Static compensator for maintaining voltage stability of wind farm integration to a distribution network

Electricity generation from wind has grown sharply and its growth potential is still significant. However, the decentralized nature of the wind opposes the historically centralized structure of national networks. Unlike conventional sources, wind does not provide reactive power, which is necessary to maintain acceptable voltage conditions on the network. The use of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) in distribution network to compensate for vagaries such as production related to wind energies and to control the voltage is an optimal solution.This paper is aimed at presenting a point of view on the wind power generation control issues. The main idea is to propose the use of a FACTS such as the STATCOM, which is a compensation device that is capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power system and improve the quality of the energy provided, i.e., to regulate the desired power flows in a power network and to provide the best voltage profile in the system as well as to minimize the system transmission losses when inserting the wind generator in the electrical network.     

用SVC和STATCOM改善风力发电动态性的仿真比较

异步风力发电机在运行时需要吸收无功功率,以维持电压和功率的动态稳定。现代电力电子技术的快速发展．使得FACTS元件得到更多应用,将SVC、STATCOM运用于风力发电中,能有效改善风电场的电压稳定和故障后的系统的暂态稳定性。通过MATLAB／SIMUI．INK建立仿真模型．验证了SVC、STATCOM对风力发电系统稳定的作用．并进行了比较。     

电网故障条件下风储联合系统无功自适应控制

针对电网三相对称故障条件下风电场电压不稳定的问题,文章提出了一种基于神经元的风储联合系统无功功率自适应控制策略,该策略以风储联合系统公共耦合点(Point of Common Coupling,PCC)的电压和电流为控制器的输入,采用Hebb学习算法作为自适应律,以获得准确的无功补偿。通过动态调整控制器的参数,使储能系统协调风电达到自适应输出无功功率的效果,提高系统在电网故障下的电压稳定性和风电故障穿越能力。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了该控制策略的有效性和正确性,与常规PI控制策略相比,文章所提出的控制策略可使风储系统迅速提供无功功率,PCC点的电压得到明显上升。     

Economic assessment of voltage and reactive power control provision by wind farms

The aim of this paper is to quantify the cost of the provision of voltage control by wind power generation. A methodology for evaluating the economic impact of providing different types of voltage control is proposed. This evaluation examines the increase in costs caused by the change in active power losses due to the provision of wind farms voltage control. These losses are computed for different controllers: (a) wind farms are operated at a fixed power factor, (b) wind farms provide proportional voltage control, and (c) wind farms provide reactive power to minimize power losses. Furthermore, these three possibilities are compared with the option of adding flexible alternating current transmission system devices, which are another alternative for supporting the grid by controlling voltage. The methodology outlined is applied to a real and representative Spanish wind harvesting network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interactive DE for solving combined security environmental economic dispatch considering FACTS technology

This paper presents an efficient interactive differential evolution (IDE) to solve the multi-objective security environmental/economic dispatch (SEED) problem considering multi shunt flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. Two sub problems are proposed.The first one is related to the active power planning to minimize the combined total fuel cost and emissions, while the second is a reactive power planning (RPP) using multi shunt FACTS device based static VAR compensator (SVC) installed at specified buses to make fine corrections to the voltage deviation, voltage phase profiles and reactive power violation. The migration operation inspired from biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm is newly introduced in the proposed approach, thereby effectively exploring and exploiting promising regions in a space search by creating dynamically new efficient partitions. This new mechanism based migration between individuals from different subsystems makes the initial partitions to react more by changing experiences. To validate the robustness of the proposed approach, the proposed algorithm is tested on the Algerian 59-bus electrical network and on a large system, 40 generating units considering valve-point loading effect. Comparison of the results with recent global optimization methods show the superiority of the proposed IDE approach and confirm its potential for solving practical optimal power flow in terms of solution quality and convergence characteristics.     

Optimal location of advanced static VAR compensator (ASVC) applied to non-linear load model

The advanced static VAR compensator (ASVC) device is now recognized as one of the most important Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. It has been proven that the mid-point of a transmission line is the optimal location for some FACTS devices or reactive power support, and the proof is based on the linear load, which is not valid practically. The validity of the optimal location of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) based ASVC device is investigated when the non-linear load model is considered. In this paper, the ASVC applied to a non-linear load is modeled and analyzed. It was found that the optimum installation position for this device is at the sending end bus, where the wide range of receiver terminal line voltage and active power can be controlled. It was found that a wider range of reactive power could be controlled when the device is installed close to the receiving end bus.     

