以乳清蛋白为基质的脂肪替代品对冰淇淋品质的影响

以乳清蛋白WPC-80为基质制备脂肪替代品,替代中脂冰淇淋中25%的脂肪。随着脂肪替代率的增加,冰淇淋浆料黏度和膨胀率增大,抗融化率和硬度下降,制得的低脂冰淇淋的各项感官指标均与中脂冰淇淋相当。当替代全部脂肪时,所制得的无脂冰淇淋也有较好的感官接受性。     

以果胶为基质的脂肪替代品对冰淇淋品质的影响

以果胶为基质的脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋中的脂肪,随着脂肪替代率的增加,冰淇淋浆料黏度和膨胀率增大,抗融化率下降,硬度增大.不同替代比例制得的低脂冰淇淋的各项感官指标均与中脂冰淇淋无显著差异;当替代全部脂肪时,所制得的无脂冰淇淋也有较好的感官接受性.     

淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品对无脂冰淇淋特性的影响

研究了淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品对无脂冰淇淋的膨胀率、抗融化能力、硬度、粘弹性和感官指标的影响,结果表明,脂肪替代品能明显增加冰淇淋的膨胀率并改善其抗融化性,当无脂冰淇淋中脂肪替代品的含量达到3%时,其融化率与中脂冰淇淋接近。脂肪替代品还能明显增加无脂冰淇淋的硬度、G'和G"。用模糊数学的方法评价了无脂冰淇淋的感官指标,发现无脂冰淇淋中脂肪替代品的最佳添加量为3%。脂肪替代品能明显改善无脂冰淇淋的感官品质。     

低脂冰淇淋的性质研究

用籼米为基质的脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋配方中的部分脂肪开发了低脂冰淇淋；研究了低脂冰淇淋的膨胀率、抗融化能力、硬度、贮能模量和感官指标。结果表明：随着冰淇淋配方中脂肪含量减少，冰淇淋的膨胀率逐渐增加，抗融化能力略有下降，脂肪替代品能明显增加低脂冰淇淋的膨胀率并改善其抗融化性。低脂冰淇淋的硬度和G^＋下降。用模糊数学的方法评价了低脂冰淇淋的感官指标，发现低脂冰淇淋中脂肪的最佳含量为4％。脂肪替代品能明显改善低脂冰淇淋的感官品质。脂肪含量为4％的低脂冰淇淋的感官指标与中脂冰淇淋相当。     

糯米淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品对冰淇淋流变学性质的影响

实验选取籼糯和粳糯两个品种的糯米淀粉,研究了糯米淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋中不同脂肪含量对冰淇淋流变性质的影响。结果表明:随着冰淇淋配方中脂肪替代品含量增加或脂肪含量减少,冰淇淋浆料的黏度逐渐增加、硬度逐渐降低、黏性和弹性均逐渐增加。感官评定表明,加入2%籼糯淀粉的低脂冰淇淋感官指标与中脂冰淇淋最接近。     

低脂冰淇淋质构与感官评价的相关性研究

分别利用南瓜、大豆、菊粉以及变性淀粉作为脂肪的替代品,制作脂肪替代度为60%的低脂冰淇淋。采用感官评价和质构仪器分析法分别对所制得的低脂冰淇淋品质进行分析,然后使用SPSS19.0对感官评价与仪器分析结果进行主成分分析和相关性分析。通过因子和主成分分析,感官评定得出2个主成分。通过相关性分析发现,感官评价与质构特性参数二者之间在程度不同的相关性(r=-0.187~-0.991,P0.05或P0.01)。由感官评价和质构特性参数二者之间的相关性可知,黏稠度和坚实度与TPA模式中的硬度、内聚性、胶黏性和弹性4个指标之间存在显著或极显著的相关性(r=-0.756~-0.991,P0.05或P0.01)。故选取主要感官指标为因变量,仪器分析指标为自变量,得到具有统计意义的感官指标平滑性和坚实度的回归模型,为低脂冰淇淋的研究提供可行的评价方法。     

