滩地植被作用下非对称复式河道的三维数值模拟

本文采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)对乔木作用下的非对称复式河槽水流的三维紊流进行了教值模拟,并与标准k-ε模型比较.数值计算结果与试验结果的比较表明,RSM能较好地模拟滩槽交互区内的二次流和主流速分布,此模型模拟植被作用下的复式河槽是可靠的.且水深增大时,滩槽交互区的二次流也随之增强,并向主槽区移动,而主槽区二次流相应减小,滩地区二次流相应增大.     

CES模型计算复式河槽过流能力及方法对比

复式河槽的洪水漫滩后,滩槽水流相互作用,在滩槽交界处形成动量交换,若直接采用曼宁公式进行水力计算将产生很大误差。应用CES(Conveyance Estimation System)模型首先计算了不同复式河槽的垂线平均流速,并结合英国科学工程研究理事会洪水水槽设备(SERC-FCF)的试验资料进行了验证,进而分析了不同形态复式河槽的水流特性;然后通过对比分析CES模型与经验方法(湿周修正法、断面分割法)和理论方法(谢汉祥法、刘沛清法、河槽协同度法)计算流量时的精度,论证了该模型在复式河槽水力计算中的优越性。结果表明,由CES模型计算的断面垂线平均流速分布符合复式河槽的水流特性且与实测资料吻合良好,较之其他模型方法,该模型能适用于任意形态复式河槽的流量计算且精度较高。     

复式河槽水位流量计算误差分析及方法对比

水位流量关系是推算水面线的重要依据。复式河槽的水流漫滩时,直接运用曼宁公式计算水位流量关系会产生很大的误差,并会出现流量随水深增加而减小的不合理现象,为此分析了复式河槽垂线平均流速的横向分布及曼宁公式中流量-水深函数的单调性,探讨了这种误差及现象出现的原因;然后以实测资料为依据,对比分析了以曼宁公式为基础的水平分割法、垂直分割法、对角线分割法、湿周修正法及权重分割法与传统理论方法(谢汉祥法、河槽协同度法)计算复式河槽水位流量关系的精度,进而讨论了改进后的曼宁公式在复式河槽中的适用性。结果表明,主槽与滩地的流速差使漫滩水流发生横向运动,并在滩槽交界处形成大量的动量交换,其作用机理完全不同于单一河槽,故曼宁公式不能直接应用于复式河槽;复式断面的水力半径增长率与湿周增长率满足一定的条件时,曼宁公式中流量-水深函数单调递减,漫滩初期流量随水深增加而减小;对比不同计算方法的结果发现,湿周修正法精度最低而不推荐使用;水平分割法、垂线分割法、对角线分割法及权重分割法的精度与传统理论方法接近甚至更高,因此这些改进后的曼宁公式能够较好地适用于复式河槽。由于对角线分割法在所有方法中精度最高且计算简便,故计算复式河槽水位流量关系时推荐采用对角线分割法。     

复式渠槽水沙输移特性研究综述

水流运动特性受边界的影响较大,由于复式渠槽特有的几何特征和边界条件,当发生漫滩流时,水流结构比较复杂,水流特性和泥沙输移规律均不同于单一渠槽。分别对顺直和弯曲复式渠槽漫滩情况下的流速分布、剪切力分布、水流阻力及泥沙输移特性进行归纳和分析。从复式断面形态、滩槽交互区动量交换、推移质泥沙运动特性以及自然因素条件对水沙输移特性的影响4个方面,对复式渠槽水沙输移特性的研究趋势进行了展望。     

宽窄复式河道水流运动特性的试验研究

在分析水槽试验资料的基础上，首次对宽窄复式河道的滩槽过流能力、断面平均流速、垂线流速及横向分布等水流运动特性进行了研究．研究结果表明，宽窄复式河道的主槽流量随着滩槽宽度比的增大而减小，滩地流量随着滩槽宽度比的增大而增大；水流发生漫滩之后，随着水深的增加，主槽流速先减小后增加，滩地流速不断增加，二者的变化幅度与滩槽宽度比有关；在大部分区域内垂线流速偏离对数分布，主槽一般偏小，滩地偏大；垂线平均流速沿横向分布与一般复式河道相似，但滩槽流速差别减小．     

