温度对低碳钢微观组织与高温力学性能的影响

利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)与电子万能试验机对低碳钢不同温度下的微观组织与高温力学性能进行了详细的研究与讨论。结果表明,无论室温拉伸还是高温拉伸,位于晶界上的碳化物(Fe₃C)颗粒是诱发低碳钢裂纹的主要因素。与室温拉伸性能相比,提高加热温度,抗拉强度明显下降,伸长率显著增加。在高温下,随着温度的提高,抗拉强度线性下降,而伸长率先降低而后趋于稳定。在520 ℃拉伸过程中,低碳钢中产生了大量的滑移带,诱发了动态回复。提高温度至720 ℃时,珠光体组织发生球化,形变铁素体晶粒内出现等轴状小晶粒,即发生了动态再结晶;经EBSD分析,形变铁素体晶粒间取向差较大,而其发生再结晶的等轴小晶粒间取向差较小。     

模具结构对反复模压变形5052铝合金显微组织的影响

在自制的新型组合式模具上对商业5052铝合金板材进行两种不同结构模具下的反复模压变形,并用光学显微镜和透射电镜对变形合金进行显微组织分析。结果表明:限制模压(Constrained Groove Pressing,CGP)变形和非限制模压(UnconstrainedGroove Pressing,UGP)变形均能够有效细化5052铝合金,其平均晶粒尺寸随变形道次的增加而减小。在两种不同结构模具的反复模压变形下,5052铝合金呈现出不同的组织特征。经CGP变形后合金组织基本由破碎的等轴小晶粒构成,形成包含高密度位错的等轴状亚晶;而经UGP变形后,形成类似于冷轧变形金属组织的拉长晶粒和具有较大取向差的包含高密度位错的带状亚结构。与UGP相比,CGP更有利于晶粒细化和形成等轴晶粒。     

双辊薄带铸轧低碳钢薄板的组织及力学性能

对双辊薄带连铸(TRC)工艺条件下低碳钢铸带坯、热轧板的显微组织及力学性能进行研究,并与传统生产工艺(TP)的冷轧板产品进行了对比。铸带坯主要由200~300μm的不规则的多边形铁素体组成,并伴随着少量20μm左右的多边形铁素体。经一道次热轧后,厚度方向上组织严重不均:上下表层为细晶区,平均晶粒尺寸为10μm左右;中部为粗晶区,平均晶粒尺寸为40μm左右。粗晶区宽度约占整个板厚的50%。传统生产工艺的冷轧退火板的组织则较为均匀,平均晶粒尺寸约为15μm。薄带连铸热轧板与传统冷轧退火板相比具有较强的α织构和较弱的γ织构。薄带连铸热轧板的屈服强度、抗拉强度与传统工艺的冷轧退火板相当。但是,两者的拉伸曲线显著不同,前者表现为连续屈服,后者出现了屈服平台。     

钼对低碳钢高温力学性能的影响

以新一代高炉炉壳用钢的开发为背景,采用低Mo或无Mo的成分设计,研究了Mo对热轧态、回火态和正火态低碳钢组织和高温拉伸性能的影响.结果表明,试验钢热轧态组织均为铁素体+珠光体+M-A岛,其屈服强度可保持至400℃而不明显降低;回火后,岛状马氏体组织消失,试验钢屈服强度在室温～600 ℃范围内随拉伸温度升高而线性下降.Mo的添加提高了回火时第二相的析出温度,并使正火态组织中含有大量M-A岛.含Mo试验钢在回火后具有更高的室温和高温强度,经640℃回火后,其常温屈服和抗拉强度依次为540 MPa和625 MPa,屈强比为0.86,600℃屈服强度保持率为55%.     

深冷处理对低碳钢组织与性能的影响

用力学性能测试、显微组织观察和物相分析,对两种低碳钢深冷前后的性能和组织作了对比分析.结果表明,深冷处理后,低碳钢的显微硬度和室温力学性能得到提高;某些主要衍射峰发生明显变化;深冷处理使珠光体分解,并析出细小碳化物.     

