残余压应力场中疲劳短裂纹扩展模型及实验

结合实验讨论了残余应力对裂纹扩展作用的模型及其存在的问题。指出用公式△Ｋｅｆｆ＝（Ｋｍａｘ＋λＫｒ）－Ｋｏｐ中较准确地计算出残余压应力场中裂纹的扩展速率。残余压应力既使裂纹闭合力提高，又使最大应力强度因子降低，两者均使裂纹扩展驱动力△Ｋｅｆｆ减少，因而降低了裂纹的扩展速率。     

TRANSFORMATION OF RETAINED AUSTENITE IN CARBURIZED CASE DURING FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The morphology of the retained austenite in the carburized case of 20CrNiMo steel and itstransformation during fatigue crack propagation through the case were investigated by usingX-ray and TEM analysis.In the carburized case both film and block shaped retainedaustenite were found.Due to the crystallographic orientation relationship at the interface,thefatigue crack is inclined to pass through the block shaped retained austenite and thereby stim-ulates its strain-induced martensitie transformation.During the process of the fatigue frac-ture,most of the retained austenite structures on the crack path are transformed into themartensite,and the untranaformed parts on the fracture surface remain less than 6%.Thetransformation of the retained austenite,which is restrieted mainly within the plastic zone,oc-curs only during the proeess of fracture,and is independent of the magnitudes of the externalstress,stress ratio and cyclic number.The volume expansion accompanying the transforma-tion creates an additional residual displacement of about 0.44μm on fracture surfaces,whichis equivalent to the magnitude of the plasticity-induced residual displacement.The phasetransformation induced fatigue crack closure is believed to be an important factor affectingthe fatigue crack behaviors in the high carbon laver of the carburized case.     

疲劳断裂过程中渗碳层残余奥氏体的转变

研究了20CrNiMo钢微氮渗碳层中残余奥氏体的形态,及其在疲劳断裂过程中的转变和作用。结果表明:渗碳层残余奥氏体有薄膜状和块状两种形态,由于界面取向的影响,疲劳裂纹更易于穿过块状奥氏体,促使其发生应变诱发马氏体相变。在疲劳断裂过程中,裂纹面附近的残余奥氏体大部分转变成马氏体,这种转变是在断裂瞬间发生的,与疲劳力学条件无关。转变所引起的体积膨胀增强了裂纹闭合效应。相变诱发闭合是渗碳表层高碳区疲劳裂纹扩张行为的主要因素之一。     

一种等应力试样中的疲劳短裂纹行为

设计了一种三角形试样,当施加弯曲载荷时,该试样等腰三角形段内的表面拉应力为常数。采用振动试验机对所设计的试样进行疲劳试验,以研究一种焊接金属表面疲劳短裂纹萌生和发展特征。结果表明,疲劳短裂纹起源于铁素体晶内的滑移带。随疲劳周次增加,短裂纹发展以裂纹密度不断增加为主要特征。短裂纹的汇合造成裂纹发展且裂纹路径以穿晶为主。     

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION FOR BIAXIAL STRESS CYCLING

Based on the experimental study of complex biaxial mode Ⅰ fatigue crack growth and thediscussion on Von Mises'theory,a new approach is proposed for correlating crack propaga-tion rate under both in-phase and out-of-phase biaxial stress cycling.The results emphasizethe contribution of plasticity to fatigue crack growth.     

双轴加载条件下疲劳裂纹扩展的研究

在双轴加载条件下对Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展进行了研究。载荷范围从0.08σ_s到0.71σ_3,包括比例加载和非比例加载。基于对Von Mises理论的讨论,提出一个新的力学参数。双轴加载条件下的弹塑性参数P成功地描述了双轴比例加载和非比例加载下的疲劳裂纹扩展。     

国产海洋用钢36Z焊缝腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的研究SCIEI

本文给出了国产海洋用钢36z焊缝及热影响区在人工合成海水中不同频率的裂纹扩展特征,并与国外同样强度级别的海洋用钢A537焊缝的裂纹扩展率进行了比较。结果表明,在人工合成海水中国产钢焊缝和热影响区低频比高频下的裂纹扩展率分别高3—5倍和4—10倍;国产钢焊缝与A537焊缝的裂纹扩展率基本相当。本文对腐蚀介质下焊缝裂纹扩展规律和断裂特征进行了讨论。     