基于WMLES方法的复式断面明渠三维紊流数值模拟

针对基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程的数值模型在精确模拟复式断面明渠三维水流结构方面存在困难和传统大涡模拟(LES)方法计算成本相对较高的问题,采用壁面建模的大涡模拟(WMLES)方法建立三维数值模型,对水深比(滩地水深与主槽水深之比)为0.5的复式断面明渠水流结构进行模拟计算。数值模拟计算结果与已有试验测量结果和LES模拟结果的对比表明,WMLES方法能够准确地模拟时均速度、床面切应力、紊动强度、紊动能、雷诺应力分布、二次漩涡结构,该方法在复式断面明渠水流三维模拟中是可靠的;在保证计算精度的前提下,与传统LES方法相比,采用WMLES方法能够显著降低计算成本。     

冲积河流滩槽定量划分方法及应用

通过理论分析与数值计算,研究了冲积河流漫滩水流水力因子的变化特性。结果表明,断面平均流速在漫滩瞬间迅速减小,然后逐渐增大;断面综合动能修正系数、动量修正系数均随水深而缓慢增加,在漫滩瞬间迅速增大,随即快速减小。根据漫滩水流水力因子沿水深的变化特性,提出采用断面横向平均流速为判别因子以定量划分复式断面的滩与槽。此外,文中将其应用于黄河下游漫滩水流的水沙数值模拟,其结果与实际情况符合较好。     

漫滩水流水沙运动规律的研究

本文根据漫滩水流的运动特点，将漫滩水流的复式断面分为主槽平衡区、滩槽交互区、滩地平衡区及边壁区等4个区，并给出了各区宽度的经验公式.根据滩槽交互区垂线流速分布的变化特点，提出了附加尾流函数的对数流速分布公式.在简化水流运动方程和泥沙扩散方程的基础上，对滩槽交互区内垂线平均流速及含沙量沿横向分布进行了理论分析，提出了反映滩槽水流动量交换强度的横向涡量粘性系数及横向扩散系数的表达式，得到了漫滩水流垂线平均流速及含沙量沿横向分布的解析解，并与实测资料吻合较好。     

复式断面明渠三维紊流的数值模拟

本文采用非线性ｋ－ε紊流模型和Ｎａｏｔ－Ｒｏｄｉ代数应力模型（Ｎ－Ｒ模型）模拟复式断面明渠三维紊流。非线性ｋ－ε模型用张量形式推出，适用于边界形状复杂的流动，而Ｎ－Ｒ模型采用一种补充关系式反映计算点与界面距离对雷诺应力的影响，能较好地反映界面的作用。对一个复式断面明渠实例进行计算，给出了流速场（包括主流、二次流），壁面剪切力和雷诺应力分布，并与实验结果进行详细比较，还研究了浅滩粗糙壁面时的流动，除     

复式河道漫滩水流计算方法研究

对复式顺直河道和复式游荡型河道中漫滩洪水的计算方法进行了研究.其中，对复式顺直河道，从Shiono-Knight方法出发，将二次流项归并入雷诺切应力项，并将主槽和滩地的流速分布曲线直接相接，推导出一套不需联立求解系数方程组的漫滩水流流速和床面切应力分布的计算公式以及床面平均切应力的解析计算公式；对复式游荡型河道，建立了一种新的上层水流计算方法.文中的计算结果与前人的实验资料基本一致，初步表明文中的方法是合理的.     