ZTC4的变形组织及力学性能研究

对铸造Ti 6Al 4V的原始组织进行了分析 ,给出了原始组织形态的影响规律 ;分析铸造Ti 6Al 4V合金在85 0℃的变形组织 ,通过研究 (α +β)两相区等温变形组织变化规律及拉伸对比实验 ,得出变形组织的强度、塑性均比原始组织有较大提高。结果表明 :在两相区一定范围内变形 (<80 % )时 ,随变形量的增大 ,组织更加细小 ,强度明显提高。     

热拉伸变形对AZ21B镁合金板材力学性能与组织的影响

沿着与板材轧制方向成不同角度的方向截取试样,研究不同拉伸温度下AZ21B镁合金板材的力学性能和组织。结果表明:与轧制方向成相同角度的AZ21B镁合金板材试样,其综合力学性能因温度的变化而不同,其抗拉强度随温度的升高而下降,伸长率随温度的升高而增大;同时由于轧制会使镁合金板材产生很强板织构,造成板材的力学性能各向异性,当温度在室温(25℃)、150℃、200℃、250℃时,与板材轧制方向成0°试样的抗拉强度最大,当温度在300℃、350℃时,与板材轧制方向成90°试样的抗拉强度最大;在室温至250℃拉伸变形时,出现少量的孪晶,而在250℃以上拉伸变形时发生完全动态回复和再结晶。室温下拉伸试样的断口表现为明显韧脆性断裂。     

低频机械振动对电弧增材制造低碳钢组织和力学性能的影响

电弧增材制造由于其沉积效率高、生产成本低,在制造大尺寸金属零件方面受到广泛的关注。探究了低频机械振动对电弧增材制造制备的低碳钢薄壁零件微观组织和力学性能的影响。研究发现,在0～20 Hz频率和0～0.7 mm振幅范围内的机械振动可以细化电弧增材制造低碳钢晶粒尺寸,提升其拉伸强度。随着频率从0增加到20 Hz,平均晶粒尺寸由7.60μm降至6.67μm,降低了12%,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提升至497.5 MPa和385 MPa;随着振幅从0增加到0.7 mm,平均晶粒尺寸由7.60μm降至6.35μm,降低了16%,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提升至500 MPa和385 MPa。利用低成本的机械振动辅助电弧增材制造可以优化低碳钢的组织和性能,这为高性能增材制造提供了参考。     

不同冷却速度下建筑用1000 MPa级低碳钢的组织及力学性能研究

以建筑用1 000 MPa级低碳钢为研究对象,通过对其热模拟实验和显微组织观察,研究了不同轧制工艺参数对低碳钢金相组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当冷却速度小于1.0℃/s时,析出的贝氏体形状主要以粒状为主;当冷却速度大于5.0℃/s时,主要获得板条状贝氏体。通过一定的热处理后钢材的强度均可达到1 100 MPa以上,并且具有良好的韧塑性。     

低碳钢的热变形行为

采用Gkeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了低碳钢在700～1050℃、0.01～10 s-1条件下的热变形行为.结果表明,低碳钢在奥氏体区、铁素体区和奥氏体-铁素体两相区的热变形行为不同:在奥氏体区和铁素体区变形时,随变形温度的降低流变应力增加;而在两相区变形时,随变形温度的降低流变应力显著降低.低碳钢奥氏体区和铁素体区的热变形激活能分别为322和219 kJ/mol;通过回归分析.确定了该低碳钢奥氏体区和铁索体区的热变形方程,为低碳钢热变形工艺优化提供了理论依据.     

Deep drawability of commercial purity aluminum sheets processed by groove pressing

Formability of aluminum alloys poses a major challenge for their wider application in automotive sheet metal components as the deep drawability of aluminum is low when compared to steel. This is indicated by the low limiting drawability ratio (LDR) of aluminum sheet blanks which is characterized by the poor r value or the plastic strain ratio. Recently, a number of techniques have been attempted to improve the r value of an FCC metal like aluminum by altering the texture. In the present study, a groove pressing process was carried out on commercial purity aluminum sheets under three different orientations to its rolling direction. The r, r_m and Δr values of the groove pressed specimens were experimentally determined. Improvements in these values were obtained. X-ray diffraction scans were carried out on the specimens to measure the relative intensities of the (1 1 1) and (2 0 0) peaks in the pattern. The LDR, determined by the Swift cup forming test shows an improvement for the aluminum sheet specimen groove pressed at 0° and 45° to the RD. This can be attributed to the improved r value due to the development of (1 1 1)//ND shear texture imparted to the specimen by groove pressing.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of bonding layers between low carbon steel and alloy 625 processed by gas tungsten arc welding

A filler metal wire, Alloy 625, was cladded on a plate of a low carbon streel, SS400, by gas tungsten arc welding, and the morphology of the weld bead and resulting dilution ratio were investigated under different welding parameter values (the input current, weld speed and wire feed speed). The wire feed speed was found to be most influential in controlling the dilution ratio of the weld bead, and seemed to limit the influence of other welding parameters. Two extreme welding conditions (with the minimum and maximum dilution ratios) were identified, and the corresponding microstructures, hardness and tensile properties near the bond line were compared between the two cases. The weld bead with the minimum dilution ratio showed superior hardness and tensile properties, while the formation lath martensite (due to relatively fast cooling) affected mechanical properties in the heat affected zone of the base metal with the maximum dilution ratio.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of low carbon fishplate materials

