基于应变补偿和PSO-BP神经网络Ti-2.7Cu合金本构关系

采用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机对Ti-2.7Cu合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩实验,研究其在变形温度740～890℃,应变速率0.001～10s~(-1)范围内的热变形行为;并在Arrhenius型双曲正弦函数方程基础上引入应变量构建了基于应变补偿的本构模型,同时构建了基于PSO-BP神经网络的本构关系模型。结果表明:合金的流变应力对变形温度和应变速率较为敏感,变形温度升高和应变速率减小都会使流变应力降低;在高温和低应变速率条件下,流变曲线大多呈现稳态流动特征。经过误差计算得出,基于应变补偿的本构模型,预测值偏差在15%以内的数据点占85.28%;采用PSO-BP神经网络建立的本构模型,预测值偏差在15%以内的数据点占96.67%,PSO-BP神经网络模型具有更高的精度,能准确预测Ti-2.7Cu合金的高温流变应力。     

基于人工神经网络智能算法的9310钢本构模型优化

目的 研究9310钢在变形温度为800～1 200℃、应变速率为0.01～50 s^-1和高度压下量为70%条件下的热变形行为,建立预测效果相对较好的9310钢本构模型。方法 使用Gleeble-3800热模拟机对9310钢进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验,基于热压缩实验数据,分析了应变速率对9310钢流动软化效应的影响,建立了考虑应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型与支持向量回归(SVR)本构模型,并进行了模型精度分析,之后引入人工神经网络(ANN)智能算法优化了Arrhenius本构模型。结果 与变形温度相比,应变速率对9310钢流动软化效应的影响更为显著。相较于支持向量回归(SVR)本构模型,考虑应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型精度更高,其相关系数R为0.993 4,平均相对误差(AARE)和均方误差(MSE)分别为0.055 6和89.362,它在预测高应变速率(1、10、50 s^-1)流动应力时出现了较大偏差,经ANN智能算法优化后,相关系数R提高至0.999 1,AARE和MSE分别降至0.019 9和9.998,且绝对误差在±10...     

3104铝合金高温塑性变形本构关系研究

在Gleebe-1500 热模拟机上,采用高温等温压缩试验研究了3104铝合金在高温压缩变形中的塑性变形本构关系.结果表明, 应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈影响合金流变应力的大小, 流变应力随变形温度升高而降低, 随应变速率提高而增大;可用含Zener-Hollomon 参数的本构方程σ＝(1/α)×ln{(Z/A)1/n [(Z/A)2/n 1]1/2}来描述3104铝合金高温压缩变形时的流变应力行为,解得A＝202854595.1s-1、n＝3.4046、α＝0.03886MPa-1.     

GH4706合金的热变形行为与显微组织演化

在Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机上进行GH4706合金的热压缩实验,研究了变形温度为900～1150℃、应变速率为0.001～1s-1范围内合金的热变形行为.结果表明:GH4706合金的真应力真应变曲线呈现出流变软化特征,随变形温度增加或应变速率减小,峰值应力逐渐降低,峰值应变逐渐减小.合金的本构关系可由双曲正弦函数描述,变形激活能为435.36kJ/mol,应力指数为4.13.合金的显微组织演化机制与Z参数密切相关,高Z值条件下主要发生动态回复,低Z值条件下主要发生动态再结晶与再结晶晶粒粗化.GH4706合金发生完全动态再结晶且不发生晶粒粗化的临界lnZ值为35.     

基于改进Johnson-Cook模型的Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr 合金高温流变行为研究

以Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金为研究对象,分别在变形温度范围为250～400℃、应变速率范围为0.001～1 s-1的变形条件下,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,进行恒温等应变速率的热拉伸实验,研究该合金的高温流变行为.综合考虑温度、应变速率和应变在高温变形过程中的影响,建立了Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金改进的Johnson-Cook本构模型.实验结果表明:Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金的流变应力与变形温度、应变速率和应变呈非线性关系,应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低均会导致合金的流变应力明显升高.改进Johnson-Cook本构模型的预测数据与实验数据的平均相对误差(Δ)为4.5％,相关度(R)为0.994,所建立的本构模型能够准确地描述Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金的高温流变行为.     

