Mineral Binding Characteristics of Lignin, Guar Gum, Cellulose, Pectin and Neutral Detergent Fiber under Simulated Duodenal pH Conditions

Effective stability constants (K_cff) and amount of Fe bound by lignin, cellulose, guar gum, low and high methoxy pectin and NDF were determined under simulated duodenal pH conditions. Guar gum bound 8.4 μmol Fe per g fiber with the greatest affinity (K_cff= 6.27 × 10⁶) of any of the fibers studied; NDF, high methoxy pectin, and one of the binding sites of lignin bound 5.0. 5.0, and 19.5 μmol Fe, respectively. per g fiber, with a K_cff > 10⁵, and cellulose bound Fe so weakly that an effective stability constant could not be calculated. Lignin had two distinct binding sites for Fe, Zn, and Cu with the high affinity sites binding in the following order: Fe > Cu > Zn, but with twice as much Cu bound as either Fe or Zn.     

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Black Tea and Mediterranean Herb Infusions Toward Iron Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

ABSTRACT: Dietary components, such as polyphenols, may be capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species implicated in biological damage. In order to understand their significance in disease prevention, the behavior of systems harboring antioxidants and prooxidants was investigated. Various Mediterranean herbs and black-tea infusions were investigated in vitro, in the presence of iron, under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. All infusions exhibited variable antioxidant activity relative to the controls in the absence or presence of digestive enzymes and bile salts. Correlations of antioxidant activity with iron and polyphenols in dialysates were performed. The results of the in vitro assay demonstrate that it can offer more details on potential antioxidants relative to other model systems.     

Viability of Probiotics in Goat Cheese During Storage and Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of two strains of probiotic bacteria (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) incorporated individually into Boursin-type goat cheese and their in vitro resistance through the passage of the gastrointestinal tract in the cheese. The viability of B. lactis and Lb. rhamnosus cultures was unaffected throughout 35 days of storage at 4 °C, with a final count of >?7 log CFU/g. No significant difference (p?>?0.05) was observed between probiotic treatments and control in relation to pH and titratable acidity. B. animalis presented greater resistance to the artificial gastric and enteric juices than Lb. rhamnosus, with mean decreases in the initial populations of 0.2 and 4.0 log CFU/g within 35 days of storage, respectively. The addition of probiotic cultures did not affect the consumer acceptance of the goat cheeses. Three segments of consumers with different liking were identified. The results demonstrated that “Boursin” goat cheese is a promising matrix for the incorporation and protection of B. animalis subsp. lactis.     

Binding of Iron by Lignin in the Presence of Various Concentrations of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc

The effect of adding zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca), at levels from zero to the adult female RDA (15 mg for Zn, 300 mg for Mg and 800 mg for Ca), on the iron binding capacity of lignin was investigated. When Zn, Mg or Ca was added, at a concentration equivalent to the RDA, to a lignin sample containing 9 mg iron, there was an increase in percent soluble iron of 12.01%, 21.42% and 22.37%, respectively. However, when the same levels of Zn, Mg or Ca were added to lignin prior to the addition of Fe, there was a greater increase in soluble Fe of 21.12%, 28.75%, and 33.47% respectively. Such interactions have the potential to effect mineral absorption in fortified foods.     

Iron Binding by Ovotransferrin from Ferric Nitrilotriacetate at pH 5 and pH 5.5

Binding of iron to ovotransferrin (OTf) in egg white at low pH was studied. At pH 5 iron as ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) bound to only 25% of the OTf iron-binding sites. Although this binding caused a 1°C increase in OTf denaturation temperature, enthalpy of denaturation apparently decreased. At pH 5.5, the apo-OTf denaturation temperature was about 4°C higher than at pH 5. FeNTA bound to 40% of the OTf iron-binding sites; again a small increase in denaturation temperature and an apparent decrease in enthalpy was observed. Work with purified OTf suggests that the denaturation enthalpy decrease observed in egg white may be due to overlapping of the OTf and albumin endotherms.     