Role of flexible alternating current transmission systems devices in mitigating grid fault‐induced vibration of wind turbines

This paper focuses on the modeling of mechanical and structural vibrations in wind turbines due to the occurrence of electrical faults and an effective means of suppressing the vibrations with flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices. A detailed model describing the dynamic interaction between the mechanical and the electrical subsystems of the turbine is presented. The model captures the effect of grid faults on the mechanical vibrations of drivetrain, flexible rotor blades and tower. Numerical investigation reveals that electrical disturbances have a significant impact on the mechanical/structural vibrations. In fact, the occurrence of severe vibrations due to voltage sags may compromise safe operation of the overall plant. The application of FACTS devices is then considered to suppress the effect of electrical fault‐induced vibrations. The performance comparison of static synchronous compensator and unified power quality conditioner devices in improving the mechanical/structural response has been carried out. A fault scenario compliant with Irish grid code has been simulated. Simulation results show that FACTS devices are successfully able to mitigate vibrations due to electrical faults, and they can be conveniently applied to stabilize the generator shaft speed, drivetrain oscillations, edgewise blade vibrations and tower responses. Further, superior performances of the unified power quality conditioner as compared with static synchronous compensator are also observed under certain conditions with increased fault duration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Neural network controller for a permanent magnet generator applied in a wind energy conversion system

In this paper a neural network controller for achieving maximum power tracking as well as output voltage regulation, for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) employing a permanent magnet synchronous generator, is proposed. The permanent magnet generator (PMG) supplies a DC load via a bridge rectifier and two buck–boost converters. Adjusting the switching frequency of the first buck–boost converter achieves maximum power tracking. Adjusting the switching frequency of the second buck–boost converter allows output voltage regulation. The on-times of the switching devices of the two converters are supplied by the developed neural network (NN). The effect of sudden changes in wind speed, and/or in reference voltage on the performance of the NN controller are explored. Simulation results showed the possibility of achieving maximum power tracking and output voltage regulation simultaneously with the developed NN controller. The results proved also the fast response and robustness of the proposed control system.     

智能电网的发展对大电网可靠性评估的影响

智能电网是未来电力系统发展的重要方向。与传统电网相比,智能电网涉及到大量的新型发输电设备,必然会给大电网可靠性的评估带来影响。以计及储能装置的风力发电、高压/特高压直流输电、柔性直流输电系统、柔性交流输电技术、电动汽车等技术为例,分析了其对大电网可靠性的影响,以及新技术在接入电网时应注意的问题,最后结合智能电网的发展进程,提出了未来大电网可靠性评估领域重点发展方向。     

Application of energy capacitor system to wind power generation

In this paper, it is reported that energy capacitor system (ECS), which combines power electronic devices and electric double‐layer capacitor, can significantly decrease voltage and power fluctuations of grid‐connected fixed‐speed wind generator. The proper selection of wind farm output power reference is still a problem for smoothing the wind farm output power. This paper proposes exponential moving average to generate the reference output power of a grid‐connected wind farm. The objective of the control system is to follow the line power reference by absorbing or providing real power to or from the ECS. Moreover, the necessary reactive power can also be supplied to keep the wind farm terminal voltage at the desired reference level. Real wind speed data were used in the simulation analyses, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Simulation results clearly show that our proposed ECS can be suitable for wind power application. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微网中储能系统的控制与分析

在微网系统中,大功率电力负荷的投切会导致电网电压幅值和频率产生波动。将储能装置应用于微网系统中,可以通过逆变控制单元,实时监控电网电压波动,即时调节配电网输送的有功、无功功率大小,从而达到平抑电网电压波动的效果。采用了电压频率环控制和有功、无功补偿控制相结合的控制算法,可以即时检测电网电压波动并进行快速补偿,具有较强的有功、无功调节能力。通过构建微网模拟环境,对比试验了不加储能装置和接入储能装置后微电网投入不同电力负荷时的电压波动情况,验证了控制策略的有效性和正确性。     

Analysis of reactive power strategies in HVDC‐connected wind power plant clusters

Offshore wind power plants (WPPs) built near each other but far from shore usually connect to the main grid by a common high‐voltage DC (HVDC) transmission system. In the resulting decoupled offshore grid, the wind turbine converters and the high‐voltage DC voltage‐source converter share the ability to inject or absorb reactive power. The overall reactive power control dispatch influences the power flows in the grid and hence the associated power losses. This paper evaluates the respective power losses in HVDC‐connected WPP clusters when applying 5 different reactive power control strategies. The case study is made for a 1.2‐GW–rated cluster comprising 3 WPP and is implemented in a combined load flow and converter loss model. A large set of feasible operating points for the system is analyzed for each strategy. The results show that a selection of simulations with equal wind speeds is sufficient for the annual energy production comparison. It is found that the continuous operation of the WPPs with unity power factor has a superior performance with low communication requirements compared with the other conventional strategies. The optimization‐based strategy, which is developed in this article, allows a further reduction of losses mainly because of the higher offshore grid voltage level imposed by the high‐voltage DC voltage‐source converter. Reactive power control in HVDC‐connected WPP clusters change significantly the overall power losses of the system, which depend rather on the total sum of the injected active power than on the variance of wind speeds inside the cluster.     

Performance of PI controller for control of active and reactive power in DFIG operating in a grid-connected variable speed wind energy conversion system

Due to several factors, wind energy becomes an essential type of electricity generation. The share of this type of energy in the network is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this work is to present the modeling and control strategy of a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by the rotor. This paper is to present the complete modeling and simulation of a wind turbine driven DFIG in the second mode of operating (the wind turbine pitch control is deactivated). It will introduce the vector control, which makes it possible to control independently the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the generator and the grid, based on vector control concept (with stator flux or voltage orientation) with classical PI controllers. Various simulation tests are conducted to observe the system behavior and evaluate the performance of the control for some optimization criteria (energy efficiency and the robustness of the control). It is also interesting to play on the quality of electric power by controlling the reactive power exchanged with the grid, which will facilitate making a local correction of power factor.     

