Effect of Fat Replacement by Inulin on Textural and Structural Properties of Short Dough Biscuits

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inulin as fat replacer on short dough biscuits and their corresponding doughs. A control formulation, with no replacement, and four formulations in which 10, 20, 30, and 40 % of shortening was replaced by inulin were studied. In the dough, shortening was observed surrounding flour components. At higher fat replacement levels, flour was more available for hydration leading to significant (P?<?0.05) harder doughs: from 2.76 (0.12)?N in 10 % fat-replaced biscuits to 5.81 (1.56)?N in 30 % fat-replaced ones. Biscuit structure was more continuous than dough structure. A continuous fat layer coated the matrix surface, where starch granules were embedded. In general, weight loss during baking and water activity decreased significantly (P?<?0.05) as fat replacement increased. Biscuit dimensions and aeration decreased when fat replacement increased, e.g., width gain was +1.20 mm in 10 % fat-replaced biscuits and only +0.32 mm in 40 % fat-replaced ones. Panelist found biscuits with 20 % of fat replacement slightly harder than control biscuits. It can be concluded that shortening may be partially replaced, up to 20 %, with inulin. These low fat biscuits are similar than the control biscuits, and they can have additional health benefits derived from inulin presence.     

Study on Resistant Starch Functionality in Short Dough Biscuits by Oscillatory and Creep and Recovery Tests

The effect of wheat flour replacement by a resistant starch-rich ingredient (RSRI) on the structure of short dough biscuits was studied by oscillatory and creep and recovery tests to determine linear viscoelastic properties. The RSRI was substituted for the flour at three different levels, 20%, 40% and 60% (w/w). The use of RSRI increased the elastic and the viscous moduli but did not influence tan δ. The compliance values during the creep test were adjusted successfully to the Burger model. The creep and recovery test revealed an increase in elasticity and resistance to flow and a decrease in deformability with RSRI, but the differences were only significant at the 40% and 60% levels. The RSRI did not affect relative recovery, thus no effect on the type of structure is expected. Deformability was positively correlated with biscuit spread during baking.     

玫瑰花粉对面团流变学特性及酥性饼干品质的影响

本文研究玫瑰花粉对面团流变学特性及酥性饼干品质的影响。通过在低筋小麦粉中添加玫瑰花粉(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%),研究混粉面团的粉质特性、糊化特性、溶剂保持力(Solvent Retention Capcity,SRC)及面团质构的变化对玫瑰花酥性饼干品质的影响。结果表明:添加玫瑰花粉的面团吸水率增大、稳定时间缩短、形成时间延长、弱化度增大,同时饼干面团的硬度增加,粘着性降低。与对照组(不添加玫瑰花粉)相比,玫瑰花粉添加量为15%时,饼干的硬度、酥脆性、脆度、咀嚼性分别为1252.875 g、0.343 g/sec、10.667 g·sec、1995.403 g,饼干的感官评分最高(85分),玫瑰花饼干风味浓郁,口感酥脆。     

松茸粉对面团流变特性及饼干品质的影响

为研究添加松茸粉对面团流变特性和饼干品质的影响,对不同添加量松茸粉面团的热机械学特性、淀粉糊化特性和动态流变学特性进行分析,同时测定松茸曲奇饼干的物理特性、感官评价及营养品质。结果表明,添加松茸粉使得面团的稳定时间、最大黏度指数、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度显著降低,蛋白弱化度增加,面团面筋蛋白结构被破坏。随着松茸粉添加量的增加,tan δ先升高后降低,面团弹性先降低后升高,曲奇饼干的硬度和感官评分先升高后降低。当松茸粉添加量达到6%时,松茸曲奇的风味和口感更易被接受。与普通曲奇相比,松茸曲奇的蛋白质和膳食纤维含量分别提高了58.08%和191.24%,必需氨基酸含量升高了32.77%,氨基酸评价更接近联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织标准,营养价值更优。     

Correlation Between Fracture of Semi-sweet Hard Biscuits and Dough Viscoelastic Properties

