Thermostat strategies impact on energy consumption in residential buildings

This paper identifies the impact of thermostat strategies on heating and cooling energy consumptions in buildings, thus suggesting the importance of a database for understanding the effect of thermostat settings and for deciding energy-conscious strategies.Using computer simulation, diverse thermostat strategies – change of setback period, change of set-point temperature, and change of setback temperature – were tested parametrically in a typical USA single-family homes, located in two climate zones, namely cold (Detroit, Michigan) and hot-humid (Miami, Florida).Analysis revealed that heating and cooling systems were significant energy-consuming components in each climate zone. Accordingly, heating energy in cold climate zones and cooling energy in hot-humid climate zones have potential for matchingly significant saving. Diverse thermostat strategies (changes of setback period, of set-point, of setback temperature) demonstrated their obvious impacts on such saving. In the cold climate in particular, the heating system showed the most significant energy-saving effect via proper thermostat strategies. Proper setback period, set-point and setback temperature need to be established to achieve energy efficiency in residential buildings.     

基于节能评估的商住楼建筑能耗分析

民用建筑节能评估工作利国利民,从社会效益看,控制了项目总能耗;从建设单位看,控制了整体造价;从消费者看,宜居程度得到了保障。从温州生态园某商住楼项目实际情况出发,结合项目特点和当下主流建筑技术手段、科学分析手段,实践低碳城市建设,供业内同行参考。     

商业建筑的空调系统能耗指标分析

在商业建筑能耗调查统计数据的基础上,分析了目前国内商业建筑节能工作中存在的问题,结合国外的商业建筑能耗指标研究方法,提出了建立我国的商业建筑能耗指标体系的构想和激励推动机制。     

武汉市公共建筑集中空调系统能耗分析

对武汉市9座公共建筑集中空调系统的能耗进行了调研，给出建筑能耗和空调能耗数据，并对数据进行了分析，指出武汉市集中空调系统的运行处于抑制需求和能源利用不合理的,提出提高节能意识，选择高性能设备，充分利用武汉市自然资源等降低能耗的措施。     

Opaque envelope parameters versus energy consumption in commercial buildings in Brazil

This article presents an analysis of the energy performance of commercial buildings as a function of the influence of the overall heat transfer coefficient of the external walls and roof. Cases with different internal load densities, exterior absorptance, patterns of use, window-to-wall ratios and other parameters were simulated to analyse their influence on the annual energy consumption. The analysis was carried out through computer simulation using the EnergyPlus program and weather files for Florianopolis, Curitiba and Sao Luis. Two building typologies were adopted: a five-storey office building and a one-storey commercial store. These results show that the limits adopted by ASHRAE Standard 90.1 can be exceeded, depending on the case and climate analysed, as using high values of overall heat transfer coefficient in the walls can help to dissipate the internal heat gain to the exterior, minimizing the air conditioning energy consumption.     

上海公共建筑能耗现状及节能潜力分析

根据上海地区办公楼、商办楼、宾馆和商厦能耗调研的数据，对上海公共建筑空调能耗的现状作了评价。认为上海建筑用能水平较低，用能不尽合理，提出用系统能量效率比用单位面积平均一次能耗量作为建筑节能的评价指标更为合理。     

Simplified energy analysis methodology for commercial buildings

Commercial building energy analyses may be used for new building design, energy end use forecasting and energy audit calculations. Many building simulation programs, such as DOE 2.1A or BLAST, are quite complex and must be run by specialists on main frame computers. A simplified method of commercial building energy analysis has been developed that utilizes a database of previous DOE 2.1A simulations to predict the outcome of other simulations. We have applied this methodology to an office building in one climate region and have found that it predicts heating, cooling, and total energy use very accurately. The main advantage of this methodology is that less specialized skill is required and only a microcomputer is needed to perform the analyses. Therefore, energy analyses can be done cheaply and quickly.     

Heating energy consumption and resulting environmental impact of European apartment buildings

Buildings have direct environmental impacts, ranging from the use of raw materials for their construction and renovation to the consumption of natural resources, like water and fossil fuels, and the emission of harmful substances. Data on heating energy consumption were collected during the audits of 193 European residential buildings in five countries. The available data were analysed in order to assess the influence of envelope thermal insulation, age and condition of heating system, on the heating energy consumption and the resulting environmental impact. About 38% of the audited buildings have an annual heating energy consumption more than the European average (174.3 kWh/m²), about 30% of the buildings have higher airborne emissions than the European averages and 23% of the buildings have higher solid waste emissions than the European averages. Polish buildings have the highest average heating energy consumption (63% of the buildings above the European average). French and Polish buildings have the highest production of airborne emissions, while Polish buildings have the highest emissions of solid wastes.     

Characteristics of electricity consumption in commercial buildings

Average annual electricity use per gross floor area is 236kWh/m²yr for offices and 366kWh/m²yr for hotels. HVAC and lighting account for 70-80% of total energy in fully air-conditioned commercial buildings in Hong Kong and should be a priority for energy management programmes.     

