循环水养殖系统生物滤池自然挂膜启动及效果研究

在水温为21.3~25.6℃、p H值为7.8~8.3、滤速为0.034 5 m/s的条件下,研究了生物滤池利用低有机物含量原水进行自然挂膜启动的过程,试验以生物膜生长与水质指标变化情况之间的关系为参考指标。结果表明:在低有机物含量条件下,可以直接采用原水进行挂膜,经过约38 d生物滤池自然挂膜启动成功,但粗过滤环节的过滤效果不佳,这对滤池的生物处理效果有较大影响。     

低有机物含量下曝气生物滤池的挂膜启动

在低有机物含量下进行曝气生物滤池的挂膜启动试验.采用陶粒和火山岩两种填料进行比较,以复合接种方式进行挂膜.启动阶段的进水COD为25.04～58.70 mg/L,NH3-N为0.64～2.92 mg/L,滤速为1 m/h,气水比为4:1,对COD的平均去除率>30%,对NH3-N的平均去除率可达55%以上.试验结果表明,在低有机物含量下,可以直接采用原水进行挂膜,但进水水质对装置的处理效果有较大影响,进水COD、NH3-N浓度不宜过低;选择合适的填料和曝气量是确保曝气生物滤池运行效果的关键.     

前置反硝化生物滤池的启动研究

以污水处理厂的二级出水为进水,对回流比为50%的前置反硝化生物滤池采用自然挂膜法以设计流速进行挂膜启动,考察了启动期间各指标的变化规律及成功挂膜所需的时间。研究发现,当回流比为50%、采用自然挂膜法以设计流速运行时,曝气生物滤池(BAF)需35 d能成功挂膜,反硝化生物滤池在投加甲醇后经过7 d可挂膜成功。两级生物滤池启动的关键是曝气生物滤池能否成功挂膜。启动成功后,污水厂的二级出水经反硝化生物滤池/BAF工艺处理后出水总氮能够稳定在5 mg/L以下,TOC在12 mg/L以下,COD在35 mg/L左右。     

A~2O-BAF工艺处理低C/N值生活污水的快速启动

以低碳氮比的实际生活污水为处理对象,重点研究了A2O-BAF工艺的快速启动。结果表明,先单独对硝化型曝气生物滤池进行挂膜后再将A2O与BAF连接起来可成功启动该双污泥系统。采用快速排泥挂膜法和自然挂膜法相结合的复合挂膜法,使用不含有机物的配水对曝气生物滤池进行挂膜,18d后曝气生物滤池挂膜成功。系统连续运行44d后达到稳定。使用碳氮比为3.21的生活污水进行驯化,反硝化除磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为66.7%,缺氧吸磷为系统的主要除磷方式,此时出水氨氮、正磷酸盐浓度均接近于零,出水硝态氮为15.1mg/L左右,对COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮的去除率分别为82%、100%、100%和67%。表明该双污泥系统运行效果稳定,启动成功。     

不同填料下UBAF深度处理印染废水的对比研究

分别以新型尼龙材料和普通生物陶粒为填料,进行了上向流曝气生物滤池(UBAF)深度处理印染废水的试验研究.在挂膜和运行阶段,对比研究了新型尼龙材料和生物陶粒的填料性能,并考察了在相同进水环境和运行条件下两种填料的挂膜和运行情况,以及在不同气水比和水力负荷下对低浓度印染废水的处理效果.结果表明:新型尼龙填料较传统生物陶粒启动快、挂膜时间短；在进入稳定运行后,当气水比为3∶1时,两滤池对COD和浊度的去除效果达到最佳,对COD的平均去除率分别为63.4％、56.5％,对浊度的平均去除率分别为86％、89％.     

一体化多层滤料曝气生物滤池的启动特性

为探讨集缺氧层与好氧层于一体的多层滤料曝气生物滤池(BAF)的挂膜启动特性,以火山岩、粉煤灰陶粒和聚丙乙烯泡沫滤珠为滤料,构建了一体化多层滤料曝气生物滤池,并在初次挂膜和重新挂膜时分别采用复合挂膜法和两阶段复合挂膜法进行启动,考察了该工艺在挂膜启动阶段对COD、SS、NH3-N和TN的去除效果。结果表明:对NH3-N和TN的去除率可以作为一体化多层滤料曝气生物滤池挂膜成功的标志;26 d后初次挂膜启动完成,此时对COD、SS、NH3-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在70%、85%、60%、50%以上。生物膜脱落后,重新挂膜启动15 d即可完成,且对COD、SS、NH3-N和TN的去除率分别达到70%、87%、97%、51%左右。研究表明,一体化多层滤料BAF对城市污水有较好的处理效果。     

