Coprecipitation of 60Co with d element sulfides from aqueous solutions in the presence of EDTA

Coprecipitation of ⁶⁰Co microamounts from aqueous solutions with sulfides of d elements (Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺) in the presence of 10^?2 M EDTA was studied. Under these conditions, the initial solution can be efficiently decontaminated from ⁶⁰Co by its coprecipitation with NiS. The degree of coprecipitation of ⁶⁰Co microamounts with NiS exceeds 95% at [Na₂S]: [Ni²⁺] = (5–10): 1.     

Coprecipitation of <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs, <Superscript>90</Superscript>Sr,and <Superscript>90</Superscript>Y from aqueous and organic solutions with triethylenediamine complexes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>-element nitrates

Coprecipitation of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, and ⁹⁰Y with low-soluble complexes of nitrates of d elements (Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺) with triethylenediamine [(CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂] from aqueous and aqueous-organic solutions was studied. ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr do not noticeably coprecipitate with precipitates of complexes of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺ with (CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂ in water; in the process, the radionuclide recovery into the precipitate phase does not exceed 10%. At the same time, the degree of recovery of ⁹⁰Y reaches 65% depending on the experimental conditions. In C₂H₅OH and CH₃CN containing 9 and 5% H₂O, respectively, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, and ⁹⁰Y coprecipitate with the complexes to a greater extent, with the degree of recovery varying from 30 to 97% at the molar ratio M²⁺: (CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂ = 1 : 1.     

Recovery of 137Cs, 90Sr, 90Y, and d-element ions from aqueous solutions with sorbents containing triethylenediamine

The possibility of using sorbents based on KSKG coarsely porous silica gel and containing triethylenediamine N(CH₂-CH₂)₃N (TEDA) for recovering ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁰Y, and d-element ions (Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺) from aqueous solutions was examined. Both ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁰Y radionuclides and Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ ions are sorbed on KSKG containing 0.01–6.72 wt % TEDA. However, on sorbents based on KSKG and containing complexes of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺ nitrates with TEDA, the ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, and ⁹⁰Y radionuclides are not sorbed. The equilibrium in the systems with these sorbents is attained within 3 h. The sorption capacity for Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ strongly depends on the conditions of the sorbent synthesis. The capacity of the sorbents for Cu²⁺ varies from 63 to 320 mg of metal per gram of sorbent. For Ni²⁺, the sorption capacity is considerably lower (no more than 130 mg of Ni²⁺ per gram of sorbent). The distribution coefficients of ⁹⁰Sr and ⁹⁰Y are 300–700 ml g^?1 at the contact time of the solid and liquid phases of 96 h and V/m = 100 ml g^?1.     

Removal of 60Co and 137Cs from simulated NPP trap waters

The possibility of removing ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs from simulated NPP trap waters by sorption and precipitation methods was examined. The use of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of Mg and Nd, containing CO ₃ ^2? in the interlayer space, for removing ⁶⁰Co from NPP trap waters is inefficient, especially in the presence of EDTA. After 2 h of contact of the solid and liquid phases, the degree of ⁶⁰Co sorption does not exceed 12% at V/m = 500 mL g^?1. Coprecipitation of ⁶⁰Co with a complex precipitate of Fe³⁺ and triethylenediamine (CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂ from simulated NPP trap waters containing 0.03 M Co²⁺ allows ～85% removal of the radionuclide. The ⁶⁰CO coprecipitation with KFe[Fe(CN)₆] from simulated NPP trap waters does not ensure its efficient removal. The degree of coprecipitation of ⁶⁰CO with KFe[Fe(CN)₆] varies from ～55 to ～85%. A procedure was suggested for removing ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs from aqueous solutions by coprecipitation of the radionuclides with the solid phase of K⁺, Fe³⁺, and Ni²⁺ ferrocyanides formed by adding K₄[Fe(CN)₆], Fe(NO₃)₃, and Ni(NO₃)₂ in succession to the solution. The procedure ensures almost 100% removal of both radionuclides from simulated NPP trap waters.     