Establishing target-oriented energy consumption quotas for buildings

The energy assessment of public buildings is currently emerging as an imperative of the Chinese government. However, in setting the overall control targets for entire regions, effective and specific energy consumption quotas (ECQs) for individual buildings are not specified. In this paper, in an effort to meet the energy conservation targets of the 12th Five-Year Plan, new methods for establishing target-oriented and equitable ECQs are proposed and applied in the assessment of a particular group of government office buildings in Beijing. The respective annual ECQs for electricity and gas were established for each building, and a corresponding year-end assessment was conducted. The core concept of the methods could be applied to other types of buildings and this concept could therefore provide important guidance for future policymaking.     

Simulation of energy consumption for Kuwaiti domestic buildings

Economic and industrial development in countries which have a dry desert climate has led to an increasing demand for electricity, much of which is consumed in air conditioning systems, which is used extensively to overcome the indoor thermal discomfort during the harsh summer seasons. Reduction of energy consumption in buildings is a major aim worldwide and is a particular challenge in desert climate. Such conditions exist in a number of areas throughout the world: one such area is the state of Kuwait. In Kuwait, the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) issued an energy conservation code in 1983, which is still in force and has not been modified, whereas more effective energy-efficient products and techniques have been developed since then. In addition, electrical energy in Kuwait is highly subsidized by the government, with complete disregard to the new products and techniques. Thus, well-defined energy conservation code with effective and energy-efficient design would have both economical and environmental benefits for the Kuwaiti government. Furthermore, practical applications using building and plant simulation programs are becoming increasingly accepted as a design tool for carrying out or confirming the performance of proposed building designs or to evaluate the effects of varying design parameters. A building model representative of a typical Kuwaiti dwelling has been implemented and encoded within the TRNSYS-IISIBAT environment. A typical meteorological year for Kuwait was prepared and used to predict the cooling loads of the air-conditioned dwelling. Several parametric studies were conducted to enable sensitivity analyses of energy-efficient domestic buildings to be carried out, namely relating to building envelope, window type, size and direction, infiltration and ventilation. Simulation results have shown the desirable features that should be adopted in domestic buildings, with a view to modification of the energy conservation code.     

A review on buildings energy consumption information

The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc.). The global contribution from buildings towards energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has steadily increased reaching figures between 20% and 40% in developed countries, and has exceeded the other major sectors: industrial and transportation. Growth in population, increasing demand for building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, assure the upward trend in energy demand will continue in the future. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national and international levels. Among building services, the growth in HVAC systems energy use is particularly significant (50% of building consumption and 20% of total consumption in the USA). This paper analyses available information concerning energy consumption in buildings, and particularly related to HVAC systems. Many questions arise: Is the necessary information available? Which are the main building types? What end uses should be considered in the breakdown? Comparisons between different countries are presented specially for commercial buildings. The case of offices is analysed in deeper detail.     

住宅建筑能耗统计方法的研究

根据我国建筑热工气候区划下的气候、社会等条件以及供暖空调方式等特点,提出了住宅建筑能耗统计体系的框架。从住宅建筑概况、住户基本资料、能耗设备的拥有量和使用情况以及住宅能耗量等方面建立起住宅建筑能耗统计指标体系,在此基础上制定了整套报表以对市、省以及全国范围内的住宅建筑能耗情况逐层进行统计,并以湖南省某市住宅建筑能耗情况为例进行统计分析,以验证统计方法的可行性。     

The impact of town planning on the microclimatic conditions and energy consumption of residential buildings

An inexpensive conversion of a mirrored artificial sky from an overcast sky source to a clear sky source allows more extensive model investigation. For a solar altitude angle of 40°, the model sees the relative CIE standard clear sky luminance distribution away from the sun caused by a low perimeter source illuminating a cloth drape covering the mirrored walls. Problems in calibrating the “sky” are explained and compared to a model in a similar real sky and a computer calculation. The errors due to a shifts in angular relationship to the luminance distribution of a close artificial sky source are calculated for different room locations, window types and model sizes.     

长江流域住宅建筑节能季节划分及能耗影响

介绍了建筑节能季节的定义和划分依据,讨论了城市的建筑节能季节和建筑的建筑节能季节的划分方法.以重庆市为例,分析了节能水平对建筑节能季节的影响,以及建筑节能季节划分对能耗的影响.     

大型公共建筑能耗统计实际费耗比能耗评价方法

提出了建筑和供暖空调系统实际费耗比及其标准煤倍数的概念,基于建筑能源总账单,给出了其评价方法;采用该评价方法评价分析了大连市机关办公建筑、大型商场建筑、高档宾馆、医院建筑、电信建筑和写字楼的能耗.结果表明,实际费耗比能耗评价A--法易于判断能耗统计分析工作的合理性和正确性,便于确定建筑能耗的合理取值范围.     

Energy consumption and environmental impact of buildings

Ninety-Eight per cent of Norwegian low-rise housing construction is in timber frame, a technique which has reached a high level of perfection with regards to thermal efficiency, air tightness and speed of erection. This paper makes a comprehensive life cycle analysis of both timber-frame and log construction.