乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗(SA_(14-14-2))病毒原液及成品疫苗的稳定性观察

目的观察乙型脑炎(乙脑)减毒活疫苗(SA14-14-2)病毒原液及成品疫苗的稳定性。方法取3批乙脑减毒活疫苗病毒原液,分别于20～25、2～8、-18～-22及-38～-42℃储存,间隔一定时间取样,检测病毒滴度;将2～8、-18～-22及-38～-42℃储存的在观察末期符合规定的病毒原液制备成品疫苗,观察其于2～8℃储存的稳定性。结果3批疫苗病毒原液在20～25℃储存16h、2～8℃储存12d、-18～22℃冻存3个月及-38～-42℃冻存6个月,病毒滴度均符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)的要求;由2～8℃储存12d、-18～-22℃冻存3个月、-38～-42℃冻存6个月的病毒原液所制备的成品疫苗2～8℃储存24个月,病毒滴度下降缓慢,且热稳定性良好,符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)的要求。结论乙脑减毒活疫苗病毒原液的稳定性随温度的变化而变化,温度越低,稳定性越好;所制备的相应成品疫苗,在观察期内稳定性良好。     

乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗毒力稳定性分析

目的分析乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗毒力稳定性。方法按照《中国药典》三部(2010版)及武汉生物制品研究所有限责任公司《乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗乳鼠返祖传代试验及小鼠脑内致病力试验SOP》,对随机抽取的28批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗进行乳鼠返祖传代试验的脑内致病力检测,同时测定发病乳鼠脑组织悬液的病毒滴度,并应用SPSS 13.0软件对28批疫苗病毒滴度、发病乳鼠脑组织上清病毒滴度及发病乳鼠脑内病毒对小鼠的脑内致病力检测结果进行Kendall相关性分析。结果 28批乙脑减毒活疫苗病毒滴度为6.0~7.1 Lg PFU/ml,发病乳鼠脑内病毒对小鼠的脑内致病力(LD50)均低于3.0 Lg LD50/0.03 ml,发病乳鼠脑组织上清病毒滴度为5.8~7.0 Lg PFU/ml。发病乳鼠脑内病毒对小鼠的脑内致病力与疫苗滴度及发病乳鼠脑组织上清病毒滴度间不存在相关性,而疫苗滴度与发病乳鼠脑组织上清病毒滴度间低度相关。结论乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗毒力稳定,乳鼠传代返祖试验及其判定标准科学严谨,用于疫苗的质量控制是可行的,进一步表明SA14-14-2株遗传稳定性良好。     

乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗病毒SA14-14-2株经三带喙库蚊胸腔接种后的生物学和分子生物学特性

目的研究乙型脑炎病毒减毒活疫苗SA14-14-2株经三带喙库蚊胸腔接种繁殖后的生物学和分子生物学特性,进一步评价该株病毒的稳定性和安全性。方法将乙型脑炎病毒减毒活疫苗SA14-14-2株胸腔接种的三带喙库蚊研磨,离心收集上清液,接种于BHK21细胞中培养,得到SA14-14-2M1C1病毒液。应用空斑形成单位法测定病毒滴度,再进行小鼠脑内毒力测定和乳鼠脑内回传后毒力返祖试验。提取病毒RNA,RT-PCR扩增E基因片段,测序后与SA14-14-2原株的E基因序列进行比较分析。结果SA14-14-2M1C1病毒液滴度达1.4×107PFU/ml,小鼠脑内毒力测定结果无小鼠发病死亡,乳鼠脑内传代对小鼠的脑内致病力很低,毒力为1.9LgLD50/0.03ml,小于《中国药典》规定的3.0LgLD50,且皮下注射未见小鼠发病死亡。扩增出的E基因片段序列与原株相比较,只有E区1340位一个核苷酸的变化A→G,导致E447位1个氨基酸的改变D(Asp)→G(Gly),此差异位点不是SA14-14-2株发生基因变异的8个位点之一。结论SA14-14-2疫苗株病毒经三带喙库蚊胸腔接种繁殖后,其生物学(弱毒)特性和基因特征(E区8个氨基酸突变)未发生改变,进一步证实了该病毒的稳定性。     