Removal of radionuclides,macrocomponent metal ions,and organic compounds from solutions by nanofiltration

Removal of Mg²⁺, Сa²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Pr³⁺ ions, tracer amounts of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁸⁵Sr, and ⁶⁰Co radionuclides, and oxalate and ethylenediaminetetraacetate ions from solutions using a polymeric nanofiltration (NF) membrane produced by RM Nanotekh (Russia) was studied. The selectivity (S) of the NF membrane to multicharged metal cations is considerably higher than to single-charged cations. The NF membrane exhibits the highest selectivity (S = 94–97%) to triple-charged Fe³⁺ and Pr³⁺ ions and double-charged Cu²⁺ ions. The selectivity to double-charged Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions is somewhat lower (90–94% on the average). Among doublecharged cations, the NF membrane exhibits the lowest selectivity (80–88%) to Ni²⁺ and Cа²⁺ ions. The NF membrane shows high performance in retention of tracer amounts of Sr (S = 95%) and Co (S > 99%) radionuclides, and also of oxalate (S = 94.5%) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (S = 97.5%) ions. Examples of using the nanofiltration method for removing ⁶⁰Co from a model solution simulating NPP bottom residue and for removing transition metal impurities from a LiCl solution are presented.     

A new route synthesis of immobilized-polysiloxane iminodiacetic acid ligand system,its characterization and applications

A new route for the synthesis of immobilized-polysiloxane ligand system bearing iminodiacetic acid chelating ligand of the general formula P-(CH₂)₃N-(CH₂COOEt)₂, (where P represents [Si–O]_n polysiloxane network) was accomplished. The preparation of the immobilized iminodiethylacetate was achieved by the reaction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane with ethyl chloroacetate followed by hydrolytic polycondensation of the diethyliminodiacetate silane agent and tetraethylorthosilicate via the sol–gel process. The immobilized iminodiacetic acid P-(CH₂)₃N-(CH₂COOH)₂ was obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl acetate groups using diluted hydrochloric acid. The new functionalized ligand system exhibits high capacities for uptake of the metal ions (Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺), and forms 1:1 metal to ligand ratio complexes in the case of Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺.     

Waste calcite sludge as an adsorbent for the removal of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc from aqueous solutions

Sludge residues, an industrial waste material for the removal of cadmium (Cd²⁺), copper (Cu²⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and zinc (Zn²⁺) from aqueous solutions were investigated using batch method. Batch mode experiments were carried out as a function of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and contact time. The results indicated that the adsorbent showed good sorption potential and maximum metal removal was observed at pH ≥?3. Within 120?min of operation, about 63.7, 95.2, 99.9, and 88.2% of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions were removed from the solutions, respectively. Sorption curves were well fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption capacities for Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions at optimum conditions were 121.2, 1067.8, 566.4, and 534.2?mg?g^?1, respectively. The kinetics of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ adsorption from aqueous solutions was analyzed by fitting the experimental data to pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. However, the pseudo-first-order kinetics model provided much better R ² values and the rate constant was found to be 0.001?min^?1 for Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions. The results revealed that sludge residues can adsorb considerable amount of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions and it could be an economical method for the removal of these ions from aqueous systems.     

Divalent ion uptake of heavy metal cations by (aluminum + alkali metals) – substituted synthetic 1.1 nm-tobermorites

The reactions of Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ synthetic (Al + alkali metal) – substituted tobermorites were studied. Among these cations, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ appears to exchange with outer planar surface of Ca²⁺ of tobermorites due to the break down of structural Ca-O bonds, in addition to the substituted alkali metals in the structure. But it is difficult to delineate the extent of this reaction from the precipitation of the concerned ions as carbonates, hydroxy carbonates, hydroxy nitrates or hydroxides. The uptake of metal ions by these solids led to their amorphization in many cases due to the partial exchange and the acidic nature of metal solutions, and hence their reactions are not strictly analogous to cation exchange in zeolites and clays. The order of ion uptake has been found in the following order: Fe²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Mn²⁺ > Hg²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > pb²⁺.     

Coprecipitation of 60Co from aqueous solutions with solid phases of various coordination compounds

Coprecipitation of ⁶⁰Co from aqueous solutions with solid phases of various coordination compounds was studied. Microamounts of ⁶⁰Co do not noticeably coprecipitate with solid phases of [M(CE)]BPh₄ (M = Na⁺, Cs⁺; CE = 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6) and of CsBPh₄. ⁶⁰Co can be efficiently removed from aqueous solutions containing 0.1 and 4.0 M NaNO₃, 0.1 M EDTA, or 1.0 M H₂C₂O₄ by coprecipitation with the KFe[Fe(CN)₆] solid phase formed by successive addition of K₄[Fe(CN)₆] and Fe(NO₃)₃ into these solutions. The degree of ⁶⁰Co removal varies from ～80 to ～99.9% depending on the experimental conditions. This procedure allows simultaneous removal of ¹³⁷Cs from the same solution with no less than 97% efficiency.     

