射线检测不清晰度评估方法的数值模拟分析

不清晰度是评价射线检测图像质量的一个重要指标,尤其是对于数字射线检测技术而言;在射线检测实际应用中,不清晰度值通常用双线型像质计来测量,但现行技术标准所规定的测量方法还有待进一步明确或完善。为探究双线型像质计的使用原理、双线型像质计影像与不清晰度间的关联,构建了双线型像质计与刀口工具的射线成像模型,利用数值模拟方法获取了特定射线源特性、透照布置所对应的两种测试工具的响应,然后进行了不清晰度的测量与对比分析。结果表明,由于射线源焦点强度分布的不同,特定不清晰度值下双线型像质计影像的可识别程度会有所不同,但基本上可使用双线型像质计响应曲线的20%调制度作为分限能力的定量判据。     

X射线源焦点尺寸的测试与对比分析

射线源焦点的大小与形状对射线检测图像质量有重要的影响,但在射线检测中却很少对射线源焦点进行实测,这不利于准确控制射线检测图像质量。对射线源焦点的测量方法进行对比试验分析,以获得对射线源焦点进行评估的有效便捷方法。分别应用小孔成像板、星形测试卡、双线型像质计(Image quality indicator,IQI)等测试体,对工业应用的便携式X射线机进行了焦点尺寸测量。用星形测试卡、双线型像质计所测算的焦点尺寸一致性较好,但较之小孔成像的测量结果却存在较大偏差。实际检测时射线机焦点大小可能与标称值明显不同,有必要对射线焦点特性进行及时评价;双线型像质计可一定程度上代替星形测试卡的使用,便捷地实现图像不清晰度的测量、射线源焦点尺寸的评估。     

微焦点射线机焦点尺寸的刀口工具法定量测试分析

为表征微焦点射线机的焦点特性,采用刀口工具法进行了焦点尺寸的测试分析。采集了刀口工具法的放大影像,提取出特定透照条件下的不清晰度曲线,利用Klasens和Morgan定量准则确定了不清晰度数值进而计算出焦点尺寸,并使用双线型像质计、楔形线对卡对焦点尺寸的测试结果进行了验证分析。结果表明,在相同电压下测得的射线机焦点尺寸与管电流间近似符合二次多项式关系,刀口工具法测量结果与双线型像质计、楔形线对卡的图像特征相吻合。基于刀口工具法能可靠地对微焦点射线机的焦点尺寸进行测量,但在分析不清晰度曲线特征时需注意定量准则的适用性,而基于Morgan定量准则能给出更为合理的测量结果。     

X-ray CCD相机在杆箍缩二极管X射线焦斑诊断中的应用

针孔成像法是诊断杆箍缩二极管X射线焦斑的常用方法。本文建立基于增感屏、光锥耦合、CCD相机的X-ray CCD相机系统,取代针孔成像法中基于闪烁体、物镜、CCD相机的图像获取系统,提高了诊断系统的紧凑性。对所建立的X-ray CCD相机系统的空间分辨能力进行了测试,系统的空间分辨能力受增感屏限制,使用铅制分辨卡测得系统的空间分辨率为5lp/mm,使用刀口法测得调制传递函数为0.5时的频率为1.5lp/mm。测试结果表明,在针孔成像倍率为0.5时,可满足1.5 mm左右的X射线焦斑诊断的需要。并开展了杆箍缩二极管侧面焦斑诊断实验,获得了侧面焦斑图像,且进行了图像复原处理。     

a-Si FPD在闪光X光照相中的应用可行性实验研究

非晶硅平板探测器(a-Si Flat Panel Detector)已在无损检测、医疗领域的连续式X光照相中得到了广泛应用,但在脉冲式(ns量级)闪光X光照相中的应用可行性及成像性能却未见报导.本文利用Varian公司生产的PaxScan 2520 HE型非晶硅平板探测器为接收系统,在450keV脉冲X光机上开展了闪光照相实验,考察了该探测器的应用可行性,测量了其探测灵敏度、像质计灵敏度、线扩散函数(LSF)及调制传递函数(MTF).实验结果表明该探测器可应用于闪光X光照相,且探测灵敏度较高,空间分辨率较好,是一种有前景的闪光X光照相图像接收系统.     

