瞩住宅的研究理念与技术体系

现代科技的高速发展，使人们在享受当代文明成果的同时，j忽视了大自然赐予的阳光、空气、风、水；过分依赖现代科技的生活方式，?淡化了人与人，人与自然和谐共生的亲密关系，．回归自然、亲和自然变成了奢侈的健康需求。山水住宅、园林住宅、水景住宅、阳光住宅、人文住宅、空中别墅等名称充斥房地产市场。     

农村住宅设计与建设之我见

我国农村人口约占全国人口的80％，农村经济的迅速发展，推动了小康村的建设与设计，住宅是农民生活的基础。其居住条件、居住环境是不容忽视的一件大事，如今的农民把住宅建设作为富裕程度高低的重要标志。对住宅建设与设计提出了更高的要求，但是，许多农民因缺少建房知识，对施工质量和使用功能考虑不周，加上某些地方缺少规划，基础设施不配套，农民小康新村建成后，发现了不应有的遗憾。综上所述，目前农村住宅的设计与建设规范化更显迫切，更需重视。笔者就此问题，谈谈几点意见。一、规划设计上应考虑的问题首先各级政府职能部门应对…     

上海住宅发展的若干问题

针对上海住宅建设中可持续发展存在的问题,论述了绿色住宅,智能化住宅的内容及发展趋势。中国加入WTO后,根据现有住宅产业化环境的制约因素、住宅配套实施的难点,指出认识和解决这些问题的必要性。     

当代住宅建筑

本文对世界各种类型国家在住宅政策，住宅理论，住宅功能，住宅的适应性以及住宅中高科技的应用等方面作了全面系统的介绍，提供了大量的信息资料。     

小康型村镇住宅方案竞赛之随想

十多年米,我国在改革开放方针的指引下,农村发生了巨大的变化,村镇建设出现了空前的繁荣。为了更好地为农民服务,创造符合现代人们物质、精神生活的双重功能和不同年龄心理特性的居住环境,促进村镇住宅向现代化发展,乡村向城市化迈进,湖南省于1996年举办了村镇住宅方案竞赛。我有幸参加了这次竞赛并荣获三等奖。现将方案介绍如下:     

生态住宅：可持续发展的住宅设计

1前言当今社会是一个广泛强调可持续发展的社会。人们在经历了资源、能源危机，在饱尝了环境污染之后，终于清醒地认识到“我们的地球只有一个”，我们与自然和谐共存，关系到人类的生存与发展，当代人在满足自身需要的同时，不应对后代人的需求构成危害，可持续发展的观念已经在各个领域积极的探索。人类的建筑行为很大程度伴随着资源环境的破坏。日本研究表明：在环境总体污染中与建筑业有关的环境污染所占比例为34％，包括空气污染、水污染、固体垃圾污染。光污染等。在能源方面，建筑业也是个耗能大户，据统计，全球50％的能量消耗于建…     

山区村镇住宅方案

随着市场经济的迅速发展，农村改革不断深入，广大农民的生活水平逐年提高，居住条件也随之改变。然而，由于村镇建设的规划设计人才严重缺乏，管理相对滞后，使许多建筑无规划。无设计，导致建筑造型单一，功能落后，不好用、不耐看。群体布置无章可言，各行其是，形成了许多既浪费土地、又违背设计规则的建筑群，与小康住宅的要求相距甚远。为了改变这种局面，建设部于98年3月开展了“迈向对世纪的中国住宅”设计方案竞赛活动，旨在调动广大设计人员的积极性，创造出一批“功能合理、经济实用、安全舒适。环境优美”的村镇住宅设计方案，…     

新颖奇特的太阳能住宅

新颖奇特的太阳能住宅苑金生，张洪武自从各次能源危机以来，吸引了许多人利用阳光的能量作为能源并同时创造出尽可能典型的想象建筑模式。但目前仅有少许几名建筑师掌握了这门艺术。尽管如此，未来是属于太阳能的。在德国已有几所堪称楷模的新颖奇特的太阳能住宅问世，现...     