Fabrication of electrically conductive membrane electrode of gelatin-tin (IV) phosphate nanocomposite for the detection of cobalt (II) ions

Gelatin-tin (IV) phosphate nanocomposite (GT/TPNC) ion exchanger was synthesized by mixing gelatin gel into the precipitates of tin (IV) phosphate using sol–gel method. GT/TPNC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ion exchange capacity of GT/TPNC was reported to be1.44?meq/g. The material was found monofunctional as indicated from pH titration curves. The distribution coefficient of different metal ions such as Zn²⁺ (42.10), Cd²⁺ (37.93), Mg²⁺ (33.33), Cu²⁺ (33.21), Al³⁺ (14.28), Pb²⁺ (6.06), Ni²⁺ (12.50) and Co²⁺ (50.0) was studied using GT/TPNC ion exchanger. The distribution studies confirmed the selectivity of GT/TPNC for Co (II). The photocatalytical degradation of MB was found to be 78% within 5 h of solar illumination using GT/TPNC. Some binary separations such as Co²⁺–Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺–Ni²⁺, Co²⁺–Mg²⁺, Mg²⁺–Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺–Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺–Al³⁺, Al³⁺–Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺–Cu²⁺ were attempted using GT/TPNC ion exchanger. GT/TPNC was explored for the fabrication of ion-sensitive membrane electrode for the determination of Co (II) in the water system. The membrane electrode was found mechanically more stable with quick response time (30?s) and a wide pH working range (4.0–7.0).     

Sorption of CH<Subscript>3</Subscript><Superscript>131</Superscript>I from water vapor-air medium on porous inorganic sorbents containing triethylenediamine and <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis> element nitrates

Sorption of CH₃ ¹³¹I from a water vapor-air medium on porous inorganic sorbents based on silica gel of KSKG grade and containing triethylenediamine (CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂ and d element nitrates was studied. The sorbents prepared by impregnation with (CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂ and Zn, Ni, and Cu nitrates from aqueous solution recover CH₃ ¹³¹I from a water vapor-air flow poorly (degree of recovery <10%). Calcination of the sorbents at temperatures exceeding 250°C does not noticeably affect their sorption power. Heating of the complex Ag(NO₃)(OH)·(CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂H to 160°C causes its exothermic decomposition with a large heat release and formation of metallic silver. Thermal decomposition of the complex of Cu²⁺ with (CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂, synthesized from an aqueous solution at the molar ratio Cu(NO₃)₂: (CH₂-CH₂)₃N₂ = 1: 2, occurs similarly.     

Structural and Magnetic Studies on Chromium substituted Ni-Zn Nano Ferrite Synthesized by Citrate Gel Auto Combustion Method

Nano crystalline Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Cr_xFe_2?xO₄ particles with x varying from 0.00 to 0.25 in steps of 0.05 have been synthesized through citrate gel autocombustion method. When Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nano particles were annealed at 1000 °C, the crystallite size increased while the lattice constant decreased slightly. For, the Cr³⁺ substituted samples annealed at 1000 °C, the variation in lattice constant, bondlengths, M_e-M_e distances and other structural parameters have been attributed to the dissimilarity in the ionic radius of the displaced (Fe³⁺) ion and the substituted (Cr³⁺) ion. Thermal studies indicated the autocombustion process which is an exothermic reaction between the nitrates salt solutions and the citric acid took place at about a temperature of 400 °C for Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄. The M-H loops for all samples indicated a soft ferrite nature for all samples. The non-saturated hysteresis loop and high coercivity for the as prepared Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nano particles has been attributed to the core-shell structure of the fine particles. When annealed at 1000 °C the saturation magnetization of Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nano particles increased and attained the bulk value (70emu/gm). The specific saturation magnetization has been observed to decrease with increasing Cr³⁺ substitution and is ascribed to the reduction in the predominant A-B exchange interaction mechanism. By considering the site preferences cations a suitable distribution of the cations among the A & B-sites has been proposed for Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Cr_xFe_2?xO₄ nano particles annealed at 1000 °C and has been verified using the X-ray diffraction line intensity calculations. The FT-IR spectra of the annealed ferrite powders showed two significant absorption bands in the wave numbers around 400 cm^?1 & 580 cm^?1 and an additional shoulder at 360cm^?1. The position and width of the bands have been observed to vary with Cr³⁺ substitution. The results of IR spectra are in support of the proposed cation distribution.     