Semi-sweet hard dough biscuits were considered in the present work which aims at assessing whether biscuit failure mode and dough viscoelastic properties, which depend on the resting time after mixing, can be correlated to one another. Uniaxial compressions were performed on rested biscuit doughs to determine biaxial extensional viscosities. The experimental data seemed strongly dependent on the compression rate in the 1-20 mm/min range of crosshead speed. The stress growth trend observed for doughs of different resting time showed that the extent of structural recovery increased with resting. The rheological behuviour of dough under higher extensional deformation was evaluated by means of tensile and tensilerelaxation tests, the result of which can be directly related to the sheeting extensional deformation. These data confirmed the picture of dough structural recovery. Rheological investigations were coupled with DSC determinations of the glass transition temperature, The higher Tg found for rested doughs was tentatively attributed to gluten protein polymerisation. It was finally shown that the failure mode of biscuits changes with the resting time after mixing: the longer the rest, the less the biscuit strength.     

山药粉对面团特性和韧性饼干品质的影响

为研究山药粉添加量对面团特性和饼干营养品质的影响,本文分析不同山药粉添加量对面团粉质特性、糊化特性、质构特性、面筋含量及韧性饼干感官品质的影响,同时评价最佳工艺条件下饼干的营养品质。结果表明,随着山药粉添加量的持续加大,面团形成时间、稳定时间、衰减值、面团弹性及饼干感官质量先增加后降低,面团弱化度持续削减,最低粘度、峰值粘度和最终粘度及回生值呈现持续增加。当山药粉添加量为20%时,韧性饼干的口感较好,带有山药风味。与普通韧性饼干相比,脂肪含量和快速消化淀粉含量分别显著降低12%和23%(P<0.05),蛋白质、黄酮、慢速消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量分别增加15%、33%、11%和22%(P<0.05)。山药韧性饼干符合现代饼干市场需求。     

黑玉米全粉对小麦面团流变学特性及酥性饼干品质的影响

为了拓宽黑玉米全粉在烘焙食品领域的应用,将黑玉米全粉以0~50%的比例替代强中筋小麦粉,利用黏度仪、粉质及拉伸仪等研究黑玉米全粉替代对小麦粉理化特性及面团热机械特性的影响;利用质构仪、感官评价研究黑玉米全粉替代对酥性饼干品质特性的影响。结果表明,黑玉米全粉的加入对面筋网络结构起到阻隔和断裂作用,湿面筋含量及沉降值分别下降了73.2%、71.0%,面团筋度显著降低。黑玉米全粉替代显著改变了面团的流变学特性,面团形成时间、稳定时间下降,弱化度升高;拉伸能量、延伸度、最大拉伸阻力下降,面团强度、稳定性及耐搅拌性降低,加工性能劣化。黑玉米全粉替代小麦粉酥性饼干的延展因子、质构特性及感官评价指标综合分析结果显示,20%黑玉米全粉添加量的饼干延展因子最大,组织结构细密均匀,表面光滑无裂纹,咀嚼性及硬度最大,酥脆性最好,口感最佳。黑玉米全粉酥性饼干常温下6个月保质期内水分、酸价、过氧化值及菌群总数、大肠菌群、霉菌、致病菌指标都符合国家标准。20%的黑玉米全粉添加量使得小麦粉面团在筋度适当下降的同时获得具有黑玉米风味、口感较好的酥性饼干,该研究可为黑玉米全粉在食品加工行业的应用提供理论依据。     

儿童健脾养胃酥性饼干的研制

以改良酥性饼干配方为基础,添加具有保健功能的药食兼用食材陈皮、山楂、山药、木糖醇,研发适合儿童食用且具有健脾养胃功能的酥性饼干。在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验,确定儿童健脾养胃酥性饼干的最佳配方工艺,结果为:陈皮用量1.2%,山楂用量0.6%,山药用量2.4%,木糖醇用量6.0%,配合酥性饼干基础配方在烘烤工艺烘烤温度190℃,烘烤时间18 min的条件下可得到最优的饼干产品。     