简析中国城市住宅的发展

分析了中国城市近代住宅的发展,对现代住宅小区进行了研究,对未来住宅小区进行了展望,重点探讨了绿色住宅、智能住宅和老年住宅,以促进住宅建设的发展,更好地提升住宅建设的数量和质量。     

浅谈绿色住宅

绿色浪潮全球性的席卷与人们返归真、按近自然的强烈渴求催生了一个新的市场——绿色产品市场。与人们生活息息相关的住宅产品在浓厚的绿色商业氛围中不可避免的沾染了绿的气息。绿色住宅,这一21世纪新型的住宅形态,不仅迎合了人们亲近目然的心理诉求,更反映了住宅建筑理念和居住文化的升迁。本文简述了绿色住宅的产生背景、内涵、基本要求、衡量标准及在我国的发展实践,并结合实际指出了在我国推广绿色住宅须重视的三大支持要素。     

Heat and cold stresses in different climate zones across China: A comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Summer and winter discomfort in terms of heat and cold stresses in the nine major architectural climate zones and sub-zones across China in the 21st century were investigated using predictions from general circulation models for the low and medium emissions scenarios. For the six severe cold and cold climate zones in the north, reductions in cumulative cold stress outweighed the increase in cumulative heat stress resulting in an overall decreasing trend in the annual cumulative stress, and vice versa for the other three warmer climate zones in the south. Compared with the 20th century, significant reduction in the cumulative cold stress was observed across the six zones in severe cold and cold climates, ranging from 15.8 in cold-III to 42.3 in severe cold-II. There were modest increases in the cumulative heat stress from 0.3 in cold-II to 12.3 in cold-III. For the warmer climates in the south, reduction in cumulative cold stress ranged from 7.6 in hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) to 10.3 in hot summer and cold winter, while cumulative heat stress increased from 9.9 in the mild zone to 30.6 in HSWW. A reduction in cold stress would result in less winter heating and an increase in heat stress more cooling requirement.     

Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Indonesia

Small scale miners use mercury to extract gold from ore in many countries. An environmental and health assessment was performed in Indonesia in two regions, Galangan in Central Kalimantan and Talawaan in Northern Sulawesi. The environmental assessment showed severe mercury contamination of the sediments, and increased mercury levels in local fish. For the health investigation 281 volunteers were recruited and examined by a standardized questionnaire, a neurological examination and neuro-psychological tests. A medical score was used consisting of significant factors of mercury intoxication. Mercury exposed workers showed typical symptoms of mercury intoxication, such as movement disorders (ataxia, tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, etc.). Blood, urine and hair samples were taken from any participant and analyzed for mercury. The mercury concentration in the biomonitors was high, partly extreme high in the working population, increased in the population living in the same habitat and low in the control group. By a standard protocol which includes a combination of threshold values of mercury in the biomonitors and a medical sum score the diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxication was made for highly burdened workers (amalgam smelters) in 55% in Sulawesi and in 62% in Kalimantan. Less exposed mineral processors and the general population in the mining areas were also intoxicated to a high percentage.     

Urban environmental mercury in Changchun, a metropolitan city in Northeastern China: source, cycle, and fate

Mercury concentrations in each environmental compartment in Changchun City had obvious spatial and temporal trends. Particulate Hg (HgP) and total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in air, total Hg (HgT) concentrations in precipitation and ratios of HgP to HgT (total Hg in air) in the atmosphere in heating season were higher than those in non-heating season, which resulted from civil heating. In contrast, reactive Hg (HgR) concentrations in precipitation were higher in non-heating season than those in heating season. TGM and SO2 in air had good agreement. HgP concentrations in the atmosphere were correlated with HgT concentrations in precipitation. Based on Hg concentrations in each environmental compartment, Hg exchange fluxes between environmental interfaces were estimated. Only 11.6% of Hg, emitted from coal combustion, deposited into land surface in urban district and the rest part participated in regional or global cycle, so urban district was the source of Hg global and regional cycle. Net fluxes of Hg into land surface and water were 34.26 kg year(-1) and 0.051 kg year(-1), respectively, which were clearly accumulated in the water and soil. Therefore considering urban local Hg cycle, each environmental compartment of urban ecosystem (water, air and soil) was the sink of Hg.     

