度算法求解字典学习过程中涉及的优化问题,有效地降低了每次迭代的复杂度,减少了迭代开销,同时能够确保收敛。合成数据上的实验表明,相较于其它经典算法,该算法进行字典学习速度更快,所耗时间较短,获得的字典更好;且在图像稀疏去噪的应用中,该算法的去噪效果表现优异。     

基于拓展稀疏表示模型和LC-KSVD的人脸识别

为了提高人脸的识别率和识别速度及其识别的鲁棒性,提出了基于拓展稀疏表示模型和LC-KSVD（Label Consist K-SVD）的人脸识别算法。针对字典学习中只包含表示能力没有包含类别信息的问题,在原始的稀疏表示模型中添加了残差向量作为系数修正向量,使得拓展稀疏表示模型具有更强的鲁棒性;在字典学习中添加稀疏编码和分类器参数约束项,通过字典学习同时更新稀疏编码和分类器参数,使字典中包含很好的表示能力和判别分类能力。实验结果表明,基于拓展稀疏表示模型和LC-KSVD的人脸识别具有高识别率和低识别速度,并且有很好的鲁棒性。     

鲁棒可预测判别字典学习人脸识别方法

提出一种可预测判别K-SVD网络模型(DKSVDN)并用于人脸识别问题。该模型构造了一种新颖的字典结构,包含类别标签字典和描述字典,以兼顾判别和重构性能。相应的稀疏编码向量由标签编码向量和描述编码向量组成。针对样本稀疏编码时间效率低的问题,利用预测神经网络与判别字典学习模型协同训练的方法来加速预测稀疏编码。此外,针对DKSVDN还特别引入一种拟梦境的训练方法用于提升模型在训练集多样性不足时的鲁棒性。通过在主流人脸数据集上的对比实验证明了该模型的优良性能。     

基于稀疏学习的人脸语义子空间提取

人脸语义检索在识别技术中有着重要的作用,如表情检索、性别判断、年龄估计等,上述识别技术通过捉捕人脸语义信息来实现。研究将人脸语义信息融入到人脸检索中,提出一种基于稀疏学习的人脸语义子空间提取方法。语义子空间学习被分为字典构建和稀疏学习2个部分。在字典构建的过程中,给出语义差的方法来对互斥语义进行计算,使提取的某类语义不受其他类语义干扰语义子空间,并对不同语义环境和不同语义差组合进行测试。在稀疏学习部分,使用Lasso算法对其进行改进。实验结果表明,与传统Fisher方法相比,该方法撇除其他语义干扰的子空间稳定性更强,且有一定的降维效果。     

Laplacian sparse dictionary learning for image classification based on sparse representation

Sparse representation is a mathematical model for data representation that has proved to be a powerful tool for solving problems in various fields such as pattern recognition, machine learning, and computer vision. As one of the building blocks of the sparse representation method, dictionary learning plays an important role in the minimization of the reconstruction error between the original signal and its sparse representation in the space of the learned dictionary. Although using training samples directly as dictionary bases can achieve good performance, the main drawback of this method is that it may result in a very large and inefficient dictionary due to noisy training instances. To obtain a smaller and more representative dictionary, in this paper, we propose an approach called Laplacian sparse dictionary (LSD) learning. Our method is based on manifold learning and double sparsity. We incorporate the Laplacian weighted graph in the sparse representation model and impose the l₁-norm sparsity on the dictionary. An LSD is a sparse overcomplete dictionary that can preserve the intrinsic structure of the data and learn a smaller dictionary for each class. The learned LSD can be easily integrated into a classification framework based on sparse representation. We compare the proposed method with other methods using three benchmark-controlled face image databases, Extended Yale B, ORL, and AR, and one uncontrolled person image dataset, i-LIDS-MA. Results show the advantages of the proposed LSD algorithm over state-of-the-art sparse representation based classification methods.     

基于类别相关近邻子空间的最大似然稀疏表示鲁棒图像识别算法

为了构建一个快速鲁棒的图像识别算法, 提出基于类别相关近邻子空间的最大似然稀疏表示图像识别算法. 考虑到每个测试样本的不同分布特性及训练样本选择的类别代表性原则, 不再将所有训练样本作为稀疏表示的字典, 而是基于距离相近准则选择合适子空间, 从每个类别中选取自适应数量的局部近邻构成新的字典, 在减少训练样本的同时保留了稀疏表示原有的子空间结构. 然后基于最大似然稀疏表示识别方法, 将稀疏表示的保真度表示为余项的最大似然函数, 并将识别问题转化为加权的稀疏优化问题. 在公用人脸与数字识别数据库上的实验证明该算法的合理性, 提高识别速度的同时保证了识别精度和算法的鲁棒性, 特别是对于遮挡与干扰图像具有较好的适应性.     

基于核字典学习的图像分类

航拍图像往往具有场景复杂、数据维度大的特点,对于该类图像的自动分类一直是研究的热点。针对航拍原始数据特征维度过高和数据线性不可分的问题,在字典学习和稀疏表示的基础上提出了一种结合核字典学习和线性鉴别分析的目标识别方法。首先学习核字典并通过核字典获取目标样本的稀疏表示,挖掘数据的内部结构;其次采用线性鉴别分析,加强稀疏表示的可分性;最后利用支持向量机对目标进行分类。实验结果表明,与传统基于子空间特征提取的算法和基于字典学习的算法相比,基于核字典学习与鉴别分析的算法分类性能优越。