不同Cu离子浓度和pH值对云芝降解秸秆中木质素和纤维素的影响

云芝(Coriolus versicolor)对秸秆中木质素与纤维素的降解情况受不同Cu2+浓度和pH值条件的影响,设定不同条件可以提高木质素的降解率,降低纤维素的降解率,以更好地保存纤维素的完整性,实现秸秆中主要成分的分离。通过均匀设计法,设定不同的Cu2+浓度环境X1(0、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0mmol/L)和不同pH值条件X2(2.2、2.8、3.4、4.0、4.6),测定相应条件下云芝的菌丝生长情况、木质素酶活力、纤维素酶活力以及秸秆中木质素和纤维素的降解率。结果表明：木质素的降解率与Cu2+浓度呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关;纤维素的降解率与pH值呈正相关,与Cu2+ 浓度呈负相关。通过试验所得方程预测得知,Cu2+浓度6mmol/L、pH2.2是优化的云芝降解、分离秸秆中主要成分的条件,在该条件下,由所得方程可知秸秆中木质素的降解率为16.1%,纤维素的降解率为27.7%。     

Effects of Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Acetate, Phosphates and Sodium Chloride Alone or in Combination on Shelf Life of Vacuum-Packaged Pork Chops

Microbiological and some physical and chemical effects of treating pork chop surfaces with sodium acid pyrophosphate, a commercial phosphate blend, potassium sorbate and phosphate/sorbate/sodium acetate solutions, with or without sodium chloride, before packaging were studied in pork chops vacuum-packaged and stored at 2–4°C for 10 weeks. All treatments containing potassium sorbate reduced (P<0.05) counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, EnterobacteriaCeae, facultative anaerobes, and lactobacilli. Treatment of chops with 10% phosphates/ 10% potassium sorbate solutions improved pork color and decreased purge. Potassium sorbate alone reduced microbial counts more than it did when combined with phosphates, but chops were darker and had more exudate (P<0.05). Combined use of 10% phosphates/10% potassium sorbate extended shelf life in vacuum-packaged fresh pork chops to 10 weeks at 2–4°C compared with 4 weeks for untreated pork and protected meat color.     

Zinc and Phytate Distribution in Peas. Influence of Heat Treatment, Germination, pH, Substrate, and Phosphorus on Pea Phytate and Phytase

The largest proportions of zinc and phytate, 88.7 and 97.1%, respectively, were in the Garfield pea cotyledon; the greatest concentrations were in the germ. Cooking peas by two different methods resulted in 13% phytate reduction. Peas incubated 6.5 hr from 25 to 80°C yielded maximum phytate loss (25%) at 60°C due to phytase activated hydrolysis. Germination (10 d) decreased pea phytate 75% and increased phytase activity 12-fold. Semi-purified germinated pea phytase showed temperature optimum at 45°C, pH optimum of 5.2, 30% inhibition by 1 mM inorganic P, and substrate preference for pyrophosphate. Incubation of early germinated peas at optima pH and temperature is suggested for maximum phytate reduction.     

Sodium Lactate Affects Shelf Life And Consumer Acceptance Of Fresh Catfish (Icfalurus nebulosus, marmoratus) Fillets Under Simulated Retail Conditions

Fresh Ictulurus nebulosus, marmoratus (Speckled Bullhead catfish) fillets were tumbled under vacuum (172.32 kPa for 15 min) with either 0.1, or 2% sodium lactate solutions %(w/w) adjusted to pH 5.50, and stored at 1.11 1°C for 8 days. Shelf life of fillets treated with 2% sodium lactate was extended from 4 to 7 days. Aerobic plate counts and TBA values were lower (P < 0.05) for fillets treated with 2% sodium lactate, compared to controls. Total and fecal coliforms, psychrotrophs, pH, water activity, proximate composition and fatty acid profiles were not affected by sodium lactate. Cooking yields and sodium content were higher for fillets treated with sodium lactate compared to controls.     

羧甲基纤维素钠中钙、镁含量的测定方法

本文介绍了用过氧化氢处理的火焰原子吸收法测定食品添加剂羧甲基纤维素钠中的微量钙和镁。本法定量分析准确、快速,可为其他增稠剂的分析提供参考。     

Sodium Lactate/Sodium Tripolyphosphate Combination Effects on Aerobic Plate Counts, pH and Color of Fresh Pork Longissimus Muscle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium lactate/sodium tripolyphosphate pump combinations on the characteristics of pork loins. The product was manufactured to simulate fresh pumped pork loins currently available in the retail market. Paired fresh pork loins (longissimus muscle), pumped to contain 0, 1 or 2% sodium lactate (SL) and/or 0, 0·2 or 0·4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) were vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C for 28 days. In pork containing 0·4% STP, samples with 1 or 2% SL had lower pH values than those with 0% SL. Pork containing 1 or 2% SL generally had lower aerobic plate counts than those with 0% SL. Pork with 0·4% STP was darker (lower L* value) and redder (higher a* value) than that with 0 or 0·2% STP. When aerobic plate counts and color characteristics are used as the criteria, the optimum SL/STP combination for solutions used to pump fresh pork loins that are vacuum packaged and held under refrigeration was 1% SL with 0·2% STP.     

Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin Content of Raw and Cooked Spanish Vegetables

The content in NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of 22 raw and 19 cooked vegetables (14 boiled, and 5 fried) widely consumed among the Spanish population was determined according to the method of Van Soest. Cooking generally increases the NDF, ADF and cellulose content on a dry weight basis. Normal size servings of the vegetables were prepared and their NDF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents calculated. We observed that, with vegetables of common use, a total amount of 15–20 g/day of these fiber components can be obtained; according to current knowledge this implies beneficial physiological effects for a broad human pathology.     

Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin Content of Raw and Cooked Processed Vegetables

The NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents of five frozen vegetables (raw and boiled) and five canned vegetables (two of them fried) have been studied. In general, it was observed that boiling resulted in an increase in the NDF, ADF and cellulose content. There was also a slight increase in hemicellulose values. The lignin contents of most vegetables did not change upon boiling. When the cooking process was frying, a drastic decrease of NDF, ADF, cellulose, and lignin contents occurred, while the amount of hemicellulose changed slightly in the vegetables analyzed.     

分光光度法测定纸品中羧甲基纤维素钠含量

对纸品(含羧甲基纤维素钠)进行热水抽提,将提取液与浓硫酸进行反应,再与苯酚反应生成橙黄色化合物,在477 nm处测定溶液的吸光度,从而建立了一种测定纸品中羧甲基纤维素钠含量的分光光度方法.该方法精密度好,回收率高,检出限为0.2%.     

甘蔗醋发酵产物在体外及模拟人体肠胃环境中的抗氧化活性

甘蔗中含有丰富的多酚和黄酮类物质,本研究以总酚含量、黄酮含量、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基能力、清除羟自由基（·OH）能力、总还原能力为指标,探讨由甘蔗汁发酵而成的甘蔗酒、甘蔗醋在体外及模拟人体消化环境整个过程中抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,在酒精发酵阶段酒精对多酚和黄酮具有一定的提取作用;在醋酸发酵阶段多酚和黄酮含量呈现波动状态,这可能和发酵过程中的氧化、水解作用有关。甘蔗醋发酵产物在体外具有极强的清除DPPH自由基能力,同时甘蔗酒还具有较强清除·OH的能力。多酚和黄酮经过模拟人体肠胃消化环境后发生了一系列反应：多酚和黄酮在胃液环境中的含量极显著下降（P＜0.01）,而在肠液环境中含量略有上升。通过对不同发酵产物在体外及模拟人体肠胃消化环境下清除DPPH自由基能力、清除·OH能力、总还原能力的比较,表明人体肠胃环境中的抗氧化活性不仅受食物中抗氧化物质的影响,而且受消化液中pH值、蛋白酶、磷酸盐等多种生理因素的影响。     

Microencapsulation of Corn Wastewater (Nejayote) Phytochemicals by Spray Drying and Their Release Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

Corn lime cooking generates a large amount of wastewater known as nejayote that is composed of suspended solids and solubilized phytochemicals. Spray drying can be an alternative to recover bioactive molecules, such as ferulic acid, from nejayote. Besides the yield, the physicochemical properties (solubility, water activity, pH, moisture, hygroscopicity, total phenolic content, and distribution of free and bound hydroxycinnamic acids) of spray‐dried nejayote powders were analyzed. The powders were obtained at 200 °C/100 °C or 150 °C/75 °C (inlet/outlet) air temperatures with the addition of maltodextrin (MD) or 2‐hydroxypropyl‐beta‐cyclodextrin (HBCD) as encapsulating agents. Even when no carrier agent was used, a spray‐dried nejayote powder was produced. The use of MD or HBCD as carrier increased the yield from 60.26% to 68.09% or 71.83%, respectively. As expected, a high inlet temperature (200 °C) allowed a satisfactory yield (>70%) and a low powder moisture (2.5%) desired by the industry. Water activity was reduced from 0.586 to 0.307 when HBCD was used in combination with a drying inlet temperature of 150 °C; and from 0.488 to 0.280 when the inlet temperature was set at 200 °C. Around 100% bioaccessibility of the compounds was observed after in vitro digestion. The addition of HBCD increased the release time (P < 0.05). Under simulated physiological conditions, there was no reduction of total phenolics, suggesting a good stability. This paper showed the feasibility to engage the spray drying technology to the corn industry to minimize their residues and reuse their by‐products.     