乳腺癌ER、PgR及人类表皮生长因子受体2的表达与化疗疗效的关系

目的探讨乳腺癌雌性激素受体（etrogen receptor,ER）、孕激素受体（pogesterone receptor,PgR）及人类表皮生长因子受体2（human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2）的表达与化疗疗效的关系。方法 46例女性晚期乳腺癌患者中,ER阴性（-）者（ER阴性组）14例,ER弱阳性（＋）者8例、ER阳性（＋＋）者5例、ER强阳性（＋＋＋）者5例（ER弱阳性＋阳性＋强阳性组）,ER不详者（ER不详组）14例。PgR阴性（-）者（PgR阴性组）9例,PgR弱阳性（＋）者10例、PgR阳性（＋＋）者9例、PgR强阳性（＋＋＋）者4例（PgR弱阳性＋阳性＋强阳性组）,PgR不详者（PgR不详组）14例。HER-2阴性（-）者（HER-2阴性组）8例,HER-2弱阳性者（＋）6例、HER-2阳性（＋＋）者9例、HER-2强阳性（＋＋＋）者6例（HER-2弱阳性＋阳性＋强阳性组）,HER-2不详者（HER-2不详组）17例。46例患者分别采用泰素联合吡柔比星、多西他赛联合吡柔比星和多西他赛联合顺铂化疗。观察46例患者治疗后临床疗效及不良反应等情况。结果有43例可评价疗效者中,完全缓解（CR）4例,部分缓解（PR）21例,稳定SD（12）例,进展（PD）6例。ER弱阳性＋阳性＋强阳性组病例的有效率为55.6%,ER阴性组病例的有效率为41.7%;PgR弱阳性＋阳性＋强阳性组病例的有效率为50.0%,PgR阴性组病例的有效率为50.0%;HER-2弱阳性＋阳性＋强阳性组病例的有效率为50.0%,HER-2阴性组病例的有效率为42.9%。各弱阳性＋阳性＋强阳性组有效率与阴性组比较差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。Ⅲ-Ⅳ度的不良反应有：白细胞下降Ⅲ度5例,Ⅳ度3例;脱发Ⅲ度12例;恶心呕吐Ⅲ度9例。结论乳腺癌ER、PgR及HER-2不同表达的化疗疗效无明显差异。     

清末中英基督教堂建筑比较研究

随着国内中西建筑文化交流研究的拓展与深化,近代西方基督教会在华营建活动及其建筑渐为学术界所关注。通过对近代中国以及西方教会宗主国—英国（为例）同期教堂建筑样式进行对比,阐释近代中西建筑文化交融中错综复杂的建筑现象,揭示近代教堂建筑发展的特征、规律。     

宽幅挂篮在混凝土梁桥施工中的应用

随着预应力技术的发展和高强度、高性能混凝土在桥梁工程中的应用 ,混凝土连续梁逐渐向大跨度、宽幅面、轻结构、大规模方向发展。兰州新城黄河大桥为五跨三向预应力钢筋混凝土连续梁 ,主桥为单向单室结构 ,其主梁现浇节段大、规模大、质量大、梁幅宽、工期紧、质量要求高 ,施工较一般连续梁难度大 ,尤其对施工挂篮提出了较高要求。介绍了该桥采用的三角轻型宽幅挂篮的结构设计及在悬臂施工中的应用 ,该类挂篮自重轻、刚度大、制作简单、使用方便 ,对同类桥梁的施工具有广泛的应用价值     

The burning question: does burning before flooding lower methyl mercury production and bioaccumulation?

