矩形明渠流速分布律及流量自动化测量方法

分析明渠水槽试验结果,建立了矩形断面明渠流速沿垂线分布的抛物线公式和流速横向分布的乘幂函数公式,拟合分析给出了流速分布系数的确定方法.根据提出的明渠流速分布律,给出了确定明渠流量的简易方法,计算相对误差较小,满足明渠流量计算的精度要求.并在此基础上设计了实用流量自动化测量系统.     

明渠水流流速横向分布抛物线律及其应用

依据室内试验和田间实测资料,分析了明渠水流横向流速分布特点,建立了明渠水流横向流速分布抛物线律,给出了参数的确定方法,并结合明渠垂向流速双幂律提出了明渠测流方法。实测资料验证表明:用抛物线律表达明渠水流横向流速分布具有较高的精度,在(1-2x/Bi)>0.1范围内,除个别点外,计算流速相对误差小于5%;利用抛物线律及双幂律建立的明渠测流方法,精度较高,对不同形式及断面尺寸的渠道具有较强的适应性。     

采用流管元测量冰期流量及流速分布的方法

北方河流冰期测流需要在冰盖上沿断面打孔,再测量各孔垂线流速分布,最后通过流速积分得到冰盖下的总流量。这种传统的冰期测流是一项耗时耗力且高风险的工作,限制了冰期流量流速资料的采集。本文基于流管元法和爱因斯坦的断面分区方法,提出一种基于理论公式的冰期测流方法。该方法被用于实验条件下复式断面的流速分布和黄河不同断面的流量计算。结果显示新方法获得的断面流量、单宽流量分布和水深平均的流速分布与实验值和现场观测值符合良好。基于流管元的冰期测流方法能广泛用于明流、部分冰封和完全冰封河道断面的流量及流速分布测量,能有效减少冰期测流工作量、提高测量效率,进而减少测量人员安全风险,可在水文观测中推广应用。     

基于GA-BP神经网络的明渠流速测点优化研究

灌区渠道流量计量大都以流速仪法测量为主,渠道断面布设较多数量的流速仪可有效保证测流精度,但也提高了测流难度。以太园泵站某段供水明渠为研究对象,基于多测线、多测点流速仪实测数据,将断面流量设定为输出、不同位置测点流速作为输入,对GA-BP神经网络模型进行训练,并将验证结果与流速面积法计算结果进行对比。结果表明,GA-BP神经网络仅需4个特定位置处测点流速可得到满足精度的计算结果,实现对明渠测点数量的优化,保证测流精度并为相关模型在渠道测流的应用提供新思路。     

交叉多声路超声波法在泵站测流中的应用

为提高测量精准度,避免因渠道敞开、过流量大的影响,提出采用多点多线布置的流速仪法测量。简述了交叉多声路超声波法在泵站现场明渠流量测量中的应用过程,得出该方法在明渠测流方面具有精度高、操作性及可靠性强等优点。该试验结果对研究明渠测流方法具有一定的参考价值。     

基于FLOW-3D的明渠壅水断面流速特征研究

随着传感器技术的发展,渠道流量测量技术有了新的突破,目前渠道流速大多是根据点流速进行计算,但在渠道内因阻滞作用的影响,同一断面上的水流速度分布会随着水深的不同而不同。为探讨不同水深边界情况下,明渠剖面流速分布特性。文章截取某梯形渠道100 m渠段,利用FLOW-3D进行建模,模拟了不同的下游壅水情况。通过对不同水深情况下剖面流速分布的研究,采用固定流速系数的方法进行分析,给出了在壅水高度小于20 cm的情况下,可以达到测量精度(误差不超过±10%)的水流速度系数。通过模拟计算,拟合出了水流速度系数随水深变化的曲线,对流速系数进行修正后可使测流误差小于1.40%。     

明渠均匀流的摩阻流速及流速分布

在水槽系统上对明渠恒定均匀流进行了系列实验，利用实测流速资料，对明渠均匀流摩阻流速的各种方法（雷诺应力法、对数流速分布法、阻力平衡法等）的计算结果进行了对比，并分析了流速分布。结果表明：（1）利用阻力平衡法计算摩阻流速时应考虑边壁影响；（2）包含尾流函数的对数-尾流公式比单一对数公式可以更好的符合实测数据。用单一对数公式描述垂线流速分布时，应采用较小的Karman常数；（3）现有大量明渠均匀流实测资料中，用常用的Karman常数（x=0．4）时单一对数公式仍可以较好的表示全水深流速分布是因为采用了较大的摩阻流速。     

一种轨道式渠道自动测流系统的研制与应用

针对引黄灌区缺少适用面广、使用方便的量水系统的问题,提出了一种轨道式灌区明渠量水方法。结合PLC自动化技术、计算机及无线数据传输技术,通过系统集成的方法,研制了包括渠道断面自动测流车和远程控制管理软件的轨道式渠道断面自动测流系统。该系统可测量水位、水深、分层流速等多个参数,通过内置模型自动计算断面流量,使用GPRS无线网络将测量数据上传到控制软件,同时具备自主充电、自动启闭测流房卷帘门等功能,实现了真正意义上的无人值守和全自动测量。经在部分引黄灌区渠道比测试验,该系统流量测量结果与流速仪精测法的测量结果相比,误差在2%以下,满足灌溉渠道系统量水规范的要求。与传统的明渠量水系统相比,该系统具有效率高、适用性强、精度高等特点。     

