Electron-beam induced degradation of bisphenol A

E-beam degradation of bisphenol A（BPA） was carried out,under reductive condition of ethanol-water solution and oxidative condition of acetonitrile-water solution.The degradation efficiency is higher in oxidative condition than that in reductive condition,and increases with the dose but decreased with increasing initial concentration.The BPA radiolysis follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics.Adding H₂O₂,or neutral condition,does not benefit BPA degradation in oxidative conditions.Pulsed radiolysis was used to investigate mechanism of the BPA radiolysis.The rate constant for BPA reaction with OH(1.85×10¹⁰ L·mor^-1·s^-1) is about an order of magnitude higher than that with e_aq^-(1.80×l0⁹ L·mor^-1·s^-1).The degradation products were analyzed by ion chromatograph.Smaller molecules such as formic acid and acetic acid were detected,indicating that ^-OH attacks the BPA molecule.The work is of significance for the practical E-beam treatment of waste water containing BPA.     

Catalytic technology for water treatment by micro arc oxidation on Ti-AI alloy

The feasibility of the formation of a liquid plasma catalysis system through micro arc oxidation(MAO) under AC power with titanium-aluminum alloy electrodes was investigated.In the decolorization of organic dyeing wastewater simulated with Rhodamine B,Ti-Al alloy electrodes were superior over Ti electrodes and Al electrodes.The optimal molar percentage of Ti in alloy electrodes was 70%and the optimal decolorization rate was up to 88.9%if the additive suitable for Al was added into the solution to be treated.The decolorization rates were the same in the case of the alloy-alloy electrodes and alloy-Al electrodes.The proportion of the effects of plasma,TiO_2 catalyzer during MAO and H_2O_2 after MAO in decolorization has been obtained.With the catalysis of TiO_2 formed on the electrodes,the reaction rate was improved by a maximum of 95%and the decolorization rate was improved by a maximum of 71.6%.Based on the spectral analysis,the plasma catalysis mechanism has been studied.     

核电站废气中氢氧复合的研究(Ⅰ)——小型试验

为了适应我国核电发展的需要,进行了核电站废气中氢氧复合的研究。研制了适合于核电站工艺废气处理中氢氧复合用的高效催化剂,进行了氢氧复合各种工艺条件试验,确定了氧氧复合的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明:含钯量为0.5％的Pd-Al_2O_3催化剂性能良好,氢氧复合率均很高,氢复合率>98.3％,氧复合率>99.9％。复合后尾气中氢氧含量很低,氧含量<3ppm,氢含量<400ppm(体积ppm)。在一定的工艺条件下完全能满足核电站工艺废气处理的要求。     

Degradation of Microcystin-LR by Gas-Liquid Interfacial Discharge Plasma

In this study, we report on the degradation of microcystin-LR （MC-LR） by gas- liquid interracial discharge plasma. The influences of operation parameters such as average input voltage, electrode distance and gas flow rate are investigated. Experimental results indicate that the input voltage and gas flow rate have positive influences on MC-LR degradation, while the electrode distance has a negative one. After 6 min discharge with 25 kV average input voltage and 60 L/h air aerati by discharge both in on, the degradation rate of MC-LR achieves 75.3%. distilled water and MC-LR solution are measured H202 and 03 generated Moreover, an emission spectroscopy is used as an indicator of the processes that take place on the gas-liquid boundary and inside plasma. Varied types of radicals （O, .OH, CO, 03, etc.） are proved to be present in the gas phase during gas-liquid interfacial discharge.     

PIXE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHITE PHASE IN NODULAR CAST IRON

The graphite phase has been extracted from the nodular cast iron to measure the concentration of trace element in it. The impurity phase was removed from the extracted matter by dissolving it with HCl and HCl+H_2O_2 to get the pure graphite phase. PIXE measurements were performed with thick targets of the pure graphite phase. Differences in the trace element concentrations between the graphite phase and the matrix have been observed. The effect of Ti and As in graphite phase on the nodularization rate and the mechanical properties have been studied.     

