活性元素氧对AA-TIG焊熔池传输行为影响的数值模拟

电弧辅助活性TIG焊(arc assisted activating TIG welding,AA-TIG焊),采用辅助电弧以Ar+O₂作为保护气体预熔待焊母材表面以形成氧化层,再进行常规TIG焊,可使熔深明显增加.文中结合AA-TIG焊熔池氧元素分布的实验研究,提出焊接熔池表面氧元素的两种不均匀分布模式,考虑浮力、电磁力和表面张力,建立了更完善的电弧辅助活性TIG焊熔池模型,模拟研究氧元素在熔池表面呈不均匀分布时,AA-TIG焊瞬态熔池中动量及能量的传输行为.假设熔池内部液态金属是湍流、不可压缩Newton流体,使用FLUENT RNG k-ε湍流模型进行处理.结果表明,当氧在熔池上表面呈非均匀分布,并且氧的不均匀分布模型为低氧模型时,熔池内部仍然以内对流流动为主.     

不同驱动力对熔池表面变形行为影响的数值模拟

基于流体动力学方程，采用焓-孔隙度法来处理液-固相变，采用VOF方法追踪熔池自由表面变形，建立了固定电弧下的三维瞬态TIG焊熔池数学模型，求解获得了在浮力、Marangoni力、电磁力和电弧压力单独作用时的熔池表面变形行为及其温度场与速度场的分布.模拟结果表明，在大电流（I≥250 A）时，在浮力、表面张力温度系数为正时的Marangoni力、电磁力单独作用于熔池上表面将会产生凸起变形，在电弧压力、表面张力温度系数为负时的Marangoni力单独作用下，熔池上表面将会产生凹陷变形.在大电流下，TIG焊和活性TIG焊熔池均产生凹陷变形.TIG焊熔池的中心区域形成向内的涡流，边缘部位形成向外的涡流，而活性TIG熔池在熔池中心和熔池边缘则分别形成两种成因不同的内向涡流.熔池表面变形量并不是各个驱动力作用的简单叠加.     

双钨极TIG电弧-熔池传热与流动数值模拟

针对双钨极TIG电弧热源,在已建立的双钨极电弧-熔池统一的三维数学模型的基础上,以SUS304不锈钢为母材,模拟得到了双钨极TIG电弧和熔池的温度、速度、电流密度、磁通密度和电磁力等分布,模拟结果与已有的实验结果吻合良好.考虑了熔池所受浮力、电磁力、等离子流拉力和Marangoni剪切力以及湍流效应,分析了熔池热输入的分布和熔池表面剪切力的变化,并分别比较了这几个力单独作用下的熔池流动与传热,同时结合无量纲数Pe,比较了熔池热传导和热对流的相对强弱.结果表明,双钨极电弧的非轴对称特性导致熔池表面的电流密度、热流密度、等离子流拉力和Marangoni剪切力等出现非轴对称分布,最终形成了熔池的非轴对称形貌,而熔池的发展演化对电弧行为无明显影响.与TIG电弧相比,双钨极TIG电弧的等离子流拉力明显减小.Marangoni剪切力决定不锈钢熔池的流动状态,且对流传热主导不锈钢熔池的热传递,这两者的共同作用决定熔池的传热过程,是形成不同熔池形貌的根本原因.     

考虑自由表面的TIG焊熔池行为数值模拟

根据TIG焊接过程中的实际情况,利用VOF方法追踪自由表面,建立了包括自由表面的三维瞬态TIG焊熔池模型。采用FLUENT软件,考虑浮力、电弧压力、电磁力以及表面张力,对不同焊接电流下的TIG焊熔池行为进行数值模拟,得到了熔池的温度场、流场和自由表面变化情况。结果表明:所建立的TIG焊熔池模型是正确的,随着焊接电流的增大,熔池最高温度升高,熔深、熔宽以及自由表面变形程度也随之增大。     

氮氧元素联合过渡对气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊电弧的影响

针对外层引入氮氧混合气体的气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊电弧,采用Boltzmann作图法分析在不同耦合度下电弧等离子体的温度分布和电弧电压的变化规律,并与传统TIG焊及外层只引入氧气的气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊进行比较. 结果表明,氮氧联合过渡时气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊电弧的中心区域温度和电弧电压均高于传统TIG焊与外层只引入氧气时的气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊的数值;当耦合度由0变为+2时,电弧中心区域温度与电弧电压均略有升高.     