SHORT FATIGUE CRACK BEHAVIOUR IN ISO-STRESS SPECIMENS

Fatigue tests were made on a vibration machine using specially designed specimens to investi-gate the initiation and propagation features of short fatigue cracks in a weld metal.The spec-imens were triangular in shape so that when loaded as a cantilever beam the surface tensilestress is constant.Test results show that short fatigue cracks mainly originate from slip bandswithin ferrite grains.The development of short fatigue cracks is marked by a gradual increasein crack density with fatigue cycles.Coalescence of short cracks leads to crack propagationand the crack path is predominantly transgranular.     

SHORT FATIGUE CRACK PARAMETER BASED ON THE TOTAL CRACK AREA

1. Introduction The initiation and propagation behavior of short cracks occupies a significant fraction of the fatigue life of unflawed material[13]. For this reason an understanding of the basic characteristics of short cracks in a smooth specimen is very important. There have been some studies concerned with the multiplication of cracks during fatigue in carbon steels[3~1 and a stainless steel1~J. In particular Goto reported that there is a continuous formation of microcracks during the en…     

单晶Nb循环变形过程中疲劳裂纹的萌生及其机制

用光学显微镜，扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了Ｎｂ单晶在循环变形后的表面形貌和饱和时的错组态。发现疲劳裂纹的萌生和表面形变带有关，当滑移线和形变带方向平行时，在双形变带的公共皱折处很容易萌生疲劳裂纹，已萌生裂纹呈交滑移特征，在裂纹萌生处附近，有很多由交滑移引起的滑移台阶，根据我们的实验结果，从理论上对Ｍｏｔｔ的疲劳裂纹萌生模型进行修正，也为Ｍｏｔｔ模型提供了实验依据，     

用柔度法和数值法确定疲劳裂纹的闭合效应SCIEI

用柔度法中的裂尖应变法测定了车轴钢缺口裂纹的张开载荷。根据车轴钢的循环应力应变曲线,利用ADINA非线性有限元程序分析了裂尖附近的应力应变场。计算了缺口裂纹的张开载荷。柔度法和数值法的结果吻合。本文提出敏感点的概念,实测张开载荷的关键在于将应变片布置在敏感点上。实测和有限元计算证实敏感点是裂尖前方应变线性最佳而应变值又较大的位置。     

疲劳裂纹尖端的位错结构

在双相钢物理短裂纹门槛区，观察到稳定的位错胞和墙结构；长裂纹门槛区，在铁素体／马氏体相界堆垛位错密度大，有形成位错胞的趋势．长裂纹扩展第二阶段，铁素体晶粒内具有单向滑移线（Ｒ＝０，－１）和正交网状（Ｒ＝－１）的位错结构，长裂纹扩展第三阶段，位错稀少，但单滑移、双交滑移位错线明显拉长，说明裂纹尖端位错组态是应变历史的产物．疲劳裂纹扩展门槛区形成的位错胞和墙是一亚稳态结构，与门槛循环应力应变处于动态平衡，也是一微观结构参数．     

RESIDUAL STRESS CONCENTRATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON FATIGUE LIMIT AND SHORT CRACK GROWTH

Residual stress concentration at a notch depends on both notch geometry and yield strength ofthe material.It varies through the depth,and its magnitude may be higher than the theoreticalone.Compressive residual.stress concentration at the notch of shot-peened specimen of softmaterial is easily to he relaxed,with the surface damage during shot-peening results in a mi-nor contribution to the fatigue limit.Compressive residual stress increases the crack closureeffect at the notch and may lead to a non-propagating crack.     