加压与常压生物滤池处理生活污水的效能对比

在生物滤池工艺中采用加压曝气方式而形成加压生物滤池,对加压和常压生物滤池的挂膜启动、除污效能以及耐负荷能力进行了对比研究。结果表明,加压生物滤池具有启动快、除污效率高和耐负荷能力强的优点。当Q=30L/h、HRT=1.15h、气水比为(3∶1)～(5∶1)、加压滤池内的气体分压为0.18～0.21MPa时,加压生物滤池降解COD的性能尤为明显,和常压生物滤池相比,对COD的平均去除率提高了11.3%,而对NH3-N的平均去除率只提高了8.2%。     

新型横流式生物滤池处理微污染地表水的启动

采用新型横流式生物滤池工艺处理微污染地表水,通过逐渐增大水力负荷的方式对其进行启动,并考察了对COD、氨氮、浊度的去除效果。结果表明,水力负荷对去除COD、氨氮的影响较大,对去除浊度的影响不明显,对氨氮、COD、浊度的平均去除率分别达到79.18%、63.52%、93.85%。由此说明横流式生物滤池在逐渐增加水力负荷的自然挂膜方式下启动成功。     

反硝化生物滤池的自然挂膜启动研究

研究了反硝化生物滤池的挂膜启动过程,寻求判断启动完成的快速、简便、合理的方法,为反硝化生物滤池的挂膜提供理论依据。控制水力负荷在0.022 m3/(m2·h)即HRT为14 h,水温为25~27℃,反硝化生物滤池运行14 d后对硝态氮的去除率达到99%,第15天平均进水硝态氮浓度由21.86 mg/L减小到8.05 mg/L,出水浓度基本保持不变,仍稳定在0~1 mg/L,反硝化系统生态结构稳定,表明挂膜成功。当有机碳源充足、NO-3-N浓度0.1 mg/L时,反硝化速率与NO-3-N浓度遵循零级反应动力学规律。反硝化生物滤池中的氨氮主要由微生物同化作用去除,去除率约为28.9%。     

生物砂滤池不同挂膜方法的试验研究

根据生物砂滤池的运行特点，通过试验对自然挂膜和接种挂膜两种不同挂膜方法下，各滤柱中的生物量和生物活性，对CODMn、NH4^＋ -N和UV254的去除效果以及运行周期进行了分析研究。结果表明，接种挂膜的启动时间比自然挂膜缩短了6～8d，同时生物量较多，但生物活性比自然挂膜法低12．03％～14．29％；各柱对CODMn、NH4^＋ -N均有很好的去除效果，平均去除率在35％和80％以上；但采用自然挂膜法对污染物的去除效果更佳，特别是对UV254的去除率较接种挂膜法提高了5．01％～10．8％，并且运行周期延长了6～10h，运行更为稳定。     

曝气生物滤池在市政污水处理工程中的应用

曝气生物滤池不仅具有生物膜工艺技术的优势,同时也具有有效的空间过滤作用。在污水处理中,通过单一工艺或组合工艺,曝气生物滤池具有去除SS、COD、BOD5、硝化、反硝化的作用。介绍了曝气生物滤池的工艺和结构,并对设计中的容积负荷Ns取值、滤料、反冲洗、滤池划分和具体工艺作了详细阐述。最后列举了大连马栏河污水处理厂的应用实例。     

Activated soil filters (bio filters) for the elimination of xenobiotics (micro-pollutants) from storm- and waste waters

A technical scale (0.12 m³) activated soil filter (bio filter) has been used to eliminate diverse xenobiotics (organic micro-pollutants) such as organophosphate flame retardants, and -plasticisers, musk fragrances, DEHP, benzothiazoles and triclosan from water. Model experiments to treat combined sewer overflow, storm water and a post treatment of waste water were performed in controlled laboratory experiments. The indicator compounds were typical for waste water. Diverse chemical compound groups and a wide spectrum from the lipophilic (pK_ow = 5.9) to the hydrophilic (pK_ow = 2.6) were included. The system consisted of a layer with high organic content (with vegetation to prevent clogging), a sand filter and a gravel drainage layer. The organic layer was spiked with activated sludge to enhance biomass and biodegradation potential. Usually the elimination rates varied from 64% to 99%, with only one compound reaching as little as 17%. For a technical suitability assessment it was calculated how long these filters would be stable in eliminating organic compounds from water. The estimated operating times for such systems was found to be about 100 years for a stack height of 2 m a year in regard to most compounds in this study.     