北京株(VZV84-7)水痘病毒在麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗中的稳定性

目的观察北京株(VZV84-7)水痘病毒在麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘(measles-mumps-rubella-varicella,MMRV)联合减毒活疫苗中的稳定性。方法将4批MMRV联合减毒活疫苗成品分别置37℃保存4周、2~8及-15~-20℃保存24个月,采用蚀斑形成单位(plaque forming unit,PFU)试验检测不同时间点疫苗中水痘病毒滴度。将水痘病毒原液于-80℃反复冻融1、2、3次后,分别与麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹各单价疫苗原液按一定比例配制成MMRV联合减毒活疫苗,进行冻干,采用PFU试验分别测定冻干前、冻干后基础水痘病毒滴度及冻干后于37℃热稳定1周的水痘病毒滴度。结果 4批MMRV联合减毒活疫苗成品于37℃保存4周后,水痘病毒滴度下降范围为0.5~0.7 lg PFU/ml;于2~8℃保存24个月,水痘病毒滴定最高达4.6 lg PFU/ml,最低为4.4 lg PFU/ml;于-15~-20℃放置24个月,水痘病毒滴度基本保持不变,均达合格标准(不低于3.6 lg PFU/ml)。水痘病毒原液经1、2、3次冻融后制备的MMRV,通过37℃热稳定1周,水痘病毒滴度分别为4.9~4.6、4.6~4.4、4.5~4.3 lg PFU/ml,均达到合格标准(不低于3.6 lg PFU/ml)。结论北京株(VZV84-7)水痘病毒在MMRV联合减毒活疫苗中稳定性良好。     

乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗E蛋白基因及氨基酸序列稳定性分析

目的分析2003²011年连续9年出口韩国的23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗E蛋白基因及氨基酸序列的稳定性。方法提取出口韩国的23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗及其生产该疫苗的主种子和工作种子病毒RNA,RT-PCR法扩增乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗病毒E蛋白基因片段后进行测序;将23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗E蛋白基因序列中8个关键位点氨基酸序列与GenBank中登录的乙型脑炎病毒弱毒株SA14-14-2应用AlignX比对软件进行分析;检测23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗及生产该疫苗的主种子和工作种子病毒滴度。结果 23批疫苗与生产该疫苗的主种子、工作种子的病毒E蛋白基因序列与GenBank中登录的乙型脑炎病毒减毒株SA14-14-2 E蛋白基因序列完全一致,均由1 500个核苷酸组成,并编码500个氨基酸,同源性100%;23批疫苗E蛋白基因中与弱毒力密切相关的8个关键位点的氨基酸均未发生改变,与生产该疫苗的主种子、工作种子以及GenBank中登录的乙型脑炎病毒减毒株SA14-14-2(D90195)E蛋白相应位点一致性为100%;生产23批疫苗的主种子和工作种子病毒滴度变化幅度较小,为6.722011年连续9年出口韩国的23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗E蛋白基因及氨基酸序列的稳定性。方法提取出口韩国的23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗及其生产该疫苗的主种子和工作种子病毒RNA,RT-PCR法扩增乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗病毒E蛋白基因片段后进行测序;将23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗E蛋白基因序列中8个关键位点氨基酸序列与GenBank中登录的乙型脑炎病毒弱毒株SA14-14-2应用AlignX比对软件进行分析;检测23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗及生产该疫苗的主种子和工作种子病毒滴度。结果 23批疫苗与生产该疫苗的主种子、工作种子的病毒E蛋白基因序列与GenBank中登录的乙型脑炎病毒减毒株SA14-14-2 E蛋白基因序列完全一致,均由1 500个核苷酸组成,并编码500个氨基酸,同源性100%;23批疫苗E蛋白基因中与弱毒力密切相关的8个关键位点的氨基酸均未发生改变,与生产该疫苗的主种子、工作种子以及GenBank中登录的乙型脑炎病毒减毒株SA14-14-2(D90195)E蛋白相应位点一致性为100%;生产23批疫苗的主种子和工作种子病毒滴度变化幅度较小,为6.72⁷.17 lgPFU/ml,而23批疫苗的病毒滴度变化幅度也较小,为7.027.17 lgPFU/ml,而23批疫苗的病毒滴度变化幅度也较小,为7.02⁷.61 lgPFU/ml。结论连续9年出口韩国的23批乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗病毒E蛋白基因稳定,一致性良好,该疫苗质量稳定,安全可靠。     

