Probiotic beverage from cashew apple juice fermented with Lactobacillus casei

This study optimized the conditions of Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 cultivation in cashew apple juice, as well as, determined the proper inoculum amount and fermentation time. Moreover, it was investigated the survivability ability of L. casei in cashew apple juice during refrigerated storage (4 °C) for 42 days. The optimum conditions for probiotic cashew apple juice production were initial pH 6.4, fermentation temperature of 30 °C, inoculation level of 7.48 Log CFU/mL (L. casei) and 16 h of fermentation process. It was observed that the L. casei grew during the refrigerated storage. Viable cell counts were higher than 8.00 Log CFU/mL throughout the storage period (42 days). The values of lightness, yellowness and total color change increased and the values of redness reduced along the fermentation and refrigerated storage periods. The fermented juice with L. casei is a good and healthy alternative functional food containing probiotics. Cashew apple juice showed to be as efficient as dairy products for L. casei growth.     

Spray-Drying of Probiotic Cashew Apple Juice

Data on spray-drying of fruit juices containing probiotic bacteria are scarce. The main challenge is to avoid the viability losses of the microorganism during drying and storage. In the presented study, the dehydration by spray-drying of cashew apple juice containing Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442, and the influence of the storage temperature (25 and 4 °C) on the viability of L. casei NRRL B-442 and on the physical properties of the powder during 35 days of storage were evaluated. Probiotic cashew apple juice was dehydrated according to the following conditions: inlet temperature of the drying air (120 °C), feed flow rate of juice (0.3 L/h), hot air flow (3.0 m³/min), and pressurized air flow (30 L/min). The outlet temperature was 75 °C. The carriers used were 20 % (w/v) maltodextrin or 10 % (w/v) maltodextrin + 10 % (w/v) gum arabic. Microbial survival rates higher than 90 % were obtained for the powder stored at 4 °C for 35 days (both carriers) and higher than 70 % up to 21 days for the powder obtained using only maltodextrin at 25 °C. Higher yields were obtained only by maltodextrin which was used as carrier (72 %) compared to the yield obtained when the mixture of maltodextrin and gum arabic was applied (60 %). The water activity was kept low (Aw?<?0.30) during the storage, and the characteristic color of the product was maintained.     

Stability and Quality Parameters of Probiotic Cantaloupe Melon Juice Produced with Sonicated Juice

The use of sonicated melon juice as substrate for Lactobacillus casei growth in cantaloupe melon juice and its effect on product quality were investigated. The survival of L. casei in the fermented juice, the product color, the post-acidification and other quality parameters were evaluated in the refrigerated product (4 °C) for a period of 42 days. Storage pH, color, sugar content, lactic acid concentration, biomass and viable cells count were determined. The caloric value of the product was also evaluated. During the refrigerated storage period, acidification and a slight reduction in the number of viable cells were observed. However, a sufficient number of viable cells were observed to guarantee the beneficial properties from probiotic consumption (>8 log CFU?ml^?1) throughout the storage period, for both stocked samples (with and without sugar addition). The product color was also preserved during storage. The developed product resulted in a low caloric product. The caloric value was reduced during the storage period due to sugar consumption by the remaining microorganisms.     

Synbiotic potential of carrot juice supplemented with Lactobacillus spp. and inulin or fructooligosaccharides

BACKGROUND: The influence of the addition of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and the prebiotic components inulin and fructooligosaccharides on carrot juice was investigated in order to evaluate the possibility of producing a functional vegetal beverage. RESULTS: Both bacterial strains were capable of growing in carrot juice, reaching nearly 5 × 10⁹ colony‐forming units after a 48 h fermentation, and the pH was reduced to 3.5–3.7 or below. The viable cell counts of the two lactobacilli in the fermented juice after 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C, demonstrated good survival of the two strains at low pH. Some biochemical characteristics of the fermented juice, such as β‐carotene content and antioxidant activity, were also preserved, indicating that the metabolism of the Lactobacillus spp. did not degrade these nutritional components after 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C. The positive effect was more evident when the juice was inoculated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The presence of inulin and fructooligosaccharides did not alter the cell counts or the biochemical characteristics of the fermented juice. CONCLUSION: We propose this as a health juice and functional beverage for vegetarians or consumers who are allergic to dairy products. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Prebiotic effect of fermented cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L) juice

Leuconostc mesenteroides B-512F and L. mesenteroides B-742 were cultivated in clarified cashew apple juice to produce prebiotic oligosaccharides. Yeast extract (20 g/L); K₂HPO₄ (g/L) and sucrose (50 g/L) were added to the juice to promote the microbial growth and dextransucrase production. Initial pH was adjusted to 6.5 with H₃PO₄. Fermentations were carried out at 30 °C and 150 rpm for 24 h. The prebiotic effect of the fermented cashew apple juice, containing oligosaccharides, was evaluated through the Lactobacillus johnsonii B-2178 growth. L. johnsonii was incubated for 48 h using fermented cashew apple juice as substrate. Lactobacillus growth was compared to the microbial growth in non-fermented juice and in MRS broth. L. johnsonii growth in the fermented cashew apple juice was threefolds the observed growth in the non-fermented juice.     