生物基减水剂对水泥水化进程影响及减水机理

将玉米化工醇釜残物开发为新型的生物基减水剂,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对其进行表征.结合X射线衍射（XRD）图谱分析和扫描电镜（SEM）研究生物基减水剂对水泥水化产物生成和微观形貌的影响,进一步从ζ 电位、减水率、凝结时间和抗压强度分析     

Comparative and competitive adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto Sepia pharaonis endoskeleton biomass from aqueous solutions

In this research, the possibility of simultaneous removal of lead, cadmium and copper divalent ions from water samples through the use of Sepia pharaonis endoskeleton powder (SPEB) as bio‐material, was investigated. The bio‐sorbent was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT‐IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). The different factors affecting the bio‐sorption process were studied. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to analyse the experimental data. The kinetic studies showed that the pseudo‐second order model kinetics were compatible with the investigated systems. It was found that under optimal conditions, this bio‐sorbent was efficient in the uptake of these heavy metal ions from both mono and multi‐metal solutions, and high removal percentages were achieved. This study verified the potential ability of SPEB as an efficient natural adsorbent for removal of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions from river, tap and mineral water samples.     

许塘水厂虹吸滤池的改造与运行

采用拆除大阻力配水系统的穿孔钢管和支管,去除承托层、垫层和滤料层,引入小阻力配水系统等措施对许塘水厂老式虹吸滤池进行了改造。过滤系统采用高精度滤板及ABS短柄滤头,滤池开孔比为2.5%,整体滤板抬高0.4m,均质滤料层厚度为800mm。通过技术改造,出厂水平均浊度达到0.4NTU,滤池产水量提高近1.5倍,经济技术指标大大提高。     

The effect of filter pore size on the evaluation of aluminum coagulants to remove fulvic acid from water

Evaluation of aluminum coagulants to remove fulvic acid from water depends on the process of separating the precipitate from the liquid phase. Membrane filters are often used for this purpose. The degree of separation was found to depend on the filter pore size. Differences in removal efficiencies of up to 80% were observed when membrane filters with pore sizes of 0.45 and 0.10 μm were used for the solid-liquid separation. Membrane filters with a pore size of 0.45 μm under certain experimental conditions demonstrated deep-filter characteristics in the sense that in the initial steps of filtration, when the filter was clean, small particles were filtered through, but as the filter pores became clogged, the efficiency of the filter improved.     

气动穿孔机启动问题的研究

本文通过对气动穿孔机启动过程和运动分析，建立了穿孔机启动过程的简化数学模型。在此基础上提出了几点解决穿孔机启动问题的方法和建议。     

纤维束过滤器的水头损失特性研究

从研究纤维束滤料的传质效率—水头损失特性出发,确定了纤维束过滤器的技术参数。实践表明:纤维束过滤器的滤速可达20m/h以上,较砂滤池有大幅提高,同时其出水水质更好,周期制水量增加了4~6倍,而自用水率不足周期制水量的1%。     

Long-term performance assessed from compatibility tests

The long-term filter performance of 15 geotextiles differing in permittivity, thickness, mass per unit area and type of polymer was studied experimentally in large filtrameters subjected with three different soils. Geotextile samples of 500 mm diameter were submitted to steady-state seepage under different hydraulic gradients for up to 600 days. In the first two performance tests, the water flow was in the direction of gravity. A third test series simulated the case of upward water flow. Although the geotextiles differed in their parameters, their filter performance exhibited very similar characteristics and satisfied the requirements for stable filter performance. A detailed microscopic investigation into the soil structure directly above the geotextiles confirmed that the geotextiles formed an internal soil filter with a bridging network.     

滤池过滤周期显著缩短原因解析与控制对策

针对某水厂频繁出现的滤池过滤周期缩短、反冲洗效果变差、正常生产运行受到严重影响等问题,从水源、堵塞物成分以及水厂工艺运行等多个角度进行了综合分析,初步探明了问题产生的原因。同时,结合水厂工艺进行了调整混凝剂种类和投加量、投加高岭土增加原水浊度以改善滤池运行效果的试验,并提出了建议,以期为今后水厂的运行以及此类问题的应对提供依据。