主被动结合的云激光雷达测量系统数据融合分析

云高、云量的自动化仪器定量观测对于气象业务非常重要,不同数据的有效融合分析对于气象业务来说意义重大。云测量系统硬件上集成了激光云高仪、全天空成像仪探测模块,使得云高、云量的观测数据在时间、地点上高度统一,结合激光云高仪的剖面数据和全天空成像仪的云二维分布数据做了初步融合分析,进行精确的云高判别、云量反演与云种分类研究。通过数据融合,利用全天空图像可以消除了云高仪在雾霾天气下对云底的误判,同时利用云高数据可以估计全天空云的空间分布而对云进行了更精确的分类。实际上,将云高、云量数据融合分析是气象业务观测的发展方向。     

那曲夏季云宏观特征的毫米波雷达资料研究

为提高毫米波雷达对高原地区云宏观参数的观测能力,提出一种改进的反演方法,对比了该方法结果与激光云高仪(CL31)、Himawari-8卫星(HW8)观测结果的差异,并研究了那曲夏季空中云宏观参数的垂直分布和日变化特征.结果表明,提出的方法可以改善以往云边界检测法的云层错位和距离旁瓣回波影响的不足.雷达反演的云底比CL3...     

激光雷达观测珠海市云底高度研究

年6月20日～7月20日, 利用中国海洋大学研制 的车载多普勒激光雷达系统在珠海市国家气候观象台(N22° 4’,E113°12’)进行了大气观测实验,探测垂直高度范围为0.3～20.0〖JP ＋ 2〗km,共获得有效垂直探测数据56组。根 据激光雷达回波信号特点,以微分零交叉法为基础,通过在反演云底过程中设置3种阈值和 相邻云层间大气 的洁净程度决定是否融合为同一层等措施改进算法。最后,对不同时刻、代表不同光学特性 的回波廓线进行了 反演,反演的云底高度最小值和最大值分别为0.55km和13. 51km 。结果表明,本文算法能够实现较为准确的云底探测,报告精度为10m ,具有良好的应用前景。     

激光雷达探测合肥云层高度方法研究及分析

为了通过雷达回波信号廓线图准确确定云底、云峰、云顶高度,采用微分识别法着重分析了多峰时如何判别单层云和多层云,介绍了雷达结构系统,讨论了2008年5月期间合肥地区云层的高度、厚度、光学厚度的激光雷达探测结果,并进行了理论分析和实验验证。为验证方法的可行性,将雷达和芬兰Vaisala云高仪(探测距离0km～7km)对准同一片云,取得了实测数据,并进行了对比分析。结果表明,用微分法所得云高数据与Vaisala在7km以下较吻合,7km以上所测的卷云和SAGEⅡ所测的卷云高度基本一致,且实验所测合肥上空的高层卷云基本上都是薄卷云,云峰主要分布在9km～12km范围之内。这一结果对以后研究云层高度反演、并与卫星数据进行校验对比是有帮助的。     

可见光/红外全天空成像仪和云雷达联合反演云高

为解决大部分设备无法单独获取全天空云底高度的问题,基于中国气象局大气探测基地可见光/红外天空成像仪和毫米波云雷达2019年6月的灰度值与云底高度数据,利用辐射传输模式计算地面8～14μm波段向下红外辐射随天顶角的变化关系,并根据红外波段测得的天顶云底灰度值与非天顶位置的天顶角余弦灰度值之间的线性关系,从而反演得到全天空云底高度。结果表明：(1)相比于全天无云的情形,在一天的相同时间时,全天有云时的天顶灰度值较高。(2)当云底高度为2000 m以上且云层较厚时,云底高与红外模块所测灰度值的相关性明显好于云层较薄的低云。(3) 2019年8月12日的个例验证结果显示,反演云高与通过云雷达测得的实际云高相关系数为0.956,而与取天顶附近约30°天顶角得到的云高相关系数为0.9508。     

基于随机森林算法的FY-4A云底高度估计方法

基于2017年8月至10月FY-4A的云顶高度、云光学性质等上游产品和A-Train系列卫星星载毫米波雷达和激光雷达主动探测的云底高度资料,利用随机森林算法建模,提出了FY-4A对最上层云云底高度的估计算法,并用2017年11月独立样本对算法进行了检验与评估.结果表明,该算法可以有效实现对最上层云云底高度的估计,与星载主动探测结果相比,平均绝对偏差为1. 29 km,相关系数为0. 80.对单层云的估计结果相对较好,而多层云存在时云底高度的估计结果一般偏小.     

