基于MOREL2.0对石墨慢化熔盐堆的稳态分析

熔盐堆采用熔融的氟化盐混合物作为燃料和堆芯的冷却剂,由于燃料的流动,熔盐堆在中子学和热工水力学方面与传统固体燃料反应堆有着较大区别。本文基于熔盐堆分析程序MOREL2.0对钍基熔盐堆（TMSR）初步堆芯设计方案进行了稳态计算分析,结果表明：燃料流动对缓发中子先驱核的分布影响较大,并导致169 pcm反应性损失;随燃料在外部回路中滞留时间的增加,k_eff降低,80 s后趋于平稳;TMSR具有负的入口燃料温度系数,具有固有安全性。     

熔盐堆物理热工耦合程序开发及验证分析

熔盐堆(Molten Salt Reactor,MSR)是第四代反应堆6种堆型中唯一的液态燃料反应堆,与固态燃料-液体冷却剂反应堆相比,原理上有较大不同。在熔盐堆中,流动的熔盐既是燃料又是冷却剂与慢化剂,中子物理学与热工水力学相互耦合;由于熔盐的流动性,缓发中子先驱核会随燃料流至堆芯外衰变,造成缓发中子的丢失,导致堆芯反应性降低。正是由于熔盐堆的这些新特性,造成熔盐堆内缓发中子先驱核、温度等参数变化与固态燃料反应堆有所不同,需要研究熔盐堆在各种工况下的相关物理参数变化。本文主要工作是考虑缓发中子先驱核的流动性对熔盐堆的影响,研究适用于熔盐堆的二维圆柱几何时空中子动力学程序及与之耦合的热工水力学程序;利用该程序对熔盐堆中子物理学和热工水力学进行耦合计算,验证熔盐堆相关实验数据;并且计算了熔盐堆无保护启停泵及堆芯入口温度过冷过热工况,用于分析熔盐堆的安全特性。计算结果表明,程序能够对熔盐反应堆实验(Molten Salt Reactor Experiment,MSRE)的相关实验数据进行较好的模拟计算,并且验证了熔盐堆的固有安全性。     

液态熔盐堆运行安全特性初步研究

液态燃料反应堆与固态燃料反应堆相比,原理上有较大不同。液态熔盐堆中由于燃料流动带走缓发中子先驱核在堆外衰变导致堆芯反应性降低,且裂变产物在堆外回路中衰变也会引起一回路发热。本文使用熔盐堆中子动力学程序Cinsf1D探讨2 MW熔盐堆的临界动力学特性和安全特性,研究零功率临界下不同熔盐流速启泵和停泵导致的缓发中子先驱核流失所需改变的控制棒棒位。同时还计算了2 MW恒定功率情况下稳态运行及降低流速时一回路温度分布,并模拟了2 MW额定功率下停泵事件。停泵后由于缓发中子损失减少反应堆功率先缓慢增加,然后迅速降低到接近余热水平。停泵后堆芯温度缓慢增加后稳定在安全值以内,说明熔盐堆具有本征安全性。     

Development of a safety analysis code for molten salt reactors

The molten salt reactor (MSR) well suited to fulfill the criteria defined by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) is presently revisited all around the world because of different attractive features of current renewed relevance. The MSRs are characterized by using the fluid-fuel, so that their technologies are fundamentally different from those used in the conventional solid-fuel reactors. In this work, in particular, the attention is focused on the safety characteristic analysis of the MSRs, in which a point kinetic model considering the flow effects of the fuel salt is established for the MSRs and calculated by developing a microcomputer code coupling with a simplified heat transfer model in the core. The founded models and developed code are applied to analyze the safety characteristics of the molten salt actinide recycler and transmuter system (MOSART) by simulating three types of basic transient conditions including the unprotected loss of flow, unprotected overcooling accident and unprotected transient overpower. Some reasonable results are obtained for the MOSART, which show that the MOSART conceptual design is an inherently stable reactor design. The present study provides some valuable information for the research and design of the new generation MSRs.     

Improvements and validation of the transient analysis code MOREL for molten salt reactors

The liquid fuel salt used in the molten salt reactors (MSRs) serves as the fuel and coolant simultaneously. On the one hand, the delayed neutron precursors circulate in the whole primary loop and part of them decay outside the core. On the other hand, the fission heat is carried off directly by the fuel flow. These two features require new analysis method with the coupling of fluid flow, heat transfer and neutronics. In this paper, the recent update of MOREL code is presented. The update includes: (1) the improved quasi-static method for the kinetics equation with convection term is developed. (2) The multi-channel thermal hydraulic model is developed based on the geometric feature of MSR. (3) The Variational Nodal Method is used to solve the neutron diffusion equation instead of the original analytic basis functions expansion nodal method. The update brings significant improvement on the efficiency of MOREL code. And, the capability of MOREL code is extended for the real core simulation with feedback. The numerical results and experiment data gained from molten salt reactor experiment (MSRE) are used to verify and validate the updated MOREL code. The results agree well with the experimental data, which prove the new development of MOREL code is correct and effective.     