基于水位流速法的矩形渠道流量自动检测系统

为了提高检测精度,实现水位、流量测量的自动化,减少人力的投入,研制了流量自动检测系统。该系统以水位—流速法为基本测流原理,将水位、流速检测技术与机械传动机构结合起来。整个系统选用低功耗的16位单片机MSP430F149为控制单元,采集到的水位和流速信号经过其内部的算法可得出流量值;而且还能控制x-y直角坐标机械传动装置,可在整个矩形断面范围内自动改变流速测杆的位置,使渠道流量的测量工作自动化程度高。试验结果表明:使用该系统检测矩形断面流量具有准确性和适用性,测量结果与采用明渠超声波流量计测得的流量值相比,相对误差在±4%以内。     

明渠冰盖下流动的综合糙率

明渠冰盖下流动的综合糙率nc是确定冰期水位和流量关系的关键参数,本文根据冰盖区和床面区的边界条件和流量的连续性条件提出了通用的综合糙率公式,研究了冰盖下一般矩形明渠和宽浅明渠流速分布及流速比a对综合糙率nc的影响,在此基础上,计算分析比较了通用综合糙率公式、Einstein公式、Belokon-Sabaneev公式和Larsen公式的差异和使用条件,结果表明:对于宽深比b/H较小的矩形明渠,采用Belokon-Sabaneev公式将产生很大的计算偏差,Larsen公式只适合宽浅明渠,而Einstein公式是通用综合糙率公式的最好近似,推荐在工程设计中采用。     

Estimating discharge in gravel‐bed river using non‐contact ground‐penetrating and surface‐velocity radars

Discharge measurement is a critical task for gravel‐bed channels. Under high‐flow conditions, the elevation of the riverbed changes significantly by intensive torrential flow. The stage–discharge relations commonly used for stream discharge estimation may no longer be adequate. The contact‐type velocity measuring is also subject to measurement errors and/or instrument failures by the high‐flow velocities, driftwood, stumps, and debris. This study developed a new real‐time method to estimate river discharge in gravel‐bed channels. A systematic measuring technology combining ground‐penetrating radar and surface‐velocity radar was employed. The rating curves representing the relations of water surface velocity to the channel cross‐sectional mean velocity and flow area were established. Stream discharge was then deduced from the resulting mean velocity and flow area. The proposed method was examined in a steep gravel‐bed reach of the Cho‐Shui River in central Taiwan. The estimated stream discharge during three flood events were compared to the prediction by using the stage–discharge relation and the index‐velocity method. The proposed method of this study is capable of computing reasonable values of discharge for an entire flood hydrograph, whereas the other two methods tend to produce large extrapolation errors. Moreover, when the computed discharge is used in 2D flood flow simulation, the proposed method demonstrates better performance than the commonly used stage–discharge and index‐velocity methods.     

宽窄相间河道上游流速特性分析

山区河道受地质和河床演变的影响,平面形态呈宽窄相间的形态特征。采用水槽模型试验,建立不同比例的宽窄相间河道模型,对上游断面进行流速测量,对比均匀流分析其流速变化规律,并反算其摩阻流速。结果表明:宽窄相间河道上游较远处流速分布基本符合对数流速分布规律,接近收缩段处不符合对数流速分布规律;宽窄相间河道横向流速分布符合指数分布规律,其横向流速分布参数与摩阻流速呈规律性变化,与宽窄比及距收缩段的距离有关。研究成果可为宽窄相间河道工程整治提供理论参考。     

Prediction of boundary shear stress distribution in straight open channels using velocity distribution

Conventional methods for measuring local shear stress on the wetted perimeter of open channels are related to the measurement of the very low velocity close to the boundary.Measuring near-zero velocity values with high fluctuations has always been a difficult task for fluid flow near solid boundaries.To solve the observation problems,a new model was developed to estimate the distribution of boundary shear stress from the velocity distribution in open channels with different cross-sectional shapes.To estimate the shear stress at a point on the wetted perimeter by the model,the velocity must be measured at a point with a known normal distance to the boundary.The experimental work of some other researchers on channels with various cross-sectional shapes,including rectangular,trapezoidal,partially full circular,and compound shapes,was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model.Optimized exponent coefficients for the model were found using the multivariate Newton method with the minimum of the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) between the model and experimental data as the objective function.Subsequently,the calculated shear stress distributions along the wetted perimeter were compared with the experimental data.The most important advantage of the proposed model is its inherent simplicity.The mean MAPE value for the seven selected cross-sections was 6.9%.The best results were found in the cross-sections with less discontinuity of the wetted perimeter,including the compound,trapezoidal,and partially full circular pipes.In contrast,for the rectangular cross-section with an angle between the bed and walls of 90°,MAPE increased due to the large discontinuities.     