Probiotic Milk Supplementation with Pea Flour: Microbial and Physical Properties

The effect of skim milk probiotic (L. rhamnosus AD200) fermented beverage supplementation with 1–3 % (w/v) pea flour (PF) or skim milk powder (SM) on acid production, microbial growth, physical properties (pH, syneresis, and color), and rheological properties (dynamic oscillation temperature sweep test at 4–50 °C) after production and during 28-day storage was studied. Acid production and microbial populations (CFU) were enhanced after production and 28-day storage especially for 3 % PF-supplemented sample. The average pH in all samples decreased from 4.5 to 4.04 over 28 days of storage. Syneresis in 1–3 % PF-supplemented probiotic was significantly lower than all other samples. PF supplementation slightly changed the color by increasing yellowness in the final product. PF-supplemented (1–3 %) probiotic fermented milk showed higher storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli in comparison with samples supplemented with 1–3 % SM and the non-supplemented control.     

The influence of natural sweetener (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) on bioactive compounds content in chokeberry juice

The aim was to determine the differences in nutritional quality between chokeberry juices sweetened with sucrose and green stevia powder. The quality of chokeberry juices during refrigerated storage was studied. Chokeberry juices with added green stevia powder had the higher content of analyzed bioactive compounds in comparison with juice samples sweetened with sucrose; vitamin C content increased up to two times, total phenol content up to 6% and antioxidant capacity for 3%. The content of studied bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity during storage in period of 30 and 60 days was significantly reduced with the exception of steviol glycosides which content was not significantly reduced during the storage period.

Practical applications

Chokeberry juice is a popular, widespread product of chokeberry fruit characteristic for the dark intense red color, slightly unpleasant, bitter taste and extremely rich bioactive compounds content. Because of high nutritional quality, chokeberry juice is often consumed but with the biggest barrier of characteristic astringent taste which can be diminished by addition of sweetener. Producers often combine a low‐cost sweeteners like sucrose which shows numerous negative effects on human health. A good alternative to the sucrose and artificial sweeteners are natural sweeteners extracted from the plant material like steviol glycosides. Except sweetness, stevia products like green powder shows beneficial effect on the bioactive compounds content in the juices sweetened with it. Juices sweetened with stevia shows increased content of bioactive compounds, so such product may represent quality product from category of functional food.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A BLENDED NONALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE COMPOSED OF COCONUT WATER AND CASHEW APPLE JUICE CONTAINING CAFFEINE

ABSTRACT

In this work, the stability of a blended beverage composed by coconut water and clarified cashew apple juice (“cajuina”) is presented. The physicochemical, microbiological and sensory stability of a blended nonalcoholic beverage composed of coconut water and cajuina (80:20 v/v) were evaluated during 6 months. The results showed that the beverage presented good stability in all analyzed parameters except for vitamin C, which presented a loss of about 80% of the initial content. The beverage color also presented changes during the storage time. Despite these alterations, the product acceptance during the storage period did not show any rejection.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The development of blended beverages is a good way of improving the nutritional quality of traditional products. By mixing two or more kinds of fruits, a product with more vitamins and minerals and with different sensory and flavor characteristics when compared to the raw materials is obtained. In the present work, coconut water and cashew apple juice were mixed to obtain a different product combining the nutritional components from both fruits. The blended beverage combines the high vitamin C content of the cashew apple juice with the high mineral level of the coconut water. Caffeine was also added conferring stimulating properties to the product. The product acceptance was evaluated by sensory analysis and presented good acceptance until 6 months of storage at room temperature, presenting the required characteristics for a commercial product.