麻腮风水痘联合减毒活疫苗的稳定性观察

目的观察中试阶段制备的麻腮风水痘(measles,mumps,rubella and varicella,MMRV)联合减毒活疫苗的稳定性。方法将检定合格的3批中试阶段制备的MMRV联合减毒活疫苗分别置-20℃、2~8℃、室温(25℃)和37℃,定期对其病毒滴度进行检测;在0和18月进行鉴别试验、物理检查、水分检测、无菌检查、异常毒性检查、牛血清白蛋白残留量检测、抗生素残留量检测。结果 -20℃放置18个月,MMRV联合减毒活疫苗中麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹及水痘病毒滴度分别不低于4.55 lg CCID_(50)/ml、5.05 lg CCID_(50)/ml、3.80 lg CCID_(50)/ml和4.65 lg PFU/ml;2~8℃放置18个月,MMRV联合减毒活疫苗中麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹及水痘病毒滴度分别不低于4.05 lg CCID_(50)/ml、4.93 lg CCID_(50)/ml、3.80 lg CCID_(50)/ml和4.32 lg PFU/ml;25℃放置6周,MMRV联合减毒活疫苗中麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹及水痘病毒滴度分别不低于3.80 lg CCID_(50)/ml、4.43 lg CCID_(50)/ml、3.93 lg CCID_(50)/ml和3.87 lg PFU/ml;37℃放置4周,MMRV联合减毒活疫苗中麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹及水痘病毒滴度分别不低于3.80 lg CCID_(50)/ml、4.43 lg CCID_(50)/ml、3.93 lg CCID_(50)/ml和3.84 lg PFU/ml。其他各项指标检测结果均符合制造及检定规程要求。结论冻干MMRV联合减毒活疫苗稳定性良好。     

流行性乙型脑炎SA_(14)-14-2弱毒株在狗胎肾细胞传代适应的研究

流行性乙型脑炎SA_(14)-14-2弱毒株经原代狗胎肾细胞连续传递4代以后,其病毒滴度稳定在7.5～8.0 log TCID_(50)/0.2ml。传代后的各代病毒(命名为 SA_(14)-14-2PDK-CD)对三周龄小鼠脑内无毒力、皮下无致病力、弱毒力稳定性和免疫原性等特性与原 SA_(14)-14-2 株相同。以该株病毒和原代狗肾细胞制备的活疫苗,经全面检定完全符合现行《乙型脑炎活疫苗规程》标准。     

乙型脑炎病毒SA_(14)-14-2减毒疫苗株的生物学和基因稳定性

目的研究乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)SA14-14-2减毒疫苗株传代过程中的生物学和基因稳定性,为疫苗的安全性和免疫原性提供依据。方法将JEVSA14-14-2减毒疫苗株PHKC7代病毒在原代地鼠肾细胞(PHKC)上连续传代,检测各代次病毒的培养特性以及第8、12、17和22代病毒的安全性及免疫原性;对起止代次病毒(PHKC8和22代)进行全基因组序列测定,对中间代次病毒(PHKC12和17代)的结构蛋白基因进行测序,并与基因库乙脑病毒SA14-14-2株(D90195)比较。结果各代次病毒产生的细胞病变基本一致,病毒滴度在17代前较稳定;在BHK21细胞上形成的蚀斑形态一致;小鼠脑内的致病力未发生变化,乳鼠传代返祖试验高代次病毒毒力有升高趋势。8、12、17和22代病毒免疫小鼠后,对P3强毒攻击均具有保护作用。E蛋白核苷酸和氨基酸序列,PHKC8代与D90195完全一致;而PHKC12、17和22代出现单个碱基(第2142或2143位)突变,导致E389氨基酸改变(D→N或D→A),但并非回复突变。4个代次病毒的PrM-C区结构蛋白基因均未发生变化。PHKC8、22代病毒的其他核苷酸突变发生在基因组非结构蛋白区和3′端非编码区;全序列PHKC8和22代与D90195比较,发现7～8个核苷酸不同,导致3～4个氨基酸的差异,核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别大于99.93%和99.88%,且以上突变不存在于明确的相关减毒位点上。结论JEVSA14-14-2减毒疫苗株在PHKC上连续传15代,仍保持高度的生物学和基因稳定性,疫苗生产用病毒控制在10代以内较为安全。     

流行性乙型脑炎活疫苗的人体反应和血清学效果观察

为达到国际上对减毒活疫苗生产用细胞基质的要求，我们曾将乙型脑炎（乙脑）地鼠肾细胞减毒株（SA14－14－2株）病毒在原代狗肾细胞培养内传代适应获得狗肾细胞适应株，并经全面检定证明其残余毒力和免疫原性与原地鼠肾细胞减毒株相似。为了解用该毒株制成的疫苗对人体的安全性和免疫性，经卫生部批准进行了小量人体观察。观察用疫苗为狗肾细胞第9代（PDK－9）制成的冻干制品．滴度为PFU106／ml，接种观象为乙脑非流行区黑龙江省海伦县男性成年人（26～45岁）和7～10周岁儿童。成人组分疫苗原液，10倍，100倍稀释三级．每组2入；儿童组…     