CO2短路过渡焊接熔池三维瞬态数值模拟

考虑CO₂短路过渡焊接过程中的随机性,建立了考虑熔滴熔池短路时刻、熔滴初始大小等因素的熔滴自适应模型. 此外,采用非对称高斯热源模型来考虑电弧热流密度沿焊接方向的非对称性,结合附加源项法考虑电弧压力、电磁力和浮力,采用连续表面张力模型计算表面张力,采用VOF方法追踪熔池表面,采用焓-孔隙度法考虑熔化凝固过程中的糊状区的动量损失,建立了CO₂短路过渡焊接熔池的三维瞬态模型. 利用该数学模型计算6 mm厚低碳钢板的CO₂短路过渡焊接熔池的温度场和流场的瞬态发展,模拟和试验结果的短路间隔时间概率密度分布及焊缝成形吻合良好.     

基于Fluent熔池内部受力的数值分析

根据TIG焊熔池的实际情况,建立了定点热源作用下TIG熔池的二维轴对称数学模型.利用FLUENT软件及其UDF进行二次开发,同时考虑了相变潜热、材料热物理性参数随温度变化等问题,对熔池中的流场及温度场进行了数值模拟,分析了熔池内部所受到的浮力、Marangoni力、电磁力和电弧力等对其流场及温度场的影响规律,特别是针对...     

铝合金气体输送活性钨极氩弧焊方法

针对铝合金,提出了一种气体输送活性钨极氩弧焊,即GTFA-TIG焊(gas transfer flux activating TIG welding).该方法改变了活性元素的引入方式,通过自动送粉装置将活性剂输送到保护气体中,由保护气体将其引入电弧-熔池系统进行施焊,使得电弧收缩,熔池金属流态改变,熔深增加,同时省却了涂覆活性剂工序,实现了焊接过程自动化.进行了普通交流TIG焊和8种单组元活性剂的GTFA-TIG表面熔焊,分析了不同活性剂对焊缝成形、拉伸性能以及缺陷的影响.结果表明,大多数卤化物和氧化物活性剂都能使熔深增加到传统TIG焊的2.5~3倍以上,单质碲增加熔深效果较差.采用V₂O₅的焊缝抗拉强度接近母材金属,而采用MnCl₂和AlF₃的焊缝有一定程度降低.焊缝X射线探伤结果表明,采用V₂O₅,MnCl₂和AlF₃的焊缝评片结果均为Ⅰ级,而采用碲的焊缝为Ⅲ级.     

脉冲TOPTIG焊熔滴过渡特性分析

TOPTIG焊是一种新型的机器人TIG填丝焊接工艺,具有不同于普通TIG填丝焊的熔滴过渡特性,文中通过搭建TOPTIG焊接试验平台,利用高速摄像和电信号采集系统,对在不同条件下的焊接过程进行高速摄像和电信号的同步采集,从而对TOPTIG焊的熔滴过渡特性进行了研究.结果表明,熔滴与熔池相接触时,由于电磁力的作用使得电弧发生偏转.熔滴过渡只能通过接触熔池的方式来实现,在过渡过程中,熔滴的重力和其与熔池之间的表面张力是促进过渡的主要作用力.电弧峰值电流和送丝速度存在一个合理的匹配区间,并且随着峰值电流的增大,匹配区间缩窄.     

钽薄板小间隙TIG氦弧对接焊熔池形成机理的研究

针对钽薄板TIG小间隙的特点,在试验和数值分析基础上建立了钽薄板小间隙TIG氦弧对接焊熔池形成的数学物理模型,从理论、数值计算和工艺试验角度研究了钽薄板小间隙TIG氦弧对接焊熔池的形成机理.研究结果表明,由于对接间隙的存在,工件熔化时在对接边缘形成一倾斜的固液界面,熔化金属在表面张力作用下收缩成熔滴吸附于倾斜面上,随着电弧输入热量的增加,工件继续向对接间隙处膨胀,同时熔滴体积不断增大.当重力和电弧力沿倾斜面方向的分量大于表面张力对熔滴的作用时,对接工件上的熔滴沿倾斜面向下流向对接间隙处形成熔池.MATLAB的计算结果与试验结果相符.     