基于SCALE的熔盐堆添料与后处理系统分析程序开发及验证

在线添料及在线去除中子毒物是熔盐堆区别于其他固体燃料反应堆的主要特征之一,能够实现较高的燃耗深度和燃料利用率。然而,现有的反应堆物理计算分析软件SCALE不能直接模拟熔盐堆的燃耗计算。因此,本文耦合SCALE中的截面处理模块、临界计算模块以及燃耗计算模块,开发了一套适用于多流体熔盐堆的添料与后处理系统分析程序MSR-RRS,实现熔盐堆的在线添料、裂变产物在线处理或离线批次处理等模拟功能。基于MSR-RRS对现有的单流熔盐增殖堆和双流熔盐快堆的燃耗性能进行了验证。结果表明,MSR-RRS计算结果与基准模型结果符合较好。MSR-RRS适用于多种堆型、多种燃料循环运行模式。     

DRAGON&DONJON程序在MSR中堆芯燃耗计算的适用性

DRAGONDONJON组件-堆芯"两步法"程序通过合理简化,理论可适用于任何堆芯与工况。使用蒙特卡罗方法 RMC(Reactor Monte Carlo code)、MCNP(Monte Carlo Neutron Particle transport code)程序验证DRADON程序是否能够承担快/热谱型熔盐堆(Molten Salt Reactor,MSR)焚烧TRU、Th U燃料燃耗计算。选出熔盐增殖堆(Molten Salt Breeder Reactor,MSBR)与熔盐锕系元素再循环和嬗变堆(Molten Salt Advanced Reactor Transmuter,MOSART)堆型进行比较,同时分别利用RMC程序验证DRAGON程序组件燃耗计算的准确性,利用MCNP程序验证DRAGON程序组件均匀化方法以及DONJON程序截面调用和程序全堆扩散的准确性。结果表明,组件燃耗计算中,TRU和Th U燃料满足燃耗计算要求;堆芯临界计算中,快/热谱堆芯计算误差均小于0.001。证明DRADON程序可以胜任快、热谱型MSR焚烧TRU、Th U燃料的物理计算任务。     

钍基熔盐堆燃料循环与启动策略研究

研究了熔盐燃料在堆内外循环以及考虑特殊核素的添加、提取等在线处理过程的熔盐堆燃耗计算模型,在多功能组件计算程序SONG的基础上开发了相应的燃料循环计算功能并进行了初步验证。在此基础上,分别针对氧化铍慢化的热谱熔盐堆和无慢化的快谱熔盐堆进行计算,并根据堆芯反应性长期稳定的基本要求,分析了利用²³³U和工业Pu启动熔盐堆时配套的在线处理方案以及相应的易裂变核添加要求。通过对核素添加、提取以及燃料内核密度的平衡计算,分析了不同的在线处理方案与启动策略对钍-铀燃料循环效率的影响,并据此提出了初步的熔盐堆燃料循环技术路线。结果表明：压水堆乏燃料提取的工业Pu较²³³U更适宜用于钍铀燃料循环启动,因工业Pu启动的快谱熔盐堆的²³³U产率明显高于²³³U启动熔盐堆,而当有了足够的²³³U积累后,²³³U启动的热谱熔盐堆是更好的选择,因其燃料倍增时间更短且燃料初装量也小得多。     

启明星2#反应堆临界运行方式的堆芯物理方案初步研究

本工作提出利用中国先进研究堆乏燃料组件构造既能在加速器驱动下次临界运行,也能临界运行的启明星2#反应堆堆芯方案。采用MVP-BURN蒙特卡罗燃耗程序,对反应堆临界运行方式下的堆芯方案进行了优化选择,给出了优选方案的核特性参数。     

石墨慢化通道式熔盐堆有效缓发中子份额计算方法研究

有效缓发中子份额(βeff)是研究反应堆动力学特性的关键参数。在液态燃料熔盐堆(MSR)中,燃料流动引起缓发中子先驱核(DNP)在堆内的再分布,并使部分DNP在堆外回路衰变,从而导致βeff的计算方法与固态燃料反应堆不同。为评估石墨慢化通道式熔盐堆内燃料流动引起的反应性损失,研究缓发中子随燃料的流动行为,同时为堆设计和安全分析提供依据,分别基于解析方法和数值方法推导了计算βeff的数学模型,计算了熔盐实验堆(MSRE)在额定工况下的DNP损失份额和堆内DNP浓度分布,并分析了燃料在堆外流动时间和入口流量对βeff的影响。结果表明：两种方法均可对DNP行为提供合理描述;固定燃料在堆外流动时间,βeff随入口流量的增加而减小;固定入口流量,βeff随燃料在堆外流动时间的增加而减小,80 s后趋于稳定。     