水痘减毒活疫苗原液两种方法过滤效果的比较

目的比较滤柱和布式滤囊两种方法过滤水痘减毒活疫苗原液的效果,为水痘减毒活疫苗生产工艺的优化提供参考。方法分别通过滤柱和布式滤囊对水痘减毒活疫苗原液进行过滤,将经两种方法过滤的疫苗原液置于显微镜下观察,并比较溶液的澄清效果及病毒滴度;将两种方法过滤制备的疫苗原液分装,制备水痘减毒活疫苗成品,按照水痘减毒活疫苗企业注册标准及《中国药典》三部(2010版)相关检定要求进行37℃热稳定性试验、无菌检查、病毒滴度、牛血清白蛋白残留量、抗生素残留量的检测。结果两种方法过滤的原液经显微镜观察均未发现完整细胞存在,且病毒滴度基本相同,但通过滤柱过滤后制备的水痘减毒活疫苗原液的澄清状态明显优于布式滤囊过滤;两种方法过滤的原液制备的疫苗成品的各项指标无明显差异,均符合水痘减毒活疫苗注册标准要求。结论在水痘减毒活疫苗生产中,采用滤柱过滤原液的效果明显优于布式滤囊过滤。     

The synthesis of 1-14C-arachidonate and 3-14C-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoate

Methyl 1-¹⁴C-arachidonate was prepared by coupling 1-bromotetradeca-2,5,8-triyne with 4-pentyn-1-ol to yield nonadeca-4,7,10,13-tetrayn-1-ol. This compound was reduced with Lindlars catalyst. The resulting alcohol was converted to the mesylate and then to the nitrile which in turn was converted to methyl 1-¹⁴C-arachidonate by hydrolysis with anhydrous HCl in methanol. The methyl 1-¹⁴C-arachidonate was reduced to the alcohol with LiA1H₄ and converted to the mesylate which in turn was treated with diethyl malonate. Following saponification and decarboxylation 3-¹⁴C-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoic acid was obtained. Presented at the AOCS-ISF Meeting, Chicago, September 1970.     

Preparation of14C-gossypol by incorporation of acetate-1-14C and acetate-2-14C by biosynthesis

Details for the germination of cotton seedlings and their utilization for incorporating¹⁴C-labeled acetate into gossypol are presented. Methods for the isolation and purification of the biosynthesized gossypol are given. The specific activity of the gossypol obtained from root tissue and cotyledons had mean values for 8 preparations of 428.6×10³ and 6.3×10³ dpm/mg, respectively. Corresponding incorporations were 5.42 and 0.32%. Paper no. 4190, North Carolina State University Experiment Station, Raleigh, N.C.     

Hepatic metabolism of 1-14C octanoic and 1-14C palmitic acids

The hepatic metabolism of 1⁻¹⁴C octanoic acid was compared with that of 1⁻¹⁴C palmitic acid in male rats which were fed. After intraportal injection only 1/6 to 1/18 as much octanoic acid as palmitic acid was incorporated into hepatic lipids. In contrast, octanoic acid yielded two to four times as much water-soluble product as did palmitic acid. Similar, but even more impressive, differences between the incorporation of these fatty acids into hepatic lipids were observed in liver slices incubated with¹⁴C octanoate and¹⁴C palmitate. The oxidation of octanoate to CO₂ was more than 10 times as great as that of palmitate. With both substrates, triglycerides comprised almost half the labeled lipid recovered. However octanoate yielded a higher proportion of labeled, unesterified fatty acids and a lower proportion of labeled phospholipid and monoglycerides than did palmitate. Most of the¹⁴C recovered in hepatic lipids after incubation with 1⁻¹⁴C octanoate was found in the carboxyl groups of long-chain fatty acids, suggesting that the latter had been synthesized from 2-carbon fragments formed from the oxidation of octanoate. In contrast, only a small fraction of the palmitate was elongated. The similarities and differences between the metabolism of octanoic and palmitic acid in liver and intestine, and the possible nutritional significance of octanoic acid are discussed.     