复配多糖延缓面团消化及降低餐后血糖的作用

为研究复配多糖对面团消化及餐后血糖的影响,通过体外模拟胃肠消化实验筛选效果优良的天然多糖进行复配,探究不同多糖复配组对淀粉消化相关酶的体外抑制作用并测定多糖-面团体系的质构特性,最后以小鼠餐后血糖实验进行效果验证。结果表明：从10种不同来源的天然多糖中筛选确定添加量之比均为2:2:1的黄芪多糖、灰树花多糖、桦褐孔菌粗多糖复配组合（命名为：黄芪复配组）及黄花菜多糖、灰树花多糖、桦褐孔菌粗多糖复配组合（命名为：黄花菜复配组）延缓面团消化的效果最好。黄芪复配组及黄花菜复配组均能抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,抑制的IC50 值分别为13.65 μg/mL和10.63 μg/mL。质构数据显示多糖复配组可能限制面团中淀粉面筋网络的形成,抑制其消化速率。餐后血糖动物实验显示黄花菜复配组降低小鼠餐后血糖的效果最佳,黄芪复配组的降糖效果与阳性药阿卡波糖相当。结果证明,复配多糖可以延缓面团消化及降低餐后血糖。     

不同和面机的和面效果分析

使用HM-790立式单轴调速型、HWH-25卧式型、SZH-20双驱双动型、SM-25双驱双动型4种和面机进行试验,测定面团的水分均匀性、面筋指数和湿面筋含量3个指标来证明不同和面机的和面效果。结果表明,在一定范围内转速越快,面团水分分布越快均匀,且双驱双动型和面机性能优于其他和面机;转速过高时前期水分分散速度反而较慢,后期分散迅速;总体趋势为和面机搅拌速度越快,面筋含量达到最大值的时间越短,达到最大值后下降的速度越快;可调速搅拌机的试验证明:中速与高速面筋形成的速度基本一样,但中速搅拌的面筋含量下降速率为-0.143,较慢速的-0.252和快速搅拌的-0.273要慢得多;面筋指数与面筋含量变化规律大致相同。综合考虑各因素,双驱双动型和面机性能明显优于单轴立式调速型和面机以及卧式和面机,且和面机的中速搅拌对于馒头面团调制最为合适。     

科学认识食糖、合理消费食糖

首先介绍了食糖消费增长缓慢和甜味剂产量稳定增长的甜味市场现状,接着从政策导向因素、宣传导向因素、成本效益导向因素、居民营养及健康因素、缺少科学的食糖宣传等5个方面分析食糖消费受阻的原因,着重强调要科学认识食糖,从食糖本身的生理功能和医药价值表明:糖是大脑和神经系统的唯一能源,适量吃糖有益健康.最后指出:合理消费食糖要做好舆论宣传工作,以及行业共同参与是做好食糖消费宣传工作的有力支撑.     

复合添加剂改善面包冷冻面团质量的试验研究

冷冻面团的出现为面食制品和主食的工业化、标准化、连锁化生产创造了条件，但是冷冻面团在应用过程中会出现各种各样的问题。本文全面分析了影响冷冻面团流变学特性的主要因素，研究了酶制剂、硬酯酰乳酸钙钠、谷朊粉、维生素C、磷酸盐时冷冻面团流变学特性的影响，通过正交试验确定了复合冷冻面团品质改良剂的最佳配比，大大改善了冷冻面团的流变学特性，使其烘焙的面包品质大大提高。     

Effect of the Sugar Replacement by Citrus Fibre on the Physical and Structural Properties of Wheat-Corn Based Extrudates

Citrus fibre was used as a substitute for sucrose in the formulation of wheat-corn-based extrudates produced using twin screw extruder. Replacing 5 % sugar with an equal quantity of fibre resulted in an increase in die pressure, torque and specific mechanical energy (SME), and consequently the expansion ratio increased. A further increase in fibre content to 10 % (e.g. reducing sugar to 0 %) had little effect on the extrusion processing parameters. The microstructure of extrudates examined by X-ray computed tomography shows that the porosity of the extrudates increased with increasing fibre content, which was attributed to an increased number of large pores. As the citrus fibre content increased, the maximum force required to fracture the extrudate increased; however, the cell wall thickness decreased. This suggests that the fibre component may have contributed to the strength of the cell wall. This study demonstrated a potential utilisation of fibre from by-product of juice extraction as a source of dietary fibre in low sugar-extruded products.     