Effects of Potassium Sorbate Alone and in Combination with Sodium Chloride on the Growth of Salmonella typhimurium 7136

The effects of potassium sorbate alone and in combination with 2 or 3% sodium chloride (NaCl) on the growth of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 7136 were examined. Growth studies were performed in tryptic soy brogh (adjusted to a final pH 6.3) at 22°C for 15 days and 35°C for 48 hr without shaking. A dual plating procedure was employed to monitor growth (tryptic soy agar) and development of injury in the cell population (Levine's eosine methylene blue agar + 2% NaCl + 0.05% sodium desoxycholate). The difference between these two plate counts served as a measure of the number of injured organisms. It was found that combinations of sorbate and NaCl were more effective in the inhibition of S. typhimurium than sorbate alone under the conditions and variables studied. No injury was observed in the cell population as determined by our assay procedure. The combination of 3% NaCl + 0.3% potassium sorbate was the most effective in inhibiting growth of S. typhimurium at either storage temperature.     

海藻酸钠-纳米纤维素胶粒对乳酸菌胃肠液耐受性的影响

为提高海藻酸钠胶粒对乳酸菌在胃肠液中的保护作用,分别利用豆渣纤维素纳米微纤丝与纤维素纳米微晶协同钙离子交联海藻酸钠包埋乳酸菌制备载菌海藻酸钠-纳米纤维素胶粒,并对海藻酸钠-纳米纤维素胶粒进行微观结构观察、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、低频氢谱核磁共振分析,同时测定载菌海藻酸钠-纳米纤维素胶粒胃肠消化前后的活菌数量,研究海藻酸...     

动物双歧杆菌RH对消化道的耐受性及其微胶囊制备的研究

采用耐胃酸、耐胆盐、模拟胃液和模拟肠液的独立影响实验和连续模拟消化道实验考察动物双歧杆菌对消化道环境的耐受性,结果表明:动物双歧杆菌RH经各独立实验后活菌数仍保持在10~7 CFU/mL,经连续模拟消化道实验后活菌数为10~6 CFU/mL。采用单因素试验和正交试验对动物双歧杆菌RH微胶囊壁材进行优化,结果表明:动物双歧杆菌RH最佳冻干保护剂各组成质量分数分别为甘油10%、海藻酸钠0.5%、乳清蛋白1.5%、阿拉伯胶1.25%和大豆卵磷脂1.25%,该条件下制备的冻干微胶囊活菌数为1.80×10~(12) CFU/g,平均包埋效率为96.04%。结论:动物双歧杆菌RH对人工模拟消化道具有较好的耐受性,经壁材优化后制备的冻干微胶囊有较高的活菌数和较好的肠溶性。本研究为动物双歧杆菌RH益生菌产品的开发提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

In Vitro Binding of Vitamin B-6 by Selected Polysaccharides, Lignin, and Wheat Bran

Previous research has suggested that dietary fiber can reduce the bioavailability of certain micronutrients by ionic binding or physical entrapment. In this study, the ability of eight purified polysaccharides, lignin, and wheat bran to bind B-6 vitamers was examined in vitro using equilibrium dialysis under physiological conditions. The polysaccharides used were cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, citrus pectin, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, and gum arabic. No significant binding was detected when pectin was dialyzed to equilibrium at, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% levels in the presence of 0.1 or 0.1 mM pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, or pyridoxal. When 1% wheat bran, lignin, and the test polysaccharides were incubated overnight with 0.1 mM pyridoxine prior to dialysis, to allow for any slow binding process to occur, no in vitro binding of pyridoxine by any of the test materials could be observed on equilibrium dialysis. These results are consistent with findings of in vivo experiments which showed that cellulose, pectin, and bran did not significantly decrease the bioavailability of vitamin B-6 when fed to the rat and/or the chick.