MIXING MODEL EXTENDED TO TURBULENT FLOW IN NARROW SMOOTH OPEN CHANNELS

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含植物明渠紊流流速分布无量纲化方法及流动分区

基于流速分布曲线的几何特点,提出一种新的无量纲化方法,结合水槽实验数据的回归分析,对含植物明渠紊流流速分布律及流动分区进行了研究。基于流速梯度变化率的特点,确定两个特征高度,采用特征高度、特征高度位置处的流速、水深、最大流速4个变量定义了新的无量纲流速和高度,对实验得到的流速数据进行无量纲化处理,进一步拟合得到流速分布律。结果表明,提出的无量纲流速在自由水面附近呈对数分布,对数分布律区域以下到床面的区域可用4段函数表示。根据分布律适用的区域明确流动分区边界,发现边界高度与特征高度并不重合,但和混合层的上下边界近似相等。与其他研究的对比表明,提出的无量纲化方法和流速分段函数分布律以及流动分区对速度描述有效,具有较好的适用性。     

FLOW STRUCTURE OF PARTLY VEGETATED OPEN-CHANNEL FLOWS WITH EELGRASS

Aquatic vegetation can influence the transport of sediment and contaminants by changing the mean velocity and turbulent flow structure in channels. It is important to understand the hydraulics of the flows over vegetation in order to manage fluvial processes. Experiments in an open-channel flume with natural vegetation were carried out to study the influence of vegetation on the flows. In a half channel with two different densities of vegetation, the flow velocity, Reynolds stresses, and turbulence intensities were measured using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). We obtained velocity profiles in the lateral direction, Reynolds stresses in the vertical direction, and the flow transition between the vegetated and non-vegetated zones in different flow regimes. The results show that the streamwise velocity in the vegetated zone with higher density is almost entirely blocked. Reynolds stress distribution distinguishes with two different regions: inside and above the vegetation canopies. The turbulence intensities increase with increasing Reynolds number. The coherent vortices dominate the vertical transport of momentum and are advected clockwise between the vegetated zone and non-vegetated zone by secondary currents (a relatively minor flow superimposed on the primary flow, with significantly different speed and direction), generated by the anisotropy of the turbulence.     

河道中受侧壁影响的断面流速分布规律研究

断面水流流速分布是研究河道水流泥沙运动规律的基础。天然河流断面形态不同,其流速分布特性也有差别:对于比较宽浅的河道,侧壁对断面流速分布的影响较小,流速沿垂线分布梯度较大,垂线上最大流速一般位于水面,垂线平均流速沿河宽方向(横向)分布较均匀;对于较窄深的河道,侧壁对流速分布的影响较大,流速沿垂线分布较均匀,垂线上最大流速一般位于水面以下,垂线平均流速沿河宽分布梯度较大,因此,对于较窄深的河道必须考虑侧壁对流速分布的影响。本文在分析天然河道流速分布特性的基础上,从紊流的雷诺方程出发,推导获得了水流受侧壁影响的横断面流速分布公式和垂线平均流速沿河宽分布的公式。公式计算结果与水槽试验和天然河流实测流速分布资料的比较分析表明,公式能较好地反映流速沿垂线和沿横向的分布特性,具有较好的理论和实用价值。     

FLOW STRUCTURE IN PARTIALLY VEGETATED RECTANGULAR CHANNELS

This article discusses the transverse distributions of the depth averaged velocity and the Reynolds stress in a steady uniform flow in partially vegetated rectangular channels. The momentum equation is expressed in dimensionless form and solved to obtain the depth averaged velocity. The analytical solution of the velocity in dimensionless form shows that the depth-averaged velocity is determined by gravity and its distribution is mainly determined by the frictions due to water or vegetations. The analytical solution of the Reynolds stress is also obtained. A relationship between the second flow and the inertia is established and it is assumed that the former is proportional to the square of the depth averaged velocity. The Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (Micro ADV) was used to measure the steady uniform flow with emergent artificial rigid vegetation. Comparisons between the measured data and the computed results show that our method does well in predicting the transverse distributions of the stream-wise velocity and the Reynolds stress in rectangular channels with partially vegetations.     

畅流期不同水深流速测点分布对垂线平均流速的影响

本文时畅流期不同水深、不同悬吊仪器方法对各种流速测点分布引起垂线平均流速误差的规律性进行了理论分析。     

浅尾水深水平底板上表面射流水力特性的数值模拟研究

采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法追踪自由液面,辅以Realizable(可实现化)湍流模型封闭两相流时均方程,对浅尾水深水平底板上的表面射流水力特性进行了数值模拟。微分方程的离散采用有限体积法,速度与压力耦合求解使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法。研究并分析了入射速度、尾水深和进口宽度等对流场流线分布、速度场及横断面最大流速沿程衰减规律等水力特性的影响。研究发现:流场内存在一个大的漩涡,入射流速越大,漩涡长度越长;横断面上水平流速和纵向流速在漩涡区和明渠流区分布规律不同;横断面最大流速沿程衰减主要受进口流速大小的影响。