Hepatic metabolism of 1-14C octanoic and 1-14C margaric acids

The hepatic metabolism of 1-¹⁴C margaric acid, a 17 carbon long chain saturated fatty acid which is present in the liver in trace amounts, was compared with 1-¹⁴C octanoic acid and 1-¹⁴C palmitic acid to determine if the enhanced oxidation of medium chain fatty acids to CO₂ was dependent on fatty acid chain length or the endogenous pool size of the fatty acid substrate. Despite the fact that endogenous margarate is present in trace amounts, there was no significant difference in the oxidation of margarate and palmitate to CO₂, while the oxidation of octanoate to CO₂ was significantly more rapid. Both margarate and palmitate were more readily incorporated into lipid soluble products in contrast to the low rate of incorporation of octanoate. However, margarate was less readily incorporated into triglyceride, phospholipid and monoglyceride than palmitate. These studies suggest that the chain length rather than hepatic content of the fatty acid determines whether the carboxyl group of equimolar amounts of a 1-¹⁴C-carboxyl labeled fatty acid will be preferentially oxidized to CO₂ or incorporated into tissue lipid in the liver.     

乙型脑炎病毒减毒株SA14-14-2在小鼠体内的动态分布

目的研究乙型脑炎病毒减毒株SA14-14-2在小鼠体内的动态分布。方法将SA14-14-2株分别经脑内和皮下途径接种小鼠,采用BHK21细胞病毒蚀斑法检测接种后不同时间病毒在小鼠不同脏器中的分布。同时以不同稀释度的强毒株SA14为对照。结果SA14-14-2株经脑内感染小鼠后,除在脑组织中短时间检出病毒外,在其他组织中均未检出病毒;经皮下感染小鼠后,在任何组织中均未检出病毒。而强毒株SA14无论经脑内还是皮下途径感染小鼠,在各种脏器中均可检出病毒。结论SA14-14-2株经皮下感染小鼠后,病毒不能在体内复制,证明乙型脑炎病毒减毒活疫苗具有较好的安全性。     

The metabolism of C14-α-tocopheryl quinone and C14-α-tocopheryl hydroquinone

The metabolism of C¹⁴-d-α-tocopheryl quinone (α-TQ) and its hydroquinone (αTHQ) was investigated. Forty-six hours after intraperitoneal administration of either compound to rats the radioactivity isolated from the liver was present almost exclusively in C¹⁴-α-TQ. The results indicated, however, that in situ this compound was present primarily in the reduced form. No conversion to C¹⁴-α-tocopherol or other liver metabolites was observed. α-THQ was eliminated from the tissues more rapidly than α-TQ. The main metabolite excreted in the urine was a conjugate of α-tocopheronic acid and the main metabolite excreted in the feces was a conjugate of α-TQ. Free C¹⁴-α-TQ was present in the feces after administration of this compound but not after C¹⁴-α-THQ administration.     

14-3-3蛋白的引文脉络分析

14-3-3蛋白是一类普遍存在于真核细胞中的调节性磷酸丝氨酸/苏氨酸结合蛋白。14-3-3蛋白能够形成同源二聚体或异源二聚体并与多种靶蛋白相互作用,从而在许多生物过程中起着重要作用,包括细胞周期调控、细胞增殖、蛋白质运输、代谢调节和细胞凋亡。文章以Web of Science核心集合数据库中以"14-3-3"为主题的文献为样本,通过Hist Cite软件分析了14-3-3蛋白目前国际研究现状,为14-3-3蛋白的后续研究提供了前期调研。     

Micellization Behavior of the 14-2-14 Gemini Surfactant with Some Conventional Surfactants at Different Temperatures

Mixed micellization behavior of the dimeric cationic surfactant ethanediyl-1,2-bis(dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium bromide) with monomeric cationic surfactants cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), tetradecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C14BCl) and cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C16BCl) was studied in aqueous and aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions at various temperatures (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K) using conductometric and viscometric methods. The behavior of these mixed systems was analyzed in light of Rubingh’s regular solution theory. The conductivity study indicates that the above systems behave nonideally with mutual synergism at 298.15 and 308.15 K, whereas antagonistic behavior is exhibited at 318.15 K. In the presence of PEG solution, various thermodynamic parameters associated with transfer of surfactant monomers from the medium consisting of polymer-free mixed micelles to polymer-bound mixed micelles like ∆G _t^o, ∆H _t^o and ∆S _t^o at various temperatures were evaluated and discussed. The viscosity study shows that in aqueous solutions all these combinations exhibit significant negative departure in the relative viscosity (η_r) from the additivity rule at 298.15 and 308.15 K, whereas at 318.15 K these combinations (except in the case of C14BCl) follow the additivity rule. In presence of 5% PEG solution, all the combinations show positive departure from the additivity rule except the combination with C14BCl which shows negative departure at all the studied temperatures.