快速灰化炉用NO_2气体的制备

本文报道了两种用于快速灰化炉的 NO_2气体的实验室制备方法及其发生装置。用 N_2O_4加热分解或用 NaNO_2和 H_2SO_4反应生成 NO 继与 O_2反应产生 NO_2气体。用上述方法制备的 NO_2气体,对多种生物样品进行了快灰化,结果表明,实验室制备的 NO_2气体可满足快速灰化炉灰化生物样品的要求。     

Prototype of highly efficient liquid electrode pulsating corona plasma reactor for degradation of organics in water

Prototype of atmospheric pressure non-thermal corona plasma reactor, developed for degradation of organics in water, operates at significantly higher frequency than other reactors for that purpose, and without sparks. Its construction provides the umbrella shaped, sustained pulsating corona discharge, with defined discharge oscillations on a given pulse frequency above the water surface. Dye degradation rate decreases with the decrease of discharge current density. Plasmaformed H_2O_2 is consumed in dye degradation. The energy yield of dye degradation is 2.45 g k Wh~(-1) for 50 ppm solution, which is higher than in other publications for comparable experimental conditions.     

Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on intestinal commensal bacteria

Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have great potential in the biological and biomedical field. Recent studies reveal that many nanomaterials possess antibacterial activities. While most of these studies focus on the ability of nanomaterials to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in vitro, few of them test the effects of nanomaterials on intestinal commensal bacteria. Here, we report that Ti O_2nanoparticles(10, 50 and 100 nm in size) can inhibit the growth of Drosophila intestinal commensal bacteria in vitro. This activity depends on the dosage or size, but is independent of the photocatalytic activity of Ti O_2 nanoparticles. Surprisingly, dietary Ti O_2 nanoparticles of the same dosage fail to display similar effects in Drosophila larvae or adults. These flies show a normal amount of intestinal commensal bacteria, as well as a normal developmental cycle, energy store, and locomotor activity. These results imply that the antibacterial effect of Ti O_2 nanoparticles differs in vitro and in vivo.     

Removal of sulfonamide antibiotics from wastewater by gamma irradiation in presence of iron ions

The presence of sulfonamide antibiotics in aquatic environments has received increasing attention in recent years.Sulfadiazine(SD),a widely used heterocyclic sulfonamide pharmaceutical,has entered into the receiving water body.In this paper,gamma rays are used to irradiate samples of sulfadiazine antibiotics-containing wastewater.The results demonstrate that SD can be effectively degraded by irradiation,but the mineralization degree of SD(in terms of TOC) is not as efficient as the SD degradation.The addition of Fe~(2+) can significantly enhance the SD degradation and mineralization through the generation of hydroxyl radical by catalytic decomposition of H_2O_2 from water radiolysis.Ion chromatography analysis indicates that sulfate ions(SO_4~(2-)) and formate(HCOO~-) are the main intermediate products.Gamma irradiation is a promising technology for removing low-concentration antibiotics from water and wastewater.     

过氧化氢湿法氧化模拟有机污物的研究

用过氧化氢湿法氧化处理有机污物,研究了过氧化氢的投加量和投加方式,催化剂以及pH值等对反应的影响。结果表明,为提高H2O2的利用率,H2O2应以间歇式投加,选取Fe^2 作催化剂,体系pH值为1～2。为保证反应快速启动和平稳进行,反应时将催化剂总投加量的1／3提前与要分解氧化的物质混合一段时间,剩余2／3在反应进行中连续定量滴加,并于反应结束前半小时投加完毕。正交试验表明,分解2．00g界面污物的最佳实验条件为：pII-1．10mL30％H2O2溶液,10mL 0．1mol／L Fe^2 溶液。反应结束时,反应釜底部的白色残余物经红外分析和元素分析表明主要是磷酸盐。H2O2湿法氧化能够有效分解TBP／OK,HDBP／OK溶液和界面物。     

Tarnish Testing of Copper-Based Alloys Coated with SiO_2-Like Films by PECVD

The tarnishing test in the presence of hydrogen sulfide（H2S） vapors has been used to investigate the tarnish resistance capability of copper-based alloys coated with Si02-like films by means of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition（PECVD） fed with a tetraethoxysilane/oxygen mixture.The chemical and morphological properties of the films have been characterized by using infrared absorption spectroscopy（IR） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）with energy disperse spectroscopy（EDS）.The corrosion products of the samples after the tarnishing test have been identified by X-ray diffraction analysis（XRD）.It has been found that SiO2-like films formed via PECVD with a high O2 flow rate could protect copper-based alloys from H2S vapor tarnishing.The alloys coated at the O2 flow rate of 20 sccm remain uncorroded after 54days of H2S vapor tarnish testing.The corrosion products for the alloys deposited at a low O2flow rate after 54 days of tarnish testing are mainly composed of brochantite.     