新型Ti-Al-Zr-Nb-Mo-Si钛合金热变形行为及基于BP神经网络模型的本构关系研究

通过热压缩模拟实验,研究了一种新型Ti-Al-Zr-Nb-Mo-Si高强度、高弹性模量钛合金在温度为950～1 150℃、应变速率为0.05～1 s~(-1)条件下的流变行为。真应力-真应变曲线表明,变形温度、应变速率对该合金的流变应力影响显著。基于实验数据,利用包含应变参量的双曲正弦型Arrhenius方程和BP人工神经网络模型分别构建了变形参数和流变应力的本构关系,并对两种模型进行了对比评价。结果表明,两种模型的平均相对误差值分别为11.21%和2.163%,整体上均可以较好地预测Ti-Al-Zr-Nb-Mo-Si钛合金热压缩流变应力;但相对传统Arrhenius方程,BP人工神经网络模型具有更高的精度和可靠性。     

ZK60镁合金热压缩变形行为

为了研究ZK60镁合金的热变形行为,采用Gleebe-1500热模拟机在变形温度为423～673K、应变速率为0.001～10s-1条件下对合金进行的热压缩试验.分析合金流变应力与应变速率、变形温度之间的关系,通过引入Z参数建立合金流变应力本构方程,并观察合金变形过程中的显微组织演变.结果表明:变形温度低于473K且应变速率大于0.1s-1时试样发生宏观开裂;在变形温度较高和应变速率较低时,合金真应力-真应变曲线具有动态再结晶特征.随变形温度升高和应变速率的降低流变应力减小,热压缩后的组织中再结晶现象越明显;应变速率越高,再结晶晶粒越细小.     

Monel400合金热压缩变形流变应力本构方程

目的研究Moenl400合金的热变形流变行为,确定合金热压缩变形的流变应力本构方程。方法在Gleeble1500热模拟机上对Ni-Cu固溶体单相合金Monel400进行等温热压缩实验,研究Monel400合金在变形温度为1173~1423 K、应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)时的流变应力;Monel400合金的本构模型为含有ZenerHollomon参数的双曲正弦函数模型,通过回归分析获得了材料常数Q,ln A,n,α与真应变ε的关系;并对不同变形条件下的实测值与计算值进行对比。结果 Moenl400合金的流变应力随温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;Moenl400合金流变应力的计算值与实验值吻合较好。结论通过计算得到的本构模型能够较好地表征Monel400合金的高温流变特性。     

AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金热变形行为及热加工图

目的 确定AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的热加工工艺参数,为该合金热挤压工艺的制定及优化提供有效依据.方法 采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,在变形温度为900～1150℃,应变速率为0.001～1 s-1,真应变量为0.6的条件下对AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金进行热压缩实验.基于Arrhennius模型对热压缩实验数据进行拟合,建立AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的Arrhennius本构方程,并绘制AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金在不同真应变下的热加工图.结果 AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的流变应力值与应变速率呈正相关,与变形温度呈负相关;Arrhennius热变形本构方程的平均相对误差为3.97％;该合金热加工图中的流变失稳区分别为900～1120℃/0.1～1 s-1和1120～1150℃/0.2～1 s-1;热加工安全区为1075～1150℃/0.001～0.01 s-1;最佳热加工工艺参数为:1090～1125℃/0.001～0.002 s-1.结论 AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的热变形过程为加工硬化和动态再结晶为主的动态软化,建立的Arrhennius本构方程可较好地描述该合金的热变形行为,绘制的热加工图可为该合金热挤压工艺的制定及优化提供有效指导.     

铸态AZ80A 镁合金热加工图及高温变形行为研究

目的采用Instron5500R热模拟试验机,研究铸态AZ80A镁合金在变形温度为270~410℃、应变速率为0.001~0.5 s-1条件下的热加工图及高温变形行为。方法利用双曲正弦本构函数模型描述了铸态AZ80A镁合金的高温变形行为,计算获得了该合金的变形激活能,构建了应变量为0.3和0.6时的热加工图。结果得到了合金热变形本构模型及加工图,变形激活能为203.5k J/mol,确定了应变为0.3和0.6时的动态回复区域为与动态再结晶区域。结论铸态AZ80A镁合金在330~380℃,0.001~0.01 s-1时发生了动态结晶,这是该合金最佳的热加工工艺参数范围。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...