含高渗透率海上风电电网的DSSC优化配置与运行控制策略

随着海上风电并网规模的不断增大,高渗透率风电引起的线路潮流阻塞问题已成为制约风电并网规模的重要因素之一。针对高渗透率海上风电区域的输电线路阻塞问题,文章提出一种含高渗透率海上风电电网的分布式静态串联补偿器(DSSC)优化配置与运行控制策略。该策略包含两个阶段:第一阶段为考虑多场景下DSSC的优化配置,以线路阻塞程度最小为目标,确定DSSC的配置地点与容量;第二阶段为DSSC的运行控制,利用DSSC的潮流控制能力,优化调度系统中的发电机,降低系统运行成本,并考虑系统在出现风电水电高出力场景下DSSC的运行控制,从而提高系统可再生能源的消纳。仿真结果表明,与采用静态串联补偿器(SSSC)和不采用柔性交流输电(FACTS)设备相比较,所提策略可降低系统的运行成本,提高可再生能源的消纳水平。     

分散式风电多点接入协调优化控制策略

针对分散式风电机组并网导致的配电网网损增加、电压稳定性降低等问题,文章提出一种分散式风电并网多点协调双层控制策略。首先,分析了分散式风电多点接入特性,研究分散式风电多点接入后的网损、电压分布和功率因数的关系,并提出最小网损和电压偏差为目标的双层优化控制策略。最后,基于IEEE-33节点进行仿真计算,结果表明,所提多点协调控制策略能够有效降低配电网网损和提升母线电压水平,增加系统的稳定性。与超前功率因数相比,滞后的功率因数能够增大风能消纳能力,提高供电可靠性,减少电压偏移水平。     

PES Meetings

Financial transmission rights (FTR) auction is an important method for allocating the network transmission capabilities to the market participants who value them most. In this letter, series flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices are modeled as additional power injection at buses in the presented linear optimization problem of FTR auction, which is based on a DC power flow model. The impacts of controlling different FACTS devices on auction results are shown by detailed studies of an eight-bus test system.     

基于风电机组无功裕度预测的风电场无功分层控制策略

针对风电电压波动的问题,文章基于风电机组无功裕度预测,提出了一种风电场无功分层控制策略.该策略首先以并网点电压偏差和线路有功损耗最小为目标,使用二次规划算法在线实时求解最优并网电压,进而求解风电场无功参考值;其次,采用EWT-LSSVM预测算法进行风电功率预测,并提出预测功率校正方法实时修正预测功率,精确求解风电机组的...     

Dynamic modelling and control of fully rated converter wind turbines

Today, many countries are integrating large amount of wind energy into the grid and many more are expected to follow. The expected increase of wind energy integration is therefore a concern particularly to transmission grid operators. Based on the past experience, some of the relevant concerns when connecting significant amount of wind energy into the existing grid are: fault ride through requirement to keep wind turbines on the grid during faults and wind turbines have to provide ancillary services like voltage and frequency control with particular regard to island operation.While there are still a number of wind turbines based on fixed speed induction generators (FSIG) currently running, majority of wind turbines that are planned to be erected are of variable speed configurations. The reason for this is that FSIG are not capable of addressing the concern mentioned above. Thus, existing researches in wind turbines are now widely directed into variable speed configurations. This is because apart from optimum energy capture and reduction of mechanical stress, preference of these types is also due to the fact that it can support the network such as its reactive power and frequency regulation. Variable wind turbines are doubly fed induction generator wind turbines and full converters wind turbines which are based on synchronous or induction generators.This paper describes the steady state and dynamic models and control strategies of wind turbine generators. The dynamic models are presented in the dq frame of reference. Different control strategies in the generator side converter and in the grid side converter for fault ride through requirement and active power/frequency and reactive/voltage control are presented for variable speed wind turbines.     

大型风电场运行的特点及并网运行的问题

随着国家能源结构的调整,并网运行的风电规模迅速增加,大规模风电集中并网相应安全问题如何评估和解决,是风电发展过程中急需解决的问题。文章分析了大规模风电场集中接入后对电网调频能力、无功电压控制、电能质量等方面的影响,并提出相应的对策建议。     

Grid power quality with variable speed wind turbines

Grid connection of renewable energy sources is essential if they are to be effectively exploited, but grid connection brings problems of voltage fluctuation and harmonic distortion. In the paper, appropriate modeling and simulation techniques are discussed for studying the voltage fluctuation and harmonic distortion in a network to which variable speed wind turbines are connected. Case studies on a distribution network show that the voltage fluctuation and harmonic problems can he minimized with the proposed power electronics interface and control system while the wind energy conversion system captures the maximum power from the wind as wind speed varies. The studies have also demonstrated the ability of the advanced converter to assist the system voltage regulation