Numerical investigation of flow through vegetated multi-stage compound channel

This paper addresses the problem of the renormalization group k turbulence modeling of a vegetated multi-stage compound channel. Results from Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter（ADV） tests are used with time and spatial averaging（doubleaveraging method） in the analysis of the flow field and the characterization. Comparisons of the mean velocity, the Reynolds stress, and the turbulent energy distribution show the validity of the computational method. The mean velocity profile sees an obvious deceleration in the terraces because of vegetation. Secondary flow exists mainly at the junction of the main channel and the vegetation region on the first terrace. The bed shear stress in the main channel is much greater than that in the terraces. The difference of the bed shear stress between two terraces is insignificant, and the presence of vegetation can effectively reduce the bed shear stress.     

挟沙水流卡门常数的理论研究

挟沙水流的流速分布,特别是其中的卡门常数,一直是冲积河流水力学研究的热点问题之一.实测资料表明挟沙水流流速分布仍遵循对数流速分布规律,但在主流区的卡门常数要小于清水时的卡门常数,而在近底区的卡门常数与清水基本一致.在引入颗粒切应力的基础上,从理论上推导了同时适用于主流区和近底区的统一流速分布模型.利用该流速分布模型,得到挟沙水流的卡门常数沿垂线是变化的结论,即从近底区的约0.4渐变到主流区的小于0.4.并给出了主流区卡门常数的理论表达式,认为主流区卡门常数与近底区的泥沙浓度和泥沙粒径有关.该卡门常数的理论公式与实测资料较为吻合.     

等宽明渠交汇口流速分布特性数值模拟

明渠水流的交汇现象在涉水工程中十分常见,其中交汇口流速的分布特性复杂,对渠道的设计与维护有着直接的影响。针对明渠交汇流的流速分布特性,基于雷诺方程模型（RSM）与体积函数法（VOF）建立等宽明渠交汇流三维数值模型,结合物理试验数据进行模型验证,对不同交汇角与流量比组合工况进行模拟研究,对交汇口水流流速的分布特性进行分析。计算结果表明,交汇口流速存在分区特征,交汇口内流线弯曲流速偏转,下游会出现回流结构与断面环流现象。当交汇角增大时,水流的偏转幅度更大,回流结构与环流现象增强,分区特征更明显,渠道边壁受到的水体冲击更大;当流量比增大时,主渠水体受到的挤压效应减弱,流速分区特征受到抑制,水流交汇更平顺,边壁受到的冲刷更少。     

插板透水丁坝透水孔优化方案数值模拟

针对插板透水丁坝透水孔孔数和布置方式对丁坝作用区水流特性和冲淤变化影响的问题,采用CCHE2D水沙数学模型对塔里木河干流其满河段实体模型水槽插板透水丁坝区进行二维水流数值模拟,分析不同透水孔数和不同布置方式对河槽断面流速分布、水位及河床切应力的影响规律,寻求插板透水丁坝透水孔优化方案。结果表明:在来流量、透空率等因素不变条件下,插板透水丁坝透水孔数越多,流速均匀性越好,丁坝下游河床切应力呈减小趋势。当透水孔数达到4孔时,丁坝上游、下游水位、流速和河床切应力变化趋势均趋于稳定,为最佳的透水孔优化方案。研究成果为进一步研究插板透水丁坝区水流特性与缓流促淤效果奠定理论基础。     

壅水条件下水流阻力试验研究

壅水条件下的水流阻力及输沙特性,在水利工程的应用中占有十分重要的位置。对壅水条件下河道开展概化水槽试验,采用声学多普勒测速仪ADV对水流流速进行了测量,并对壅水条件下水流阻力和床面切应力等进行了分析。结果表明壅水条件下,水流流速沿垂线分布较均匀流条件下更加均匀,当壅水程度越大时,水流流速沿垂线分布越均匀,且流速分布大致上仍服从对数率分布;壅水条件下,随着水深的增大,摩阻流速不断减小;壅水条件下河道水流阻力系数随着非均匀系数及水力半径的增大而增大;引入壅水程度指标,并拟合得到了床面切应力随壅水程度指标的变化关系式。成果可为壅水条件下水流结构特征及输沙规律的研究提供参考。     

冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布

开展冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布规律研究,对于凌汛防治具有重要意义。本文在SKM法的基础上,结合双层假设理论,并将二次流项并入雷诺切应力项,建立了考虑河床摩擦、冰盖阻力、横向剪切湍流和二次流影响的准二维数学模型。与相应的物理模型实验结果对比发现,所提出的准二维数学模型能够合理预测复式断面河道各断面的水深平均流速横向分布及河道过流量。本文提出的数学模型,无需通过计算机编程联立求解复杂方程组,即可获得水深平均流速的横向分布特征,对研究具有复式断面的覆冰河道的水流特征具有一定的指导意义。     

A simple method for estimating bed shear stress in smooth and vegetated compound channels

Instead of a large number of measurements of the streamwise velocity, a simple method is proposed to estimate the bed shear stress in smooth and vegetated compound channels, based on the Darcy-Weisbach equation. This method contains a dimensionless parameter iA, to represent the relationship between the bed shear stress and the velocity close to the channel bed()bU, which is determined in each divided domain. This method is verified in two smooth compound channels with different geometries, and in one compound channel with emergent floodplain vegetation. The comparison of predicted and measured bed shear stresses indicates the good predictive capability of this method, particularly in the mixing region. This method is further discussed for a channel with submerged vegetation. Once the values of iA in the main channel and the floodplain are determined, this method is a practical tool for estimating the bed shear stress based on a small number of measurements of bU in compound channels.     

Turbulent flow structure at a 90-degree open channel confluence: Accounting for the distortion of the shear layer

City channels often have a smaller width-to-depth ratio in comparison to natural rivers due to the limited land availability. The penetration of the tributary into the main channel can cause the distortion of the shear layer. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the mean and turbulent flow structure in the distorted shear layer in a discharge-adjustable plexiglass circulating flume. Three-dimensional velocities were collected and hydrodynamics and turbulence characteristics such as mean velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress, turbulence spectrum, and occurrence probabilities of quadrant events were analyzed. The results showed that a stronger helical cell was formed and extended for a longer distance downstream when the tributary channel had a higher flow rate than the main channel. The maximum Reynolds shear stress and the ejection and sweep events were mainly distributed at the middle zone of the water depth, rather than near the water surface, which were coincident with the shear layer as indicated by the turbulence kinetic energy. No obvious energy concentration was observed, and the power law relations for individual velocity components all had an exponent slightly larger than −5/3 in the flow frequency. The distortion of the shear layer resulted in an increase in occurrence probabilities of ejection and sweep events within the shear layer, which were related to the turbulence presenting vortices induced by wall. If the discharge ratio remained unchanged, an increase in the discharge of both channels resulted in an increase in some parameters, such as velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and the absolute values of Reynolds shear stress, while the shear layer was distorted to a larger extent as the discharge of each channel decreased. All these results suggested that sediment transport, bed morphology and contaminant transport in the distorted shear layer at city channel confluences may differ significantly from that at natural river confluences.     

Impact of depth ratio on flow structure and turbulence characteristics of compound open channel flows

Compound open channel flows appear in most natural rivers are of great importance in river management and flood control. In this study, large eddy simulations were carried out to simulate the compound open channel flows with four different depth ratios (h_r = 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75). The main flow velocity, secondary flow, Reynolds stress, and bed shear stress were obtained from numerical simulations. The depth-averaged streamwise momentum equation was used to quantify the lateral momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplain. The instantaneous coherent structures were presented by the Q criterion method. The impact of h_r on flow structure and turbulence characteristics was analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of h_r, the high velocity area in the main channel shifted to the floodplain, and the dip phenomenon became more obvious; the Reynolds stress largely contributed to the lateral momentum exchange within the flows near the side walls of floodplain; and the vortex structures were found to significantly increase in the floodplain region.