In the present research, two kinds of low carbon bainite materials were developed for fishplate usage. Their microstructure and mechanical properties were measured in detail. The results showed that one material was composed of fine granular bainite with the yield strengths of 722 MPa at room temperature and 738 MPa at -55oC, the elongation percentages of 60.7% and 41.7% respectively. The other one had a meta-bainite microstructure with corresponding strengths of 568.5 MPa and 700 MPa, the elongation percentages of 63.5% and 67.1%. These values are all superior to the home-made B7 steel and the fishplate materials made in Japan. The major strengthening mechanisms were discussed and contributed to the solid solution, complex phases, fine grain and dislocation strengthening.     

Structure and mechanical behaviour of interstitial-free steel processed by equal-channel angular pressing

The influence of the number of passes in equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) following route B_C on microstructure and mechanical properties of interstitial-free steel was investigated by means of tensile tests and X-ray texture and diffraction profile analysis. A significant improvement of the mechanical properties was found with increasing the number of ECAP passes. After 8 passes, beside the high strength considerable ductility was observed and at 300 °C the ductility was the same as for the initial sample but with a two-times larger strength. The high strength measured at room temperature was only slightly reduced during annealing at temperatures up to 500 °C.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties ofAZ91D magnesium alloy processed by low pressure die casting

AZ91D alloy components were cast by low pressure die casting （LPDC） process. The mechanical properties of cast components with different microstructural features （shrinkage and distribution of MgtTAlt2 second phase） were investigated under as-east states. Compared with gravity casting, AZ91D with LPDC has much coarser grain size and second phases（Mg17Al12 and Al8Mn5）. The different size and distribution of Mg17All2 phase and shrinkage correspond to different mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strengths and elongations are mainly decided by the content and distribution of shrinkage porosity, while the yield strengths are determined by the percentage and distribution of Mg17Al12 phase. The more and finer Mg17Al12 phase in the alloy, the relatively higher the yield strengths are. In the alloy without shrinkage, the mechanical properties are mainly determined by the size and distribution of Mg17Al1l2 phase. The finer Mg17Al12 phase, the better the mechanical properties are. Under optimal process, the density and mechanical properties of LPDC AZ91D are improved with fine microstructures.     

Chromizing behaviors of a low carbon steel processed by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment

A nanostructured surface layer of about 20 μm thick was produced in a low carbon steel plate by means of the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Chromizing behaviors of the SMAT sample were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results showed that a much thicker Cr-diffusion layer was obtained in the SMAT sample than in the coarse-grained one after the same chromizing treatment, especially at low temperatures. In the SMAT sample, the formation temperature of chromium compounds was found to be much lower and the amount of chromium carbides was higher than those in the coarse-grained counterpart. The enhanced chromizing kinetics originates from numerous grain boundaries with a high excess stored energy in the nanostructured surface layer due to severe plastic deformation during the SMAT.     

等径角挤压处理后的Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金的微观组织和力学性能

研究等径角挤压过程中材料的微观组织和织构演变以及对其力学性能的影响。结果表明：挤压4道次后的微观组织是不均匀的,即在此过程中形成了粗晶区和细晶区2个区域。颗粒诱发的再结晶机制导致晶粒细化,在4道次后形成了更加随机的织构。与挤压前的原始材料相比较,经等径角挤压处理的材料虽然强度没有增加,但是塑性有了显著的提高。用织构改变和第二相颗粒解释了合金塑性的变化。     

T型通道挤压变形ZK60镁合金的组织与力学性能

采用一种新型剧塑性变形工艺—T型通道挤压(TCP)对ZK60镁合金在673K下以A和Bc两种路径进行1～4道次挤压变形,通过光学显微镜观察变形镁合金的显微组织,并对TCP变形镁合金的不同部位在应变速率4×10-3s-1时进行室温拉伸性能测试.结果表明塑性变形最大的部位是试样中间部位的最底部,其组织特征为细小晶粒包围着大晶粒,大晶粒呈拉长的流线状;4道次变形后,A路径的平均晶粒尺寸由退火态时的88.5μm细化至2.4μm,Bc路径的平均晶粒尺寸则细化至4.6μm,但组织更均匀;同时,在相同道次TCP变形后,A路径变形合金的屈服强度都高于Bc路径变形合金的,但前者的抗拉强度和塑性却低于后者的;此外,试样最底部的抗拉强度和屈服强度均高于试样顶部的,经Bc路径2道次变形后试样底部与顶部的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别相差39.5和43.1Mpa,而经4道次变形后试样两个部位的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别只相差21.2和11.7Mpa.