Numerical analysis for a molten salt reactor in the presence of localized perturbations

Molten salt reactors (MSRs) have seen a marked resurgence of interest over the past few decades, highlighted by their inclusion as one of the six Generation IV reactor types. The MSRs are characterized by using the fluid-fuel, so that their technologies are fundamentally different from those used in the conventional solid-fuel reactors. In this paper, the attention is focused on the behaviors of an MSR in the presence of localized perturbations caused by fissile precipitates and gas bubbles. A neutron kinetic model considering the fuel salt flow is established based on the neutron diffusion theory, which consists of two-group neutron diffusion equations for the fast and thermal neutron fluxes and six-group balance equations for delayed neutron precursors, and the group constants dependent on the temperature are calculated by the code DRAGON. In addition, the k-epsilon turbulent model is adopted to establish the flow and heat transfer. The thermo-hydraulic and neutronic models are coupled through the temperature, heat source and velocity. The effects of the localized perturbation on the distributions of power, temperature, neutron fluxes and delayed neutron precursors are obtained and discussed in detail. The results provide some valuable information for the research and design of this new generation reactor.     

DYN1D-MSR dynamics code for molten salt reactors

This paper reports about the DYN1D-MSR code development and dynamics studies of the molten salt reactors (MSR) – one of the ‘Generation IV International Forum’ concepts. In this forum the graphite-moderated channel type MSR based on the previous Oak Ridge National Laboratory research is considered.The liquid molten salt serves as a fuel and coolant, simultaneously and causes two physical peculiarities: the fission energy is released predominantly directly into the coolant and the delayed neutrons precursors are drifted by the fuel flow. The drift causes the spread of delayed neutrons distribution to the non-core parts of primary circuit and it can lead to a reactivity loss or gain in the case of fuel flow acceleration or deceleration, respectively. Therefore, specific 3D tool based on in house code DYN3D was developed in FZR. The code DYN3D-MSR is based on the solution of two-group neutron diffusion equation by the help of a nodal expansion method and it includes models of delayed neutrons drift and specific MSR heat release distribution.In this paper the development and verification of 1D version DYN1D-MSR of the code is described. The code has been validated with the experimental data gained from the molten salt reactor experiment performed in the Oak Ridge and after the validation it was applied to several typical transients (overcooling of fuel at the core inlet, reactivity insertion, and the fuel pump trip).     

SCWR-FQT回路的冷却剂流量丧失事故研究

超临界水冷堆燃料验证实验（SCWR-FQT）将对1个小型燃料组件在超临界水环境下进行堆内性能测试。为了对该实验回路进行系统设计和安全分析,应用修改过的ATHLET程序建立实验回路计算模型,对两种造成燃料组件实验段冷却剂流量部分或全部丧失的设计基准事故进行模拟分析,即由于装载实验段的压力管内部的导向管破裂导致流经实验段的冷却剂旁通和主冷却剂泵卡轴事故。计算结果显示：实验段冷却剂旁通事故中,燃料包壳温度在事故初期出现约920 ℃的峰值;而主泵卡轴事故中,燃料包壳温度未明显升高。计算结果表明,现有的安全系统设计能保证在事故情况下维持燃料组件实验段的有效冷却。     

石墨慢化通道式熔盐堆的稳态热工水力计算模型

针对石墨慢化通道式熔盐堆的堆芯结构,基于COMSOL Multiphysics程序和MATLAB程序建立了堆芯稳态热工水力学计算模型。该模型对堆芯内固体区域的温度分布采用三维热传导方程进行模拟,对通道内熔盐温度采用一维单相流体模型进行计算。固体区域与熔盐通过熔盐通道壁面的对流换热边界建立热耦合。该模型基于平行通道压力损失相等的原则,分配堆芯内各熔盐通道的流量。通过对比RELAP5程序的计算结果,验证了模型对温度和流量分配计算的正确性。针对2 MWt 液态燃料熔盐堆的一种概念设计,分析了堆芯内三维温度分布和通道间流量分配。该模型可精确计算通道式熔盐堆堆芯内稳态温度分布和流量分配,对堆芯的热工水力学设计具有重要意义。     