糯米淀粉质低脂冰淇淋的品质研究

实验选取籼糯和粳糯两个品种的糯米淀粉,研究了以糯米淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品对低脂冰淇淋品质的影响。结果表明:糯米淀粉加入低脂冰淇淋提高了浆料黏度,降低了冰淇淋成品的硬度,改善了冰淇淋的抗融化性。用模糊数学的方法评价了低脂冰淇淋的感官指标,发现脂肪替代率为25%的籼糯淀粉低脂冰淇淋的感官指标与中脂冰淇淋最接近。表明低脂冰淇淋中糯米淀粉的最适添加量为25%。     

自由基氧化的乳清蛋白在冰淇淋中的应用

研究经羟基自由基产生体系氧化后的乳清蛋白在冰淇淋中的应用,测定蛋白氧化的主要指标羰基含量,并对影响冰淇淋品质的主要参数(包括膨胀率、抗融性、保形性)以及感官指标进行评定。结果表明：在冰淇淋中添加经H2O2体系氧化后的乳清蛋白,产品各项指标明显好于添加FeCl3体系的冰淇淋,且能够提高产品的性能,尤其是添加氧化1h的氧化蛋白其感官评分达到最大,但同对照比口感略有降低。这说明,适当的氧化可以改进产品的品质,提高产品的可接受性,但需改进口感。     

籼米为基质的脂肪替代品对冰淇淋流变学性质的影响

研究了籼米为基质脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋中不同脂肪含量对冰淇淋流变性质的影响。结果表明:随着冰淇淋配方中脂肪替代品含量增加或脂肪含量减少,冰淇淋浆料的黏度逐渐降低、冰淇淋的硬度逐渐降低、冰淇淋的黏性和弹性均逐渐下降。感官评定获得的冰淇淋的质构变化趋势与流变仪测定的冰淇淋黏弹性变化趋势一致,质构仪测定的冰淇淋硬度在8000g时感官评定结果最好。     

乳蛋白质组成对脂肪失稳和冰淇淋品质的影响

通过调整蛋白质来源的脱脂粉和乳清浓缩蛋白的比例,研究了不同酪蛋白和乳清蛋白组成对冰淇淋浆料流变学特性、脂肪失稳和冰淇淋品质的影响。结果表明:脂肪失稳程度随乳清蛋白的增加整体上呈增加趋势,但是在SMP7WPC3中脂肪失稳程度最大。冰淇淋膨胀度和硬度分别随乳清蛋白质量分数增加呈逐渐增加和逐渐降低的趋势,但是SMP7WPC3例外。融化率随乳清蛋白含量增加而逐渐增加,而融化时第一滴滴下的时间变化规律与脂肪失稳程度相同。     

Characterisation of ice cream containing flaxseed oil

Five batches of a 12% (w/w) fat ice cream formulation were prepared using different amounts of flaxseed oil (0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% w/w) to replace milkfat. Meltdown rates, texture of ice cream, particle size of fat globules and microstructure of the ice cream were determined. Increasing the proportion of flaxseed oil in ice cream resulted in an increase in the meltdown rate and a decrease in the ice cream hardness. These were attributed to the low melting temperature of flaxseed oil and the varying extent of fat flocculation. In ice cream containing a high proportion of milkfat, the fat globules formed large particles largely due to flocculation rather than partial‐coalescence. The extent of fat flocculation decreased as the proportion of flaxseed oil was increased. Evidence of fat coalescence was observed in ice cream containing 12% flaxseed oil. The fat flocculates stabilised the air cells and strengthened the foam structure of the ice cream.     

