[Bmim]BF_4及[Bmim]CF_3SO_3中不同形貌LLM-105晶体的制备及表征

以[Bmim]BF4及[Bmim]CF3SO3两种离子液体为溶剂,在不同溶液温度、水的体积和静置条件下,重结晶得到了三种不同形貌的2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)晶体,采用扫描电镜,X射线粉末衍射,差示扫描量热-热失重,红外检测及纯度分析对重结晶后晶体的形貌、结构、热性能及纯度进行了表征。结果表明:重结晶得到的矩形实心棒状、有孔、片状三种LLM-105晶体的主要衍射峰位置与原料完全一致,只在2θ为11°、21°和45°附近位置的衍射峰出现明显增强,其他位置的衍射峰强度减弱,晶体具有不同的显露晶面,其晶习发生了改变,且纯度均在94%以上,结构相对完整的矩形实心棒状晶体的最大放热峰及起始分解温度分别为353℃和323.6℃,相对于原料分别提高了约10℃和40℃,热稳定性最好。     

重结晶方法对2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物晶体特性及性能影响

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)是性能优异的耐热炸药,其晶体形状对安全及加工性能有较大影响,重结晶溶剂和方法直接影响所得LLM-105的晶体特性。用二甲基亚砜和65%硝酸为溶剂,分别采用降温法、正相和反相溶剂/非溶剂法及超声波辅助结晶的方法,对LLM-105进行了重结晶研究。研究结果表明:无论用何种溶剂,直接降温法重结晶得到的LLM-105,晶体形状均不规则;用溶剂/非溶剂正相滴加法在超声作用下可以得到表面光滑、无孪晶的颗粒状晶体,纯度达98%以上;用溶剂/非溶剂反相滴加法也可以得到表面光滑、无孪晶的规则颗粒状晶体,纯度达98%以上;用65%浓度的HNO3水溶液反相滴加重结晶得到的LLM-105晶体平均粒径适中,粒度跨度小,撞击感度最低。获得了纯度和晶型好,感度大幅度降低LLM-105的制备方法:65%HNO3水溶液反相滴加法。     

花球状LLM-105晶体的构筑及性能

为了研究晶体形态对炸药物化性能、应用方式和应用效果的影响,采用溶剂-非溶剂结晶法,分别以二甲亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂、乙酸乙酯为非溶剂、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐(EmimOAc)为结晶助剂,制备得到花球状2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)晶体.EmimOAc的添加显著增强了LLM-105在DMSO中的溶解度,改变了LLM-105晶体生长方式和结构形态,对晶型无影响.热分析测试结果表明:花球状LLM-105晶体有两个明显的分解峰温,分别为347.3～350.5℃和356.7～360.4℃.采用GJB-772A-1997方法601.2测试了花球状LLM-105晶体的撞击感度,采用冲击片雷管起爆测试方法测试了花球状LLM-105晶体的冲击片起爆感度,结果表明:花球状LLM-105晶体的撞击感度与亚微米晶体相当,显著低于针状晶体;冲击片起爆电压低于亚微米晶体.     

超声辅助微流控技术制备纳米LLM-105

为改善2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物（LLM-105）的形貌以及减小粒径。基于溶剂-非溶剂法,通过超声辅助微流控技术制备纳米LLM-105。采用场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）观察样品的微观形貌,X射线衍射（XRD）分析样品的晶型。此外,通过流体可视化证明了超声波对于流体混合的促进作用。结果表明,通过超声所制备的样品颗粒更小,粒径更均匀,平均粒径为137.65 nm,并且形貌为类球型,且晶型较原料未发生改变。差示扫描量热分析（DSC）表明纳米LLM-105的热分解温度较原料降低。说明超声辅助的引入,不仅可以提高制备纳米LLM-105的效率,还会使其粒径显著减小。     