Fenton-UV照射法对超高浓度聚乙烯醇有机废液的降解效能

采用Fenton-紫外照射(Fenton-UV)联用工艺对核电厂超高浓度聚乙烯醇(PVA)有机废液进行处理,研究了PVA转化率、平均分子量、溶液黏度等随时间的变化规律。结果表明:对于50 g/L的PVA溶液,H₂O₂投加质量浓度为15 g/L,FeSO₄·7H₂O投加质量浓度为0.050 g/L,初始pH值为3,经过2 h Fenton反应和2 h UV照射(3 mW/cm²)之后,PVA转化率达到100%,溶液平均分子量从60 000～80 000 Da降低到1 000 Da以下,黏度降低到1.1 mPa·s,但总有机碳和化学需氧量(COD)变化不大。Fenton-UV法可作为预处理方法,前期Fenton阶段提高PVA的溶解度,增加反应溶液中的PVA含量,并进行初步降解和氧化;后期UV法进一步降解溶液中的PVA,有效降低其分子量和黏度,为后续处理提供有利条件,最终形成经济可行的超高浓度PVA有机废液处理工艺。     

Conversion of coalbed methane surrogate into hydrogen and graphene sheets using rotating gliding arc plasma

The use of atmospheric rotating gliding arc(RGA) plasma is proposed as a facile, scalable and catalyst-free approach to synthesizing hydrogen(H_2) and graphene sheets from coalbed methane(CBM). CH_4 is used as a CBM surrogate. Based on a previous investigation of discharge properties, product distribution and energy efficiency, the operating parameters such as CH_4 concentration, applied voltage and gas flow rate can effectively affect the CH_4 conversion rate,the selectivity of H_2 and the properties of solid generated carbon. Nevertheless, the basic properties of RGA plasma and its role in CH_4 conversion are scarcely mentioned. In the present work, a 3D RGA model, with a detailed nonequilibrium CH_4/Ar plasma chemistry, is developed to validate the previous experiments on CBM conversion, aiming in particular at the distribution of H_2 and other gas products. Our results demonstrate that the dynamics of RGA is derived from the joint effects of electron convection, electron migration and electron diffusion, and is prominently determined by the variation of the gas flow rate and applied voltage. Subsequently,a combined experimental and chemical kinetical simulation is performed to analyze the selectivity of gas products in an RGA reaction, taking into consideration the formation and loss pathways of crucial targeted substances(such as CH_4, C_2H_2, H_2 and H radicals) and corresponding contribution rates. Additionally, the effects of operating conditions on the properties of solid products are investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that increasing the applied voltage and decreasing CH_4 concentration will change the solid carbon from its initial spherical structure into folded multilayer graphene sheets, while the size of the graphene sheets is slightly affected by the change in gas flow rate.     

电子束蚀刻聚酰亚胺制备微孔分离膜的研究

以电子束蚀刻技术,结合微孔掩膜和溶液氧化腐蚀的方法,制备聚酰亚胺(Polyimide,PI)微孔分离膜.通过称重法,讨论了吸收剂量、腐蚀时间和腐蚀温度等因素对PI基膜蚀刻和腐蚀的影响,结果表明,随着吸收剂量、腐蚀温度和腐蚀时间的增加,PI基膜更容易被腐蚀;IR检测结果表明,辐照导致PI分子化学键断裂,分子量变小,是辐照PI腐蚀失重率增加的原因;试验对微孔铅和铁掩膜遮蔽的PI基膜进行电子辐照,再用浓硫酸和重铬酸钾混合溶液腐蚀辐照PI基膜,得到具有规则且垂直孔道的聚酰亚胺微孔分离膜.     