蛋清基脂肪替代品对冰淇淋的理化性质及微观结构的影响

利用蛋清基脂肪替代品降低高脂冰淇淋中的脂肪,开发低脂冰淇淋。通过理化性质测量、感官评价和微观结构的观察,综合分析脂肪替代品在冰淇淋中的代脂肪效果。结果表明：脂肪替代率15%时,冰淇淋的气泡和脂肪总聚集数量多,膨胀率提高,从54.9%增大到72.6%,而融化率降低,从48.32%降低到24.3%。在脂肪替代率25%～30%时,冰淇淋的口感和接受度降低。因此,脂肪替代率15%时,冰淇淋的可接受度最佳。     

玉米淀粉基脂肪模拟物在冰淇淋中的应用研究

针对人类长期食用高脂肪类食品而引起的各种疾病的问题,文章结合脂肪模拟物在食品中的应用,提出解决方案。利用加酶挤压的方法制备脂肪模拟物,将玉米淀粉基脂肪模拟物应用到冰淇淋中可知,随着冰淇淋中脂肪替代率的增加,不同冰淇淋样品的硬度、弹性、黏聚性、黏合性、咀嚼性逐渐增加,膨胀率越来越低,冰淇淋的抗融化性逐渐增强,脂肪替代率为0%的全脂冰淇淋的G″(黏性模量)大于G′(弹性模量),脂肪替代率为25%,50%,75%的冰淇淋样品在低频率区域G″大于G′,在高频率区域内G″大于G′,脂肪替代率为100%时在频率变化范围内G′大于G″,当频率增加时冰淇淋的黏性和弹性都增加,并且随着脂肪替代率的增加,冰淇淋的黏性和弹性均有所增加;经过主成分分析得到评价冰淇淋感官指标的主要顺序排序为口融性>滑腻感>脂肪感>奶粉味>黏稠感;应用模糊数学进行感官评价得到5种冰淇淋样品的优劣顺序为M1>M2>M3>M4>M5。     

Perception of melting and flavor release of ice cream containing different types and contents of fat

Temporal effects of dairy and vegetable fats (0 to 18%) on perception of strawberry flavor release and melting of ice cream were studied using the time intensity sensory method. Also, aroma and flavor attributes of the ice cream samples were evaluated. Only slight effects of fat on the rate of flavor release and flavor intensity were perceived. A slightly faster flavor release from the vegetable fat compared with dairy fat was noticed. Polydextrose and maltodextrin as bodying agents in the fat-free ice cream significantly increased flavor release and melting rate of the ice cream. Increasing fat content slightly retarded melting of ice cream in the mouth. No significant effect of the fat quality on perceived melting was noticed. Significant differences in aroma and flavor attributes of the fat-free and other samples were perceived. Intensity and sharpness of the strawberry aroma and flavor were greater in fat-free samples and they were perceived as nontypical. Fattiness and creaminess were highly correlated. Maltodextrin and polydextrose increased perceived fattiness and creaminess of fat-free ice cream.     

糯米粉酶解工艺优化及在低脂冰淇淋中的应用

以糯米粉为原料酶解为糯米糖浆,通过响应曲面优化实验,确定最佳酶解工艺条件为酶解时间29.26min、酶解温度75.31℃、酶用量0.71g/L,在此条件下DE值的预测值为7.08%,实测值平均值为7.14%。以该糯米糖浆为原料取代奶油制作冰淇淋,可获得脂肪含量为0.86%,蛋白质含量为2.93%的低脂冰淇淋。     

葵花籽油体富集物添加量对低脂冰淇淋浆料及产品品质的影响

为了探究葵花籽油体富集物在冰淇淋中应用的可行性,以葵花籽油体富集物作为脂肪来源制备低脂冰淇淋,在无均质条件下研究葵花籽油体富集物添加量对低脂冰淇淋浆料和产品品质的影响。结果表明：冰淇淋浆料的黏度、储能模量和损耗模量都随葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增加而增大,当葵花籽油体富集物添加量为3.5%～4.0%时黏度与对照组相当;浆料中不易流动水和结合水的比例随着葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增加逐渐增大,在4.0%时达到最大;冰淇淋的膨胀率和抗融率随着葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增加先增大后减小;添加葵花籽油体富集物的冰淇淋色泽较差;冰淇淋的硬度和咀嚼性变化规律一致,都是随着葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,弹性变化则相反;冰淇淋黏附性随着葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增加而升高;葵花籽油体富集物添加量为2.5%时冰淇淋感官评分最高。合适的葵花籽油体富集物添加量可以起到与棕榈油相似的效果,因此葵花籽油体富集物可以应用在冰淇淋中。     