二元复合结晶炸药HMX/LLM-105的溶剂-非溶剂法制备研究

为降低1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷（HMX）的感度,采用溶剂-非溶剂法制备了二元复合结晶炸药HMX/LLM-105,并采用X射线粉末衍射（PXRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）对其进行表征;采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）分析其热分解性能,并进行了机械感度测试。结果表明：HMX/LLM-105的晶体形貌与原料单质炸药明显不同;HMX/LLM-105在放热过程中仅有1个放热分解峰,分解温度为271.6℃,放热效率更高;HMX/LLM-105的特性落高H50为68 cm,较HMX提高了42 cm,降感效果明显。     

细颗粒LLM-105的制备及其热性能

采用溶剂-非溶剂重结晶技术制备了类球形和立方体结构两种不同晶形的细颗粒2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105),重均平均粒径D50分别为2.750 μm和6.206 μm,撞击感度为35.5 cm和34.7 cm.采用热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对LLM-105进行了...     

亚微米LLM-105与LLM-105/GO复合含能材料 的制备及表征

为了获得性能优良的高能复合材料,采用机械球磨方法制备了亚微米LLM-105和LLM-105/GO复合含能材料。对样品的微观形貌及结构等迚行了表征,分析了亚微米LLM-105和LLM-105/GO复合材料的热分解性能和分解产物。结果表明:球磨后LLM-105的微观形貌呈类球形,LLM-105/GO复合材料中的LLM-105附着在氧化石墨烯(GO)片层上,经球磨作用后的LLM-105/GO复合材料未改变LLM-105原有的晶型;LLM-105/GO复合含能材料分解后的主要产物有N_2O、CO_2、CO、N_2、H_2O,与亚微米LLM-105热分解的主要产物相同;与亚微米LLM-105相比,LLM-105/GO的热稳定性更好。     

LLM-105在二甲基亚砜中的结晶介稳区研究

为改善2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)的晶体形貌,控制LLM-105的晶体粒度,利用CrystalSCAN多通道结晶仪,采用浊度法测定了LLM-105在二甲基亚砜(DMSO)中的介稳区宽度。研究了初始浓度、搅拌速率和降温速率对介稳区宽度的影响。根据经典成核理论,计算了受降温速率影响的成核级数。结果表明,在降温结晶过程中,LLM-105在DMSO中的介稳区宽度随初始浓度,搅拌速度的增加而变窄,随着降温速率的增加而变宽。得到的最佳结晶条件为:初始浓度0.0700 g·mL~(-1),搅拌速率390 r·min~(-1),降温速率1.0℃·min~(-1)。当初始浓度从0.0670 g·mL~(-1)增至0.0750 g·mL~(-1)时成核级数从1.825升高到2.5747。在最佳结晶条件下,添加2.5 g粒度为4μm的LLM-105晶种于DMSO-LLM-105溶液中,可获得表面光滑、形貌规则、粒度(60μm)可控的高品质LLM-105柱状颗粒。     

细颗粒LLM-105的制备及粒度控制技术研究

采用溶剂-非溶剂重结晶法制备了粒度D505μm的LLM-105颗粒,并对影响粒度的加料方式、非溶剂温度、溶剂量、搅拌速度、表面活性剂以及干燥方式等工艺条件进行研究,得到制备细颗粒LLM-105(D505μm)的工艺参数为:反式滴加法,非溶剂H_2O温度小于35℃,mLLM-105∶VDMSO≤1g∶15m L。     

小尺寸LLM-105的重结晶控制方法研究

采用溶剂-非溶剂重结晶法研究了影响LLM-105晶体形貌和粒度大小的因素及影响觃律,选取浓硫酸为溶剂、水为反溶剂,采用反加法研究了溶剂反溶剂体积比、结晶温度、搅拌速度等主要因素对结晶形貌和粒度的影响。结果表明,在搅拌速度500r·min-1、溶剂非溶剂体积比2:15、结晶温度65℃的条件下,重结晶得到的LLM-105晶体形貌觃则,棱角圆滑,长径比在1~1.5之间,粒度均匀,粒度分布在1~10μm之间,平均粒径D50为4.48μm;放热峰温352.9℃,较原料提高了7.2℃,热安定性更好;机械感度降低,撞击感度和摩擦感度分别下降了80%和59%。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.