小动物X射线显微CT的MTF曲线测量

针对设计与研制的一台活体小动物X射线显微CT成像系统(Micro-CT),利用标准的细丝模具成像实验,测量该系统的调制传递函数(MTF)曲线,衡量整个系统的空间分辨率.该系统在其常规的成像条件下(X射线管电压为40 kvp,曝光时间1 s,几何放大倍数约2倍,探测器设置在2×2工作模式),测得系统的成像分辨率约11 l...     

评价衍射增强成像空间分辨率的方法

衍射增强成像是X射线成像领域的前沿科技。相比于传统的吸收成像,衍射增强成像能大幅提高图像的衬度,尤其是对于由C、H、O、N等低原子序数元素构成的物体,这一特性使得衍射增强成像在医学诊断方面具有突出的应用价值。目前还没有系统评价衍射增强成像空间分辨率的方法。本文通过构建成像系统的调制传递函数模型,推导出衍射增强成像的空间分辨率计算公式,从而对衍射增强实验平台的整体性能进行综合评价。调制传递函数综合考虑了摇摆曲线几何、CCD像素尺寸、闪烁体荧光弥散效应对系统空间分辨率的固有影响,并详细分析了系统调制传递函数各因素对空间分辨率的影响规律,为衍射增强实验平台的物理设计及设备选型提供理论依据。     

低剂量条件下调制传递函数法与线对法的相关性分析

通过在低剂量条件下对两种CT图像空间分辨率获得方法(调制传递函数法与线对法)的相关性分析,提供CT质量控制过程中空间分辨率评价的客观依据。研究使用GE Light Speed 16 CT对位于扫描正中线的Catphan 500体模中的CPT528及CPT486模块进行扫描。扫描条件:标准胸部扫描条件(120kV、200mA)以及低剂量扫描条件(电压:80kV、100kV、120kV、和140kV 4档;电流:10-60mA,10mA递增)。各扫描条件均使用CPT486模块测量噪声。调节窗宽窗位,观察不同扫描条件下可分辨的线对(为说明主观性对线对法的影响,随机选取部分CPT528扫描图像,由5名受试者进行读数,进行统计分析)。测量不同扫描图像中的点扩散函数(Point spread function,PSF),再对PSF进行二维傅里叶变换得到调制传递函数(Modulation transfer function,MTF),最后使用SAS8.2软件对10%MTF值与线对法目测值进行统计分析,寻找两种空间分辨率获得方法(MTF法与线对法)之间的相关性。结果表明,当MTF为10%时对应的空间分辨率与线对法目测值一致(t'=0.18、p=0.8556)。低剂量条件下部分MTF曲线受噪声影响导致MTF值增大。     

X射线探测器MTF的狭缝法测量研究

X射线探测器的调制传输函数(MTF)可以有效反映X射线摄影系统的成像质量,是客观评价X射线成像系统性能的一个重要方法。实验采用一个缝宽为10μm的狭缝相机和一个微焦斑X射线源,搭建测量平板探测器MTF曲线的平台。通过探测器采集X射线穿透狭缝的成像数据,运用MATLAB编程对狭缝图像进行线扩展函数(line spread function,LSF)的合成、高斯拟合、去噪、傅立叶变换和归一化等处理,得到探测器的MTF曲线,再利用MTF曲线定量分析探测器的成像性能。通过探测器采集不同的X射线源电压、发射功率、狭缝倾角及曝光时间下的数据,比较它们对探测器MTF测量结果的影响。     

高分辨率CCD辐射探测器串扰校正

近年来出现的新型闪烁体与科学级CCD图像传感器耦合的高分辨辐射探测器,对提高Micro-CT等高分辨成像系统的空间分辨率、信噪比、图像质量等有重要意义,具有广泛的应用前景。但新型闪烁体如Gd₃Al₂Ga₃O₁₂等发光传输的各向同性特性,给μm尺寸的CCD像元带来了严重的串扰噪声,导致辐射探测器系统空间分辨率的实际值与理论值相差甚远。本文理论分析了高分辨率CCD辐射探测器串扰产生的物理机理,提出了利用蒙特卡罗EGSnrc仿真和Zemax光学仿真工具理论计算探测器系统像元间的串扰率函数（CTF）,再以CTF为卷积核,通过Lucy-Richardson反卷积运算对实际投影数据进行串扰校正,用双丝型像质计进行验证实验。实验结果表明,本方法可有效校正探测器串扰噪声,对改善探测器系统的调制传递函数和提高空间分辨率等有明显的效果。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.