熔盐堆单参数扰动瞬态特性分析

熔盐堆（MSR）作为一种新型的反应堆,其热工水力特性与其他堆型有很大差异,扰动瞬态分析有助于从根本上了解其安全特性和运行状态。为了研究MSR的运行瞬态特性,本研究以液态燃料MSR为研究对象,利用经过修改的RELAP5/ MOD4.0程序进行了稳态运行工况下的扰动瞬态分析。干扰变量包括反应性引入、一回路熔盐质量流量、二回路质量流量、空气散热器质量流量、空气散热器入口空气温度。分析了主要运行参数,如功率、堆芯进出口温度、二回路进出口温度、特征时间等。结果表明MSR在各种扰动瞬态下的最终状态都趋于稳定,而不存在严重的瞬态变化,这是对其固有稳定性特性的直观表征。根据功率和温度等变量在扰动下的变化,提出了功率和不同回路温度的控制方法。      

Analysis of loss of flow accident at Pakistan research reactor-1

The main objective of the reactor safety is to keep the reactor core in a condition, which does not permit any release of radioactivity into the environment. In order to ensure this, the reactor must have sufficient safety margins during all possible operational conditions (normal as well as accidental). To accomplish this, a study has been carried out, for the analysis of loss of flow accident (LOFA), which is one of the probable scenarios among other possible events such as reactivity-induced-accidents, loss of coolant accident, etc. The study has been carried out for Pakistan research reactor, PARR-1, which was initially converted from HEU to LEU fuel. It is a swimming pool type reactor using MTR type fuel. Presently, a new core is proposed to be assembled containing LEU and some of the used (less burnt) HEU fuel elements. The accident is assumed when the reactor is running at a steady-state power level of 9.8 MW. Computer code PARET and standard correlations were employed to compute various parameters. Results predict nucleate boiling in the core but the temperatures would remain far below the fuel clad melting point.     

基于MCNP和ORIGEN的熔盐快堆燃耗分析计算

熔盐堆是6种第4代先进核能系统中唯一使用液态燃料设计的反应堆型,其堆芯一回路中循环流动的熔盐既是燃料,也是冷却剂。这一特征在省去燃料元件加工制造步骤的同时,也使得熔盐堆能进行在线处理和在线添料的操作。因此,传统固态反应堆燃耗分析程序不再适用于熔盐堆。本文以熔盐快堆(MSFR)为分析对象,基于物理分析程序MCORE(MCNP+ORIGEN),将上述熔盐堆特点考虑进去,开发出能进行熔盐堆燃耗分析的MCORE-MS。初步分析表明,233 U-started模式下,熔盐在线处理可有效降低堆芯熔盐中裂变产物的含量,提高中子经济性。MSFR运行过程中能够一直保持负的温度反应性系数。     

熔盐反应堆——放射化学创新发展的新源泉

本文从放射化学视角简略介绍了熔盐堆及其在钍铀燃料循环应用中的优势,然后叙述了与熔盐堆相关的放射化学研究的三个方向:即燃料供给、辐照后燃料的再处理以及熔盐堆运行的工艺监测和核素诊断。在燃料的再处理中推荐了一种类似文献报道的AIROX流程的干法后处理的新技术路线,指出其在熔盐堆在线燃料处理中的优点和重要价值。由于熔盐堆的运行中存在大量的化学与放射化学问题,因此熔盐堆堪比"化学堆",放射化学监测和诊断对于熔盐堆的运行有极其重要的意义。由此可见,熔盐堆研发促使形成了放射化学的一门新的分支学科——以监测和诊断为目标的熔盐反应堆化学。最后给出了放射化学工作者在熔盐堆发展过程中应该注意的若干建议。     

Development of a thermal–hydraulic analysis code for the Pebble Bed Water-cooled Reactor

The Pebble Bed Water-cooled Reactor (PBWR) is a water-moderated water-cooled pebble bed reactor in which millions of tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) coated micro-fuel elements (MFE) pile in each assembly. Light water is used as coolant that flows from bottom to top in the assembly while the moderator water flows in the reverse direction out of the assembly.Steady-state thermal–hydraullic analysis code for the PBWR will provide a set of thermal hydraulic parameters of the primary loop so that heat transported out of the core can match with the heat generated by the core for a safe operation of the reactor. The key parameters of the core including the void fraction, pressure drop, heat transfer coefficients, the temperature distribution and the Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) is calculated for the core in normal operation. The code can calculate for liquid region, water-steam two phase region and superheated steam region. The results show that the maximum fuel temperature is much lower than the design limitation and the flow distribution can meet the cooling requirement in the reactor core. As a new type of nuclear reactor, the main design features with a sufficient safety margin were also put forward in this paper.