Production of methyl mercury (MeHg) is elevated in new hydroelectric reservoirs because organic carbon stimulates methylation of inorganic mercury (Hg) stored in the terrestrial system. This can cause adverse health in fish and in organisms that eat fish. We expected that burning vegetation before flooding would decrease the amount of Hg and organic carbon and thereby lower MeHg production. We conducted a replicated field experiment to investigate the effects of burning vegetation and soil before flooding on MeHg production and bioaccumulation. Vegetation and soil were added to mesocosms in the following combinations: unburned vegetation and unburned soil (Fresh treatments), burned vegetation and unburned soil (Partial Burn treatments), and burned vegetation and burned soil (Complete Burn treatments). Controls had no added vegetation or soil. During combustion with propane torches, a large percentage of the total Hg (THg) and MeHg was lost from vegetation and soil. THg and MeHg concentrations were highest in the surface water of Fresh treatments, lower in Partial Burn treatments and lowest in Complete Burn treatments and controls. Differences in concentrations of MeHg in biota were consistent among treatments, but did not follow aqueous concentrations. On the final sample date, MeHg concentrations in biota of Controls and Partial Burn treatments were greater than in Complete Burn and Fresh treatments. The lack of relationship between MeHg in biota and MeHg in water may have been due to modification of the bioavailability of MeHg by dissolved organic matter as the ratios of MeHg in biota to water were inversely correlated with concentrations of dissolved organic carbon. Although burning before flooding decreased MeHg concentrations in the water, it did not lower MeHg accumulation in the lower food web.     

氡在破碎花岗岩巷道及围岩中的运移机制解析

依托某破碎花岗岩巷道工程,以多孔介质中气体的渗流理论为基础,综合考虑影响氡在破碎花岗岩山体及巷道中运移和析出的多种因素,构建了氡的数值计算模型,给出了山体和通风巷道中的氡浓度计算公式,模拟并比较了自然状态和微正压通风状态下山体中氡浓度分布的变化情况,并对微正压通风状态下巷道中氡浓度的变化情况进行模拟和验证。研究结果表明:扩散作用和渗流作用是巷道围岩中氡运移的主要机制;微正压通风条件下巷道中氡的运移主要受通风作用、围岩的射气作用和氡的衰变作用共同影响;微正压通风能够改变围岩中氡的渗流方向,是巷道降氡的有效手段。     

美国城市公园和开放空间发展策略及其对我国的借鉴

通过对当今美国城市公园和开放空间发展现状问题，以及正在实施中的发展策略的研究和介绍，主要阐述了当前美国在发展城市公园和开放空间中，在土地利用、开发管理模式以及公园规划设计和维护方面的一些方法，以期对我国公园和开放空间的发展，有一定的借鉴作用。     

Have the bioavailabilities of trace metals to a suite of biomonitors changed over three decades in SW England estuaries historically affected by mining?

Many estuaries of southwest England were heavily contaminated with toxic metals associated with the mining of copper and other metals, particularly between 1850 and 1900. The question remains whether the passage of time has brought remediation to these estuaries. In 2003 and 2006 we revisited sites in 5 metal-contaminated estuaries sampled in the 1970s and 1980s — Restronguet Creek, Gannel, West Looe, East Looe and Tavy. We evaluate changes in metal contamination in sediments and in metal bioavailabilities in sediments and water to local organisms employed as biomonitors. We find that the decline in contamination in these estuaries is complex. Differences in bioavailable contamination in the water column were detectable, as were significant detectable changes in at least some estuaries in bioavailable metal contamination originating from sediments. However, in the 100 years since mining activities declined, bioavailable contamination has not declined to the regional baseline in any estuary affected by the mine wastes. The greatest decline in contamination occurred in the one instance (East Looe) where a previous industrial source of (Ag) contamination was considered. We used the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum as biomonitors of dissolved metal bioavailabilities and the deposit feeders Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana as biomonitors of bioavailable metal in sediments. We found no systematic decrease in the atypically high Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the estuarine sediments over a 26 year period. Accumulated metal (Ag, As, Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in the deposit feeders are similarly still atypically high in at least one estuary for each metal, and there is no consistent evidence for general decreases in sediment metal bioavailabilities over time. We conclude that the legacy of mining in sheltered estuaries of southwest England is the ongoing presence of sediments rich in metals bioavailable to deposit feeders, while dissolved metal bioavailabilities from this historical source alone are no longer atypically high.