残余应力集中及其对疲劳极限和短裂纹扩展的影响

缺口根部的残余应力存在应力集中效应,应力集中值不仅取决于缺口几何形状而且和材料的屈服强度有关。残余应力集中系数是一个分布值,其数值甚至可超过理论应力集中系数。软试样喷丸后缺口处的残余应力易于松弛及喷丸时的表面损伤使其对疲劳极限的贡献小。残余压应力使缺口处裂纹闭合力增大甚至可出现非扩展裂纹。     

THE CRITICAL STRESS OF FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION FOR MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

<正> 本文选用四种中碳钢,其含碳量及机械性能列于表1.表1中的字母Ⅰ,Ⅱ分別代表一次正火及二次正火加回火的热处理工艺.     

腐蚀疲劳裂纹尖端电化学行为的研究

采用微电极体系和试样背后打孔技术，对３００Ｍ超高强度钢在３．５％ＮａＣｌ水溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹尖端微区溶液电化学行为进行研究，在极化和无极化条件下分别测试裂化溶液的电位△Ｅ和ｐＨ值的变化，结果发现，无极化条件下，裂尖ｐＨ下降，电位上升，裂尖前沿电位和ｐＨ值随裂化分布不均匀，在极化条件下，裂尖电化学特征随极化电位变化而表现不同，基于裂尖电化学行为规律，对腐蚀疲劳裂放展规律进行解释。     

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION OF Ni-BASE SUPERALLOYS

Time-dependent Fatigue Crack Propagation (FCP) behaviors of five Ni-base superalloys were investigated at various temperatures under fatigue with various holding times and sustained loading conditions. The new concept of damage zone is defined and employed to evaluate the alloys‘ resistance to hold-time FCP. A special testing procedure is designed to get the maximum damage zone of the alloys. Udimet 720 and Waspaloy show shorter damage zones than alloys 706 and 718. The fractographieal analyses show that the fracture surfaces of the specimens under hold-time fatigue conditions are mixtures with intergranular and transgranular modes. As the extension of holding time per cycle, the portion of intergranular fracture increases, The effects of loading stress intensity, temperature, holding time, alloy chemisty, and alloy microstructure on damage zone and the crack growth behaviors are studied. Hold-time usually increases the alloy‘s FCP rate, but there are few exemptions. For instance, the steady, state hold-time FCP rate of Waspaloy at 760℃ is lower than that without hold-time. The beneficial effect of hold-time was attributed to the creep caused stress relaxation during the hold-time.     

循环载荷下裂尖形变规律的实验研究

应用散斑干涉技术，在常幅载荷下对疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的一个循环周期内，不同加载阶段的裂尖应变、裂纹张开位移进行了原位测量，给出了裂纹闭合对裂纹张开位移及裂尖形变的影响规律。结果表明：由于裂纹闭合和残余压应力的存在，疲劳裂尖应变与外加载荷的平方并不成正比，在加载初期，裂纹处于闭合状态，裂尖应变无明显变化，随着载荷的增加，裂纹逐渐由远离裂尖处张开并向裂尖发展，一旦裂纹完全张开，裂尖应变迅速增加，对裂尖应力-应变状态的分析表明，裂尖材料的应力-应变关系类似于光滑试样低周拉压疲劳应力-应变滞后关系。     

C—Si—Mn—B贝氏体钢的疲劳裂纹扩展特性

本文研究了C－Si-Mn-B贝氏体钢的疲劳裂纹扩展特性。结果表明,在强度相近的情况下,含1．8％Si钢的门槛值△Kth较0．6％Si钢的低,而且钢中的残余奥氏体对提高△Kth值并非有利。1．8％Si钢的△Kth值随钢的屈服强度降低而提高,然而450℃回火后,虽然△Kt提高,但裂纹扩展速率也显著提高,这表明450℃回火贝氏体脆性促进了疲劳裂纹的扩展。在应力强度因子较高的范围内,疲劳裂纹扩展速率受钢的断裂韧性影响,断裂韧性高,裂纹扩展速率低。     

8090Al—Li合金疲劳短裂纹门槛值的研究

本文研究了8090Al-Li合金穿透疲劳短裂纹的门槛值,测定了不同长度短裂纹的门槛值和裂纹闭合效应,探讨了该合金疲劳短裂纹门槛值、裂纹尾迹和裂尖屏蔽之间的关系,给出了该合金穿透疲劳短裂纹的上界值和理论最低门槛值。