     

Polyphenol oxidase activity,phenolic acid composition and browning in cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale, L.) after processing

This study describes the extraction and characterisation of cashew apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the effect of wounding on cashew apple phenolic acid composition, PPO activity and fruit browning. Purification factor was 59 at 95% (NH₄)₂SO₄ saturation. For PPO activity, the optimal substrate was catechol and the optimum pH was 6.5. PPO K_m and V_max values were 18.8 mM and 13.6 U min⁻¹ ml⁻¹, respectively. Ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium sulphite and sodium metabisulphite decreased PPO activity, while sodium chloride increased PPO activity. Wounding at 2 °C and 27 °C for 24 h increased PPO activity but storage at 40 °C reduced PPO activity. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid (free and conjugate) were identified in cashew apple juice. Cutting and subsequent storage at 40 °C hydrolysed cinnamic acid. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural content in cashew apple juice increased after injury and storage at higher temperatures, indicating non-enzymatic browning.     

Evaluation of Microbial Stability,Bioactive Compounds,Physicochemical Properties,and Consumer Acceptance of Pomegranate Juice Processed in a Commercial Scale Pulsed Electric Field System

This paper investigated the feasibility for pasteurizing raw (100 %) pomegranate juice in a commercial scale pulsed electric field (PEF) processing system. The juice was processed at 35 and 38 kV/cm for 281 μs at 55 °C with a flow rate of 100 L/h. Effect of PEF processing on microbial stability, color, °Brix, pH, sediment, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, anthocyanin, and sensory properties after the treatments and during storage at 4 °C for 12 weeks were studied and compared to those of thermally processed juice. PEF treatments significantly (p?<?0.05) inhibited the growth of total aerobic bacteria, which remained at <2.5 log colony-forming units (CFU)/ml during the 12-week storage. No yeast and mold were detected (<0.69 log CFU/ml) in the PEF-treated juices during storage up to weeks 10 and 12, which is similar to the thermally processed juice. There were no significant differences in pH and °Brix values between the PEF processed juice and unprocessed juice. PEF processing did not alter the contents of total phenolics and anthocyanin as compared to unprocessed juice. PEF processing had significantly (p?<?0.05) less impact on the color of pomegranate juice than thermal processing. PEF-treated juice had the same consumer satisfaction scores as the unprocessed juice, which were significantly (p?<?0.05) higher than thermally processed juice samples. There was no significant difference between the two PEF treatments in all results. This study demonstrated that PEF technology extended microbial shelf-life and preserved the major quality and nutritional characteristics of pomegranate juice, and hence, is technically feasible for commercialization in the juice industry.     

Apple,grape or orange juice: Which one offers the best substrate for lactobacilli growth? — A screening study on bacteria viability,superoxide dismutase activity,folates production and hedonic characteristics

Fermentation can contribute to improve functional aspects of foods. The first goal of this study was to determine amongst apple, grape and orange juices, the one with the best bacterial growth performance during fermentation by Lactobacillus strains from commercial and artisanal food origins, at 40 °C for 48 h. The juice with the highest bacterial growth was evaluated for bacteria viability during 4 weeks of cold storage, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and folates production analyzed through HPLC/fluorimetry. Acceptability of fermented juice was appraised through hedonic analysis. Lactobacilli counts were the highest in apple and the lowest in orange juices at t = 48 h. In most cases, bacteria counts were higher in fermented (5.5 to 9.5 log CFU/ml) than in supplemented apple juices (4.2 to 5.7 log CFU/ml), at the 4th week of cold storage. SOD activity was significantly increased in all apple juices fermented by commercial Lactobacilli strains. Folates were produced in apple juices fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Apple juice was the best substrate for Lactobacillus growth and, considering bacterial viability and overall acceptance by the panelists, Lactobacillus acidophilus L10 was the most suitable strain for apple juice fermentation.     

Probiotic viability and storage stability of yogurts and fermented milks prepared with several mixtures of lactic acid bacteria

Currently, the food industry wants to expand the range of probiotic yogurts but each probiotic bacteria offers different and specific health benefits. Little information exists on the influence of probiotic strains on physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of yogurts and fermented milks. Six probiotic yogurts or fermented milks and 1 control yogurt were prepared, and we evaluated several physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, texture, color, and syneresis), microbial viability of starter cultures (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) and probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus reuteri) during fermentation and storage (35 d at 5°C), as well as sensory preference among them. Decreases in pH (0.17 to 0.50 units) and increases in titratable acidity (0.09 to 0.29%) were observed during storage. Only the yogurt with S. thermophilus, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and L. reuteri differed in firmness. No differences in adhesiveness were determined among the tested yogurts, fermented milks, and the control. Syneresis was in the range of 45 to 58%. No changes in color during storage were observed and no color differences were detected among the evaluated fermented milk products. Counts of S. thermophilus decreased from 1.8 to 3.5 log during storage. Counts of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus also decreased in probiotic yogurts and varied from 30 to 50% of initial population. Probiotic bacteria also lost viability throughout storage, although the 3 probiotic fermented milks maintained counts ≥10⁷ cfu/mL for 3 wk. Probiotic bacteria had variable viability in yogurts, maintaining counts of L. acidophilus ≥10⁷ cfu/mL for 35 d, of L. casei for 7 d, and of L. reuteri for 14 d. We found no significant sensory preference among the 6 probiotic yogurts and fermented milks or the control. However, the yogurt and fermented milk made with L. casei were better accepted. This study presents relevant information on physicochemical, sensory, and microbial properties of probiotic yogurts and fermented milks, which could guide the dairy industry in developing new probiotic products.     