Removal of 60Co and 137Cs from simulated NPP bottom residues on the solid phase of K+, Ni2+, and Fe3+ ferrocyanides

The possibility of simultaneous removal of ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs from simulated NPP bottom residues by coprecipitation with the solid phase of K, Fe, and Ni ferrocyanides was examined. In coprecipitation of ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs with the KFe[Fe(CN)₆] solid phase, the degree of removal of the radionuclides from simulated bottom residue containing 300 g L^?1 NaNO₃ and 3.4 × 10^?5 M EDTA does not exceed 80% for ⁶⁰Co and 99% for ¹³⁷Cs. The scheme based on coprecipitation of the radionuclides with the solid phase of K⁺, Fe³⁺, and Ni²⁺ ferrocyanides, formed by successive addition of K₄[Fe(CN)₆], Fe(NO₃)₃, and Ni(NO₃)₂ to the solution, ensures efficient removal of ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs from simulated bottom residue containing simultaneously up to 400 g·L^?1 NaNO₃ and 3.4 × 10^?5 M EDTA. The radionuclides are removed to more than 99%.     

Influence of spectator ions on the reactivity of divalent metal salts in molten alkali metal nitrates: Morphology of the resulting metal oxides

This work focuses on the investigation of the reaction of alkali metal nitrates (LiNO₃, NaNO₃ and KNO₃) with divalent metal salts (Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to study the kinetics and mechanisms of the above reactions, which led to the formation of the corresponding metal oxides. The reaction temperature was found to depend not only on the alkali metal but also on the metal salt (MCl₂ or M(NO₃)₂) involved in the reaction.SEM observations show that the spectator ions present in the reacting medium have varying degrees of influence on the morphology of the powder; the growth directions, sizes and the homogeneity of their distribution, are modified. KNO₃ generates the most significant differences compared to LiNO₃ and NaNO₃.     

Effet JAHN-TELLER cooperatif et spectre optique de l'ion Cu2+ dans quelques chromites

Phase diagrams of Cu_1?xM_xCr₂O₄ (M²⁺ = Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, 0,5(Li⁺+Ga³⁺)) are established by X-ray diffraction at high temperature and some cationic distributions deduced from neutron diffraction.The ligand field reflectance spectra of tetrahedrally coordinated Cu²⁺ in different oxidic host structures (I41/amd and Fd3m) are analysed at different temperatures (300 – 600 K). The evolution of electronic spectra may be correlated with the disparition of cooperative JAHN-TELLER effect. The quadratic distortion ($\text{c}\text{a}\text{< 1}$) in mixed nickel-copper chromites (0,5 < x ? 0,8) is mainly due to Ni²⁺; but, electronic spectra at high température in the range 4000 – 12000 cm^?1 discloses a certain contribution of Cu²⁺ ions to JAHN-TELLER distortion.     

Decontamination of liquid radioactive waste concentrates from 60Co using diethyldithiocarbamates

Oxidized bottom residue (BR) from installations for reprocessing trap waters of the Leningrad NPP were treated to remove ⁶⁰Co by coprecipitation with transition metal diethyldithiocarbamates (DDTC). Coprecipitation of ⁶⁰Co with manganese and cobalt diethyldithiocarbamates was examined in relation to pH of solution, temperature, amount of diethyldithiocarbamates, reagent ratio, and number of coprecipitation steps. The effect of diethyldithiocarbamates on the efficiency and conditions of the solution decontamination from ^134,137Cs on nickel potassium ferrocyanides was studied. Oxidative treatment of liquid radioactive waste concentrates to break down organic complexes is a necessary condition for ⁶⁰Co removal by coprecipitation with transition metal diethyldithiocarbamates. From a solution initially containing 56 kBq dm^{−3 60}Co, ⁶⁰Co can be removed to a residual content of 0.12–0.16 kBq dm⁻³ by two-step coprecipitation with Co(DDTC)₂. The coprecipitation with Co(DDTC)₂ does not affect the efficiency of the subsequent removal of Cs radionuclides on nickel potassium ferrocyanides.     