膳食纤维对饼干体外消化速率的抑制作用

本研究以马铃薯全粉/籼米粉混合物(3:2)制作饼干(P1)作为对照,分别将燕麦麸(28%)、菊粉(22%)、燕麦麸/菊粉(28%/22%)添加至马铃薯全粉/籼米粉混合物(3:2)中制成饼干P2,P3和P4。通过测定淀粉糊化特性、淀粉水解率、葡萄糖释放量、蛋白质水解率及氨基酸含量等指标,采用体外模拟胃肠消化方法考察燕麦麸、菊粉对不同配方饼干中淀粉和蛋白质消化特性的影响。结果表明,添加燕麦麸、菊粉可降低饼干中淀粉的糊化度,淀粉糊化度从低到高依次为P4(33.41%),P2(38.23%),P3(38.35%),P1(53.79%)。燕麦麸和菊粉能延缓淀粉水解产生葡萄糖,葡萄糖释放量从低到高依次为P3(101.56μg/m L),P4(102.29μg/m L),P2(108.63μg/m L),P1(125.46μg/m L),菊粉对饼干中淀粉代谢的影响大于燕麦麸。饼干P1淀粉含量最高(78.35%),累积葡萄糖释放量最高(125.46μg/m L),淀粉水解率最低(31.92%)。燕麦麸和菊粉能抑制蛋白质水解率,胃部蛋白质水解率从低到高依次为P2(53.79%)、P4(64.86%)、P3(74.28%)、P1(83.24%),燕麦麸对饼干中蛋白代谢的影响大于菊粉。由此可见,添加燕麦麸、菊粉可在一定程度上抑制饼干的体外消化速率。     

马铃薯全粉对酥性饼干理化性质和结构的影响

该文将0%～40%的马铃薯全粉添加到低筋小麦粉中制作酥性饼干,研究马铃薯全粉代替低筋小麦粉对酥性饼干产生的影响。测定饼干的质构特性（texture profile analysis,TPA）、色度值、巯基含量和粗蛋白含量并对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR）分析及感官评价等。结果表明,添加马铃薯全粉,使面团的内聚性、黏性和弹性整体呈下降趋势,硬度增加;使酥性饼干的硬度降低,酥脆性增加,丰富其蛋白质构成,对酥性饼干的品质产生积极影响。随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,面团结构逐渐松散,与TPA 数据结果一致。通过红外光谱图可以看出马铃薯全粉添加前后面团的峰值在3 406 cm-1（OH 伸缩振动）和1 500～1 000 cm-1（C—H 的弯曲振动）处有明显差异,表明马铃薯全粉的添加主要影响蛋白-淀粉网络结构以及面筋蛋白与水的结合,进而影响酥性饼干的性质。综合各方面指标及感官评价,马铃薯全粉最佳添加量为30%～35%。     

丙烯酰胺抑制剂对曲奇面团流变学和烘焙特性的影响

通过引入天冬酰胺酶和/或甜菊苷到曲奇配方中替代部分糖以抑制其生产过程中丙烯酰胺的生成,分析单独或同时添加这两种配料时曲奇面团的动态流变学特性、硬度和曲奇饼干的烘焙感官特性。结果表明：当单独添加天冬酰胺酶(1000 ASNU)时可降低曲奇样品中天冬酰胺含量(0.045mg/g)的67%,从而抑制95%丙烯酰胺的生成,且不会影响曲奇产品的烘焙特性。而天冬酰胺酶和甜菊苷同时添加时可抑制样品中96%丙烯酰胺的生成。动态流变学结果表明：引入天冬酰胺酶不会影响曲奇面团的流变学性质,而甜菊苷的加入会增加面团的弹性模量G＇和黏性模量G〃,这是因为甜菊苷替代面团中糖成分后促进曲奇面团面筋网络的形成。但是,部分糖被取代后会改变曲奇的一些烘焙特性,如：水分含量增加,曲奇饼干颜色变淡,延展率和破碎力降低。感官分析结果表明：感官评定者不能接受45%和60%糖取代量的曲奇,但可以接受15%或30%糖取代量的曲奇。