Study of the law between the weld pool shape variations with the welding parameters under two TIG processes

A double-shielded TIG method was proposed to improve weld penetration and has been compared with the traditional TIG welding method under different welding parameters (i.e., speed, arc length and current). The strength of the Marangoni convection was calculated to estimate the influence of the welding parameters on the variations in weld pool shapes. The results show that the changes in the welding parameters directly impact the oxygen concentration in the weld pool and the temperature distribution on the pool surface. The oxygen content and heat distribution on the weld pool surface are determinants of the pattern and strength of the Marangoni convection. For a negative temperature coefficient of surface tension (∂σ/∂T < 0), an outward Marangoni convection leads to a wide and shallow weld pool shape. The narrow and deep weld pool shape occurs when the Marangoni convection flows along an inward direction (∂σ/∂T > 0). The oxide layer that may appear with the relatively high oxygen content in the weld pool is harmful for the heat flow along the pool surface so as to reduce the welding efficiency especially in the double shielded TIG process.     

激光辅助活性焊接法

提出了激光辅助活性焊接的方法,研究了焊接参数对激光熔化处理后TIG焊接熔深、熔宽的影响.首先,使用极小功率激光在氧气保护下熔化焊件表面,使焊缝表面的氧含量增加.然后使用普通的TIG焊接,覆盖激光焊缝,达到增加熔深的目的.利用此方法,不使用活性剂就可以使TIG焊焊接熔深增加约2倍,与A-TIG焊相比没有表面熔渣,表面成形较好.小功率激光处理后焊缝中O元素含量增加,熔池表面张力温度系数由负变正,导致激光辅助活性焊熔深增加.

Abstract：

On the bases of the study for the mechanism of the increasing of A-TIG welding penetration, a new method of activating TIG welding, the laser aided activating TIG welding was proposed. At first, the surface of weld was melt by the mini power laser protected by oxygen. As a result, the oxygen content increases in the weld pool surface. Then the conventional TIG welding was used to cover the weld. The oxygen could change the direction of fluid flow in molten pool, which leads to the weld beads with narrower width and deeper penetration. Without the activating flux, the penetration can be increased by 2 times. There is no slag in the surface of weld and the appearance is good. The oxygen can change the temperature dependence of surface tension gradient from a negative value to a positive value; and cause the significant changes in the weld penetration. Fluid flow could be inward along the surface of the weld pool toward the center and then down. This fluid flow pattem transfers heat to the weld root and produces a relatively deep and narrow weld efficiently. This change is the main cause to increase the penetration.     

焊接电弧与活性组元对TIG焊熔池形貌影响的数值模拟

通过对FLUENT软件进行二次开发,建立了焊接电弧和焊接熔池模型,模拟分析了不同活性组元O元素含量下定点和移动TIG焊熔池形貌变化,对比了氩弧和氦弧的电弧参量及其对熔池形貌的影响.结果表明,由活性组元O元素含量变化导致的熔池内Marangoin对流变化是熔深增加的主要因素;在氩弧下,来自于电弧的气体剪切力对熔池形貌有较大影响;与氩弧相比,氦弧明显收缩,电流密度更大,更多的热量传递到熔池,增大了电磁力引起的内对流运动,可获得更深熔深.焊缝深宽比的模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好.

Abstract：

Welding arc and weld pool modeh were established by FLUENT software for spot and moving TIG welding of SUS304 stainless steel to investigate the effect of the surface-activating element oxygen on the weld shape and analyze the properties of argon arc and helium arc and their effects on the weld shape. The results show that the change of the Marangoni convection induced by different oxygen contents can be considered as one of the principal factors to increase penetration. The plasma drag force from the argon arc has obvious effect on the weld shape. Compared with the argon arc, the hehum arc is more constricted, the welding current density is much greater and the much more heat flux is transferred into the weld pool, which increase the inward convection induced by the electromagnetic force, thus the deeper weld depth can be obtained.The calculated weld D/W ratio agrees with that of the experiment.     