乏燃料后处理萃取过程中的界面污物

在乏燃料后处理萃取工艺工程中，萃取剂和溶剂的辐解以及料液中不溶性固体微粒的存在导致产生界面污物。界面污物严重影响萃取柱的正常操作。文章就有关界面污物的研究状况进行概要评述。目前，普遍认为，在Purex流程萃取过程中，尤其是在一循环中，界面污物的产生与Zr和TBP降解产物HDBP、HzMBP、H3PO4形成的沉淀以及料液中存在的不溶性RuO2、Pd等微粒的表面化学现象有关。沉淀是否产生以及形成的界面污物类型与HDBP／Zr摩尔比和水相条件密切相关。此外，煤油等稀释剂的降解产物也是形成界面污物的一个不可忽略的因素。从萃取设备中排出的界面污物可用Na2CO3或草酸进行处理。在界面污物模拟实验中，需同时考虑Zr与TBP降解产物HDBP、H2MBP、H3PO4形成沉淀和不溶性微粒RuO2、Pd的影响等多种因素。     

草莓辐照保鲜工艺研究

本文研究了草莓辐照保鲜工艺。结果表明,封口工艺或它同一定剂量下辐射处理工艺的复合,没有实用价值。它唯有同冷藏工艺复合,方可促进保鲜期的延长。一定剂量下辐射处理工艺能为草莓贮藏提供较理想的初始状态,但同时促使高速率劣变。把辐射处理、冷箱冷藏和封口三种工艺组合起来,能够产生双重协同效应,使草莓保鲜效果达到最佳值。     

~(101)Tc半衰期的测量

在微型中子源反应堆中辐照75 mg仲钼酸铵20 min,冷却12 min,然后用α-安息香肟-乙酸乙酯在水相介质为0.8 mol/L HNO3、相比1∶1条件下,连续萃取2次分离出了无载体、放化纯的~(101)Tc样品.用HPGe γ探测器对306.8 keV γ射线采用位置接续法跟踪测量,分别用"平移法"、"迭代法"和"R-值法"进行数据处理,得到~(101)Tc的半衰期为(14.02±0.01) min(n=5),经检验数据可靠.     

氯酚类污染物的辐射降解研究进展

以γ射线辐照为基本手段的辐射技术,在环境污染治理中的应用日益广泛。本文着重介绍了辐射技术降解氯酚类污染物(CPs)的辐照分解机理及最新研究进展,并对辐射技术的应用前景和存在的问题进行了评述。同时简要介绍了影响CPs辐照分解效率的各种因素,提出单一辐照工艺对高浓度的CPs的处理都存在一定局限性,而采用臭氧-辐照联用,不仅可降低辐射剂量,而且臭氧在辐射条件下可产生协同效应,既提高了有机物的处理效果,又克服了单用辐射处理时效率随有机物浓度下降而降低的缺点,联合工艺的开发与应用将成为环境污染治理新发展的方向。     

Plasma Syntheses of Carbon Nanotube-Supported Pt-Pd Nanoparticles

It is reported that the highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes can be synthesized under mild conditions by in situ plasma treatment.The carbon nanotube was pretreated by O₂ plasma to transform into oxide carbon nanotubes（O-CNTs）,and then it was mixed with the precursors（the mixture of H₂ PtCl₆and PdCl₆）.After that,the O-CNTs and the precursors were simultaneously treated by H₂ plasma.The precursors were transformed into Pt-Pd nanoparticles（NPs）and the O-CNTs transformed into CNT.The synthesized CNT-based Pt-Pd nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.All the analysis showed that the Pt-Pd nanoparticles were deposited on CNT as a form of face-centered cubical structure.     

Wet Oxidation Treatment of Radioactive Spent Ion-Exchange Resin

Radioactive waste ion-exchange resins have been treated by cement solidification directly, however, the effect of cement is unsatisfactory. In order to find other proper treatment methods, many investigations have been carried out. Especially, wet oxidation treatment technology is favored by many researchers because of its short treatment cycle and high volume reduction ratio. In this work, the reaction mechanism, process characteristics and industrial application of the wet oxidation treatment of radioactive spent ion-exchange resins were summarized. The analysis of the acid boiling degradation, Fenton wet oxidation technology, steam reforming process and supercritical water oxidation method had been focused. Mainly for the acid digestion, steam reforming process, supercritical water oxidation and Fenton wet oxidation were compared by the status of research at home and abroad and industrial applications, combined with the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the ease of post-processing,and considering the perspective of nuclear safety and convenient for subsequent processing, four treatment methods were briefly analyzed by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The results indicated that Fenton wet oxidation treatment of radioactive spent ion exchange resin was one of the feasible schemes.