Corrosion behaviour of amorphous Ti48Cu52, Ti50Cu50 and Ti60Ni40 alloys investigated by potentiodynamic polarization method

Potentiodynamic polarization studies were carried out on virgin specimens of amorphous alloys Ti₄₈Cu₅₂, Ti₅₀Cu₅₀ and Ti₆₀Ni₄₀ in 0.5 M HNO₃, 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 0.5 M NaOH aqueous media at room temperature. The value of the corrosion current density (I_corr) was maximum for Ti₄₈Cu₅₂ alloy in all the three aqueous media as compared to the remaining two alloys. The value of I_corr for the alloy Ti₄₈Cu₅₂ was maximum (I_corr = 2.6 × 10^{- 5} A/cm²) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and minimum (I_corr = 3.5 × 10^{- 6} A/cm²) in 0.5 M NaOH aqueous solutions. In contrast, the alloy Ti₆₀Ni₄₀ exhibited the least corrosion current density in 0.5 M HNO₃ (I_corr = 40 × 10^{- 7}A/cm²) and in 0.5 M NaOH (I_corr = 5.5 × 10^{- 7} A/cm²) aqueous media as compared to those for Ti-Cu alloys, while its value in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ was comparable to that for Ti₄₀Cu₅₀. It is suggested that the alloy Ti₆₀Ni₄₀ is more corrosion resistant than the alloys Ti₄₈Cu₅₂ and Ti₅₀Cu₅₀ in all the three aqueous media.     

Extraction of uranyl, La(III), and Y(III) nitrates with a composite solid extractant based on a polymeric support impregnated with trialkylmethylammonium nitrate

Extraction of uranyl, La(III), and Y(III) nitrates from aqueous solutions containing 0–4 M sodium nitrate with a composite solid extractant based on a polymeric support impregnated with trialkylmethylammonium nitrate (Aliquat-336) was studied. The extraction isotherms were analyzed assuming that uranyl, La(III), and Y(III) nitrates are extracted with the solid extractant in the form of complexes (R₄N)₂[Ln(NO₃)₅] and (R₄N)₂[UO₂(NO₃)₄], respectively. The calculated extraction constants decrease in the order La³⁺ > UO ₂ ²⁺ > Y³⁺. The joint extraction of uranyl, La(III), and Y(III) nitrates with the solid extractant from aqueous salt solutions was studied. The La/U separation factor increases with increasing total concentration of uranyl and La(III) nitrates in aqueous phase. Original Russian Text A.K. Pyartman, V.A. Keskinov, V.V. Lishchuk, A.V. Konstantinova, V.V. Belova. 2007, published in Radiokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 237–240.     

Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of Salicylaldazinate metal chelates

A study of the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of Salicylaldazine and its metal complexes with the d-block elements Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺, is correlated with molecular spectral data. The values of the activation energies obtained from the electrical conductivity measurements, as well as the energy gaps corresponding to the maximum absorption wavelengths in the region of ultraviolet and visible spectra, indicate the important role of chelation in producing the Salicylaldazine semiconducting properties.     

Sorption of 60Co from aqueous solutions on layered double hydroxides of Mg, Al, and Nd

Sorption of ⁶⁰Co from aqueous solutions of various compositions on layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of Mg, Al, and Nd in carbonate and hydroxide forms and on layered double oxides (LDOs) of Mg and Al was studied. ⁶⁰Co is poorly sorbed from aqueous nitrate solutions onto LDH-Mg-Al-OH. The ⁶⁰Co distribution coefficient K _d does not exceed 50 ml g^?1 at a phase contact time of 15 min and V/m = 50 ml g^?1. At the same time, ⁶⁰Co is efficiently sorbed from 10^?3?C10^?5 M aqueous Co(NO₃)₂ solutions onto LDH-Mg-Al and LDH-Mg-Nd with CO ₃ ^2? in the interlayer space. At a phase contact time of 15 min and V/m = 50 ml g^?1, K _d exceeds 2 × 10⁴ ml g^?1 for LDH-Mg-Nd and does not exceed 5 × 10³ ml g^?1 for LDH-Mg-Al. The ⁶⁰Co desorption from LDH-Mg-Nd-CO₃ into 0.05?C0.2 M solutions of Na₂CO₃, NaNO₃, (NH₄)₂C₂O₄, and Na₂H₂EDTA and into distilled water was studied. Na₂H₂EDTA is the most efficient desorbing agent. After 15-min contact of LDHMg(⁶⁰Co)-Nd-CO₃ with 0.1 and 0.05 M Na₂H₂EDTA solutions, the degree of desorption of ⁶⁰Co is ??100 and ??99%, respectively.