Optimization of the Fermentation of Cantaloupe Juice by Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442

This study was carried out to optimize the fermentation pH and temperature and also the fermentation time for development of a new probiotic fermented drink with cantaloupe juice. The fermented juice was subjected to a storage study during 42?days at 4?°C. The initial pH and temperature influenced the growth of Lactobacillus casei in cantaloupe juice. However, on the microbial viability only the effect of temperature was significant. Optimum conditions for a satisfactory growth and viability of L. casei in cantaloupe juice were as follows: pH?=?6.1 and temperature?=?31?°C. The fermentation time of 8 hours was selected as the optimal fermentation time to prepare the probiotic cantaloupe juice. The cell viability was 8.3 log CFU mL^?1 at the end of the fermentation. This level was kept over the 42?days of refrigerated storage. The consistent growth and viability of the probiotic microorganism in cantaloupe juice during fermentation and storage suggested that melon is a suitable vehicle for L. casei delivering. The fermented juice arises as a good alternative to the traditional dairy based products.     

Potato juice fermented with Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic functional beverage

This study was conducted to evaluate probiotic potato juice as a potential substrate for the production of Lactobacillus casei, and the change in the functionality of potato juice was monitored during fermentation. L. casei grew well in potato juice without nutrient supplementation, and lactic acid bacteria of fermented ‘Haryoung’ juice reached 1.7×10⁹ CFU/mL after a 48 h fermentation. DPPH radical scavenging activities of the potato juices decreased after a 72 h fermentation, but fermented colored potato juice still maintained >50% radical scavenging activity. The survival rate of L. casei fermented in’ Haryoung’ juice was 89.0% after exposure to an acidic condition, and L. casei in all fermented potato juice samples showed the ability (50–85%) to survive in the presence of bile. These results suggest that fermented potato juice might serve as a probiotic functional beverage for vegetarians or consumers who are allergic to dairy products.     

The biological activity of fermented milk produced by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 during cold storage

Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 is an important probiotic strain widely known in dairy technology. However, its capability to produce bioactive peptides from milk proteins has not been studied. The viability of the Lb. casei ATCC 393 strain and some physicochemical properties in fermented milk throughout storage for 21 days at 4 °C was evaluated; biological activity, i.e., antioxidant, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory and anticancer activities of water soluble extract and its filtrate (< 2 kDa; F1) were determined. Lb. casei counts remained over 9 log cfu g⁻¹ during the storage period in fermented milk. These bioactivities were increased significantly (P < 0.01) during storage. F1 of fermented milk after three weeks of storage showed the highest bioactivity impact. De novo sequencing assay for peptide identification was applied to the mass spectrum of F1. The promising capability of Lb. casei ATCC 393 to release bioactive peptides from milk proteins was demonstrated.     

Fermentation of beet juice by beneficial lactic acid bacteria

Red beets were evaluated as a potential substrate for the production of probiotic beet juice by four species of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum). All the lactic cultures were found capable of rapidly utilizing beet juice for cell synthesis and lactic acid production. However, L. acidophilus and L. plantarum produced a greater amount of lactic acid than other cultures and reduced the pH of fermented beet juice from an initial value of 6.3 to below 4.5 after 48 h of fermentation at 30°C. Although the lactic cultures in fermented beet juice gradually lost their viability during cold storage, the viable cell counts of these lactic acid bacteria except for L. acidophilus in the fermented beet juice still remained at 10⁶–10⁸ CFU/ml after 4 weeks of cold storage at 4°C.     