The effect of inulin on the physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of low-fat ice cream

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of replacing the ice cream fat with inulin to produce a low-fat ice cream with prebiotic properties. For this purpose, inulin (2, 3 and 4%, w/w) was added to the low-fat ice cream and the physicochemical and sensory properties of the resultant ice creams were compared with those of control ice cream (containing 10% fat) and the inulin-free low-fat ice cream. The composition, pH and acidity of the ice cream mixes were measured and the melting rate, colour and texture of the frozen ice cream samples were examined. The results indicated that the low-fat ice creams had a significantly lower melting rate in comparison with the control. Inulin addition caused the adhesiveness and hardness of the low-fat ice creams to decrease significantly compared with inulin-free low-fat ice cream.     

Effect of fat content on the physical properties and consumer acceptability of vanilla ice cream

Ice cream is a complex food matrix that contains multiple physical phases. Removal of 1 ingredient may affect not only its physical properties but also multiple sensory characteristics that may or may not be important to consumers. Fat not only contributes to texture, mouth feel, and flavor, but also serves as a structural element. We evaluated the effect of replacing fat with maltodextrin (MD) on select physical properties of ice cream and on consumer acceptability. Vanilla ice creams were formulated to contain 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14% fat, and the difference was made up with 8, 6, 4, 2, and 0% maltodextrin, respectively, to balance the mix. Physical characterization included measurements of overrun, apparent viscosity, fat particle size, fat destabilization, hardness, and melting rate. A series of sensory tests were conducted to measure liking and the intensity of various attributes. Tests were also conducted after 19 weeks of storage at −18°C to assess changes in acceptance due to prolonged storage at unfavorable temperatures. Then, discrimination tests were performed to determine which differences in fat content were detectable by consumers. Mix viscosity decreased with increasing fat content and decreasing maltodextrin content. Fat particle size and fat destabilization significantly increased with increasing fat content. However, acceptability did not differ significantly across the samples for fresh or stored ice cream. Following storage, ice creams with 6, 12, and 14% fat did not differ in acceptability compared with fresh ice cream. However, the 8% fat, 6% MD and 10% fat, 4% MD ice creams showed a significant drop in acceptance after storage relative to fresh ice cream at the same fat content. Consumers were unable to detect a difference of 2 percentage points in fat level between 6 and 12% fat. They were able to detect a difference of 4 percentage points for ice creams with 6% versus 10%, but not for those with 8% versus 12% fat. Removing fat and replacing it with maltodextrin caused minimal changes in physical properties in ice cream and mix and did not change consumer acceptability for either fresh or stored ice cream.     

Properties of frozen dairy desserts processed by microfluidization of their mixes

Sensory properties and rate of meltdown of nonfat (0% fat) and low-fat (2% fat) vanilla ice creams processed either by conventional valve homogenization or microfluidization of their mixes were compared with each other and to ice cream (10% fat) processed by conventional valve homogenization. Mixes for frozen dairy desserts containing 0, 2, and 10% fat were manufactured. Some of the nonfat and low-fat ice cream mixes were processed by microfluidization at 50, 100, 150, and 200 MPa, and the remaining nonfat and low-fat ice cream mixes and all of the ice cream mix were processed by conventional valve homogenization at 13.8 MPa, first stage, and 3.4 MPa, second stage. The finished frozen and hardened products were evaluated at d 1 and 45 for meltdown rate and for flavor and body and texture by preference testing. Nonfat and low-fat ice creams that usually had a slower meltdown were produced when processing their mixes by microfluidization instead of by conventional valve homogenization. Sensory scores for the ice cream were significantly higher than sensory scores for the nonfat and low-fat ice creams, but the sensory scores for the conventional valve homogenized controls for the nonfat ice cream and low-fat ice cream were not significantly different from the sensory scores for the nonfat ice cream and low-fat ice cream processed by microfluidization of the mixes, respectively. Microfluidization produced nonfat and low-fat ice creams that usually had a slower meltdown without affecting sensory properties.