星-地激光雷达联合观测合肥地区的气溶胶垂直分布

通过匹配星载CALIOP过境合肥时间,筛选Aerosol-lidar的观测数据,选取4个典型天气个例[沙尘天气、多云天气、中度污染(无云)、中度污染(有云)],对合肥地区的气溶胶进行联合观测,并对气溶胶的类型、气溶胶的变化、气溶胶污染的成因及来源进行分析。结果表明,多云天气下,星载激光雷达对底层气溶胶探测时会受到天气的影响,而地基激光雷达的探测效果较佳,可以通过定点连续观测距离的校正信号准确地反映气溶胶含量和变化特点。星-地激光雷达的联合观测可以更好地分析多种复杂天气的气溶胶变化。联合观测结果表明:轻度污染的沙尘型和受污染的浮尘型气溶胶主要集中在0.8~1.6 km高度范围内,退偏振比集中在0.18~0.20之间;多云天气的气溶胶主要为污染大陆型,集中在0.4~1.2 km高度范围内,其退偏振比在0.015~0.020之间,气溶胶含量很少且为具有球形粒子属性的细颗粒物;中度污染(无云)天气的气溶胶同时包含污染浮尘型和污染大陆型,主要集中在0.3~1.3 km高度范围内,退偏振比在0.08以下,具有明显的球形粒子属性;中度污染(有云)天气的气溶胶也同时包含污染浮尘型和污染大陆型,主要集中在0.8~1.4 km高度范围内,退偏振比在0.075~0.100范围内,为粒径较小的球形粒子。     

气象自动观测系统 CL31 发射机的故障分析及排查简

随着中国民用航空气象事业的飞速发展,对航空飞行安全的气象保障能力也提出了越来越高的要求。气象探测技术和手段的提高是预报准确率和气象服务质量提高的基础保障。气象自动观测系统是民航气象基本业务和气象服务保障的主要探测设备之一,其探测能力和自动化水平的提高也使之成为了保障航空飞行安全必不可少的主要手段。因此空管气象安全保障对气象自动观测系统的正常运行也提出了更高的要求。本文主要以MIDAS IV气象自动观测系统的云高仪CL31为例,简述其发射机出现故障后的分析、定位及排查。     

瑞利测风激光雷达夜间准零风层观测结果分析

一台用于观测对流层和平流层风场的车载瑞利测风激光雷达于安徽合肥建成,该雷达使用双边缘技术,设计探测高度10~40 km,距离分辨率分别为100 m(20 km高度以下)和500 m(20 km高度以上)。在2011年夏季该雷达于新疆乌鲁木齐地区(42.1N,87.1E)进行了风场观测实验并成功观测到了平流层准零风层大气结构,给出了几组夜间典型的风场数据,根据观测结果得出:准零风层底部高度稳定在17~18 km高度而不随时间变化,而准零风层厚度则随时间有一个先增大后减小的趋势,并在北京时间凌晨0点~3点期间达到最大值。在观测中出现的准零风层厚度最大值超过15 km,最小值则仅有约2~3 km。分析认为:准零风层厚度的变化与夜间平流层接收到的紫外线辐射强度变化有关,同一时刻不同纬度上的平流层接收的紫外线辐射强度变化程度不同,导致平流层温度梯度继而大气环流的速度发生变化,从而引起准零风层厚度变化。     

直接测风激光雷达频率跟踪技术及对流层平流层大气风场观测

为了实现高精度连续探测对流层和平流层大气风场,搭建了一台直接测风激光雷达系统对对流层和平流层大气风场进行探测。该系统基于双边缘法布里-珀罗标准具的瑞利散射多普勒测风原理,使用转台式探测结构,通过频率跟踪的手段对频率漂移进行跟踪,确保测风的精度。实验结果表明,该系统对对流层和平流层大气风场探测效果良好,频率跟踪的范围为±50 MHz,可以大大减小频率漂移带来的风速误差。经过系统的稳定运行和长时间的观测,在40 km处测得的径向风速随机误差为8 m/s。径向风速合成为水平风速后,随机误差在38 km处最大为10 m/s左右。该系统白天探测高度为25 km,夜晚探测高度为38 km。与探空数据对比,风速误差均小于10 m/s,其中风速误差在±5 m/s的范围内的数据量约占75.8%,探测的风向误差与探空气球的趋势基本一致,误差范围在10°～20°之间,在15°范围内的数据量约占58.6%。将实测数据与探空数据进行统计分析,结果具有良好的一致性。该系统可以为对流层和平流层大气风场的探测提供数据支撑。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.