Effect of thermosonication on peroxidase,pectin methylesterase activities and on bioactive compounds in custard apple juice

Custard apple juice faces long term storage challenges such as pink discoloration and bitterness due to peroxidase activity. Therefore, inactivation of peroxidase becomes a necessity for longer shelf life of custard apple and its application in food preparations. Heat processing has certain pitfalls such as loss in nutritional contents of custard apple juice, thereby adversely affecting the sensory quality. In the present study, thermosonication of custard apple juice at a constant temperature of 30?±?1?°C (20 kHz, 67.84 W/cm²) from 0 to 40 min has been studied with respect to peroxidase and pectin methylesterase inactivation. Effect of thermosonication has also been studied on bioactive components such as total phenolics and flavonoids along with enzyme inactivation. Complete inactivation of peroxidase and pectin methylesterase with 0% residual activity was achieved within 40 min and 50 s, respectively. Total phenolics were found to increase from 70.9?±?1.6 to 81.7?±?2.5 mg GAE/g. Sonication was found to have no significant effect (P?>?0.05) on pH, °Brix, titratable acidity. Ascorbic acid content remained relatively unaffected during sonication. Hence, thermosonication may be employed as food processing technique where retention of bioactive components have been achieved along with safety and quality attributes.     

植物乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌对胡柚汁发酵品质及其抗氧化性的影响

适用于果汁发酵的乳酸菌植物乳杆菌L1（Lactobacillus plantarum L1）和发酵乳杆菌L2（Lactobacillus fermentum L2）分别发酵胡柚汁,研究胡柚汁发酵过程中活菌数、酸度、pH值、VC、有机酸和色泽变化,以及乳酸菌对发酵胡柚汁总酚、总黄酮类化合物和抗氧化性的影响。结果表明,2?种乳酸菌在胡柚汁中生长良好,活菌数突破108?CFU/mL,pH值显著降低,酸度和VC显著提高;色差值变化明显,L*值呈下降趋势,a*值、b*值呈上升趋势;有机酸变化显著,酒石酸、柠檬酸、乙酸和乳酸的含量均显著提高,草酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸显著下降,其中乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸的变化最为明显;与未接种乳酸菌相比,抗氧化性显著提高,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基的清除能力分别提高了4.3%、15.9%和0.7%以上;总酚和总黄酮含量均提高。两种乳酸菌接种发酵显著改善了胡柚汁的品质和抗氧化特性,研究结果为胡柚汁益生菌发酵加工及益生菌果汁饮料产品开发提供一定的理论依据。     

Modeling and Optimization of Lactic Acid Production using Cashew Apple Juice as Substrate

The production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus casei B-442 was studied and modeled. Sugar feedstock was provided using cashew apple juice, an alternative glucose and fructose feedstock that proved to yield high concentrations of lactic acid. The fermentations were carried out in a 1-L fermenter under constant agitation (150 rpm) and controlled pH (6.5). Lactic acid production was evaluated through a dynamic study, varying the initial concentration of sugar in the range of 20 to 60 g/L. Biomass, reducing sugars, and lactic acid concentration were measured throughout the experiments. The highest production of lactic acid (59.3 g/L) was obtained operating the fermentation with 60 g/L of reducing sugar from the cashew apple juice. A rigorous kinetic model was developed for batch fermentation of cashew apple juice for lactic acid production by L. casei B-442. The growth of biomass and lactic acid production were affected by substrate limitation, substrate inhibition and lactic acid inhibition. The model assumed growth- and non-growth-associated lactic acid production and a term for microorganism death was also included in the model. Parameters of the kinetic model were determined based on experimental data by using the least mean squares method and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The model validation was performed and the model was statistically able to fit the profiles for growth of biomass, sugar consumption and lactic acid production. The optimization of the process, using the model, was carried out and the optimum operating conditions aiming highest productivity, lowest production cost and highest gross profit are presented.     

百香果—苹果复合发酵型乳饮料工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

目的:制作一款新型百香果、苹果发酵乳饮料。方法:以百香果、苹果和纯牛奶为原料,以感官评价、蛋白质含量为指标,利用模糊数学评价法,考察苹果汁添加量、百香果汁添加量、蔗糖添加量、发酵时间、菌种接种量对百香果—苹果风味发酵乳感官品质的影响,并对发酵乳的抗氧化性及各项指标进行检测。结果:百香果—苹果风味发酵乳的最佳配方为纯牛奶82.59%,百香果汁2.35%,苹果汁8.00%,蔗糖7.00%,增稠剂0.06%,菌种0.002 06%,发酵时间6.50 h。此条件下,发酵乳的感官评分为8.99,蛋白质含量为3.12 g/100 g,其理化指标和卫生指标均符合相关国标要求。抗氧化性结果表明,百香果—苹果乳饮料发酵后对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除率均比发酵前有所提升,分别为77.7%,45.7%。结论:最佳配方下得到的发酵乳呈淡黄色,具有良好的组织状态,无乳清析出,不分层,具有百香果和苹果的清香和发酵乳特有风味,酸甜比例合适。