TIG焊活性剂对焊缝成形的影响

活性化焊接（A－TIG焊）在90年代末期受到国外的高度重视，同传统的TIG焊（钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊）相比，在相同的规范下活性化焊接能够大幅度地提高生产率、降低生产成本。中针对不锈钢和钛合金材料，研究了在A－TIG焊中单一成分的活性剂和涂敷量对焊缝成形的影响。试验结果表明，与无活性剂的焊缝相比，活性剂CaF2,SiO2,NaF,Cr2O3和TiO3都能够有效地增加不锈钢和钛合金焊缝的 熔深，随着涂敷量的增加，焊缝熔深也相应的增加，熔宽减小。但涂敷有CaF2活性剂的不锈钢焊缝成形不好，涂敷有Cr2O3的钛合金焊缝正面熔宽没有明显的变化。在不锈钢焊接中，活性剂SiO2的作用效果最好；而钛合金的焊接中CaF2的作用效果最好。电弧收缩和熔池表面张力的变化是活性剂增加熔深的主要原因。     

Investigation into arc constriction by active fluxes for tungsten inert gas welding

Abstract

Mechanisms by which active fluxes increase the penetration of conventional tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds (so called A-TIG welds) are reviewed. The most dominant mechanism for increased penetration is considered to be arc constriction rather than a change in the surface tension of the molten pool. An experimental programme of work was carried out using A-TIG flux in combination with a number of welding processes. The plasma process was investigated as it gives greater penetration than conventional TIG welding by increasing current density. The CO₂ laser and electron beam processes which do not rely on a current carrying arc as the heat source for welding were also investigated. Macrosections taken from the welds made by these processes showed that the A-TIG flux was only effective when the weld pool was produced by an arc or plasma. Where there was no arc or plasma present, the flux had little effect.     

低碳钢激光预熔活性焊接法

以8 mm厚的低碳钢为研究对象,在氧气的保护下,用小功率光纤激光在待焊焊件表面进行预熔处理,使表面熔化生成一层氧化层,然后用TIG焊或激光电弧复合焊覆盖氧化层,研究工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,激光预熔后进行覆盖焊接,电弧没有收缩,熔深增加到1.5倍左右,表面成形良好.随着电流的增加,熔深增加,但激光预熔后的焊道增加更快.随着焊接速度的增加,熔深减小.随着激光预熔功率的增加,熔深增加.随着复合焊接中激光功率的增加,熔深增加.焊缝含氧量的增加,使得表面张力温度系数由负变正,是低碳钢激光预熔活性焊接熔深增加的主要原因.     

The element transfer behavior of gas pool coupled activating TIG welding

This paper deals with a novel dual shield TIG welding method named gas pool coupled activating TIG( GPCA-TIG)welding. The welding method divides the shielding gas into two layers. Inert gas such as Ar is adopted as the inner layer gas to protect the tungsten electrode and the molten pool metal. Pure O_2,N_2 or mixture of them are used as the outer layer gas to increase the weld penetration and improve the low temperature toughness of weld metal. Through analyzing the interaction between outer gas and arc and the distributions and existing forms of oxygen and nitrogen elements,the transfer behaviors of nitrogen and oxygen from arc to pool were investigated. The results show that,the interaction between the outer gas and arc plasma makes the arc slightly constrict. The incoming oxygen enriches on the molten pool surface and exists in the form of iron oxide,chromium oxide,manganese oxide and silicon oxygen compounds. The incoming nitrogen evenly distributes in the molten pool and exists in the form of nitrogen atom.     

熔透情况下三维TIG焊接熔池流场与热场的数值分析

建立了熔透情况下三维运动TIG焊接熔池中流体动力学状态及传热过程的数值分析模型。该模型考虑了试件全熔透情况下液态金属熔池表面的变形。采用贴体曲线坐标系处理熔池曲面,利用SIMPLER方法对不锈钢焊接试件熔池中的流场与热场进行了数值分析,并进行了焊接工艺试验对模型加以验证。结果表明,根据该模型得出的计算结果与实验值吻合情况良好。     

铝合金活性TIG焊熔池表面化学反应分析

针对铝合金交流A-TIG焊、FB-TIG焊和FZ-TIG焊,研究活性剂与熔池表面金属或表面氧化膜之间的化学反应,对于确定这些焊接方法的可行性和指导活性剂配方开发具有重要意义.通过焊缝表面焊渣XRD分析,并采用物质吉布斯自由能函数法进行反应热力学计算分析了熔池表面发生的化学反应.发现采用FZ108+SiO2的FZ-TIG焊发生了活性剂FZ108与熔池金属之间的吸热反应,能起到收缩电弧增加熔深的作用;对于采用FZ108的A-TIG焊,反应所吸收或放出的热量少,对收缩电弧的作用也很小;对于采用SiO2的FB-TIG焊,未发生活性剂与熔池金属和表面氧化膜之间的化学反应,不会通过该反应过程影响电弧.