Imperceptible digital watermarking scheme combining 4-level discrete wavelet transform with singular value decomposition

An imperceptible digital watermarking algorithm based on 4-level discrete wavelet transform, discrete cosine transform and singular value decomposition is designed. In this method, the 4-level diagonal sub-band image is obtained by performing the 4-level two-dimensional wavelet transform on the original image, and then a coefficient matrix is produced by applying the discrete cosine transform on the 4-level diagonal sub-band image. A diagonal matrix is constructed by performing the singular value decomposition on the coefficient matrix. The watermark is scrambled by Arnold transform and Logistic map, then the scrambled watermark is processed by the singular value decomposition. Later, the encryption process is completed by embedding the scrambled watermark singular value into the singular value of the coefficient matrix. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed digital watermarking algorithm could resist JPEG compression attack, Salt and Pepper noise attack, Gaussian noise attack, filter attack, brightness change attack, geometric attack, cut attack, etc.

     

一种基于混沌置乱和SVD的小波域盲水印算法

提出了一种基于混沌和奇异值分解相结合的数字水印算法.该算法对原始图像做离散小波变换后得到4个子带,并将低频子带(LL1)分成互不重叠的8×8分块,然后对每一块做奇异值分解,将混沌置乱后的水印信息嵌入每块中最大的奇异值中.实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的不可见性、鲁棒性和安全性.     

联合非下采样Contourlet变换与奇异值分解的多水印算法

为解决最近报道的Contourlet变换域基于奇异值分解的水印算法存在的高虚警率问题, 提出一种多水印算法。对Arnold置乱后的水印图像进行奇异值分解, 将其中一个正交矩阵嵌入原始图像非下采样Contourlet域的两个高频方向子带中, 并利用奇异值来调整原始图像非下采样Contourlet域剩余子带的系数矩阵, 通过逆变换得到含水印图像。抽取水印时首先计算从待检测图像抽出的正交矩阵和真实水印正交矩阵的相似度, 与阈值进行比较, 以决定抽取过程是否进行。由于非下采样Contourlet变换的高冗余性, 最终可抽取出多个水印图像。实验表明, 算法较好地克服了高虚警率问题。一系列的攻击实验证明算法具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于奇异值分解的量化水印盲检算法

提出了一种基于奇异值分解的量化水印盲检算法.利用图像矩阵的奇异值稳定性好且最大奇异值远远大于其他奇异值的特点,首先时分块图像最大奇异值进行量化,再结合其奇偶性将二值水印嵌入量化后的奇异值中.实验结果表明,水印算法在满足较好的不可见性和较强的鲁棒性的同时;还可实现水印的盲提取.     

A semi-blind digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition

This paper presents a robust watermarking approach for hiding grayscale watermarks into digital images. Plugging the codebook concept into the singular value decomposition (SVD), the proposed method embeds the singular values (SVs) of the original image into the watermark one to attain the lossless objective. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme guarantees the extracted watermark on an average and the worst PSNR values of 24.91 and 19.96 dB, respectively. In addition to the guarantee of the quality of extracted watermark image, the security of the referenced watermark is further strengthened by applying chaos permutation on it in advance. The proposed scheme leads to satisfactory robustness to various attacks and is compared to other well-known grayscale watermarking methods to reveal its efficiency for practical applications.     

Imperceptible digital watermarking scheme in multiple transform domains

A novel imperceptible digital watermarking scheme in multiple transform domains is presented, where the cover image is dealt with by discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete fractional random transform (DFRNT), while the watermark image is scrambled by Arnold transform and logistic map. First the watermark is scrambled by the Arnold transform, then the row and the column of the resulting watermark are scrambled by the Logistic map, respectively. In addition, four sub-band images are generated from the host image by the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. The low-frequency sub-band images are divided into 8?×?8 small matrices, and a coefficient matrix is produced by performing the discrete cosine transform on each matrix. An intermediate matrix with the same size as the watermark image is constructed by the intermediate frequency coefficients. Then the discrete fractional random transformation is performed on the intermediate frequency coefficient matrix and the scrambled watermark is embedded into the discrete fractional random transformation domain. Compared with the previous schemes, the proposed digital watermarking scheme has stronger imperceptibility and robustness.     

基于小波—奇异值分解的数字水印新算法*

为了有效地保护数字作品的版权,提出了一种以离散小波多级分解与奇异值分解相结合的数字水印新算法。该算法充分利用小波与奇异值的固有性质,对原始图像进行多级小波分解,并对部分子带作奇异值分解。将水印置乱来保证一定的安全性,再对其进行分块离散余弦变换,然后将它嵌入到中间奇异值及其周围的部分矩阵块中。实验表明,该方法不仅有较好的透明性,而且能抗大多数处理攻击,有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于SVD—DWT域数字图像水印算法

在一类基于奇异值分解(SVD)的数字水印算法中,提取过程要使用原始图像奇异值分解的正交矩阵;若用其它图像的正交矩阵来代替,则可以重构出任意期望的水印图像,表明算法具有非常高的虚警率.为了消除算法的不确定性,提出了一种改进的基于SVD-DWT域的数字图像水印算法,将SVD分解的正交矩阵U作为控制参数嵌入载体图像小波分解的细节子带中.实验结果表明,该算法既保持了原有算法的鲁棒性和不可见性,同时也消除丁提取结果的不确定性.因此可以将算法应用于版权保护.     

Comments on "An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful Ownership"

In a recent paper by Tan and Liu , a watermarking algorithm for digital images based on singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. This comment demonstrates that this watermarking algorithm is fundamentally flawed in that the extracted watermark is not the embedded watermark but determined by the reference watermark. The reference watermark generates the pair of SVD matrices employed in the watermark detector. In the watermark detection stage, the fact that the employed SVD matrices depend on the reference watermark biases the false positive detection rate such that it has a probability of one. Hence, any reference watermark that is being searched for in an arbitrary image can be found. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results are given to support our conclusion.     

基于奇异值分解的数字图像二值水印嵌入与盲检测

提出了一种基于奇异值分解的数字图像二值水印嵌入与盲提取算法.利用图像矩阵的奇异值稳定性好且最大奇异值远远大于其它奇异值的特点,首先对分块图像进行奇异值分解,再结合二值水印和一个事先设置好的量化参数对每个分块的最大奇异值进行微调,从而达到水印嵌入的目的.实验结果表明,新的水印方案具有较高的不可见性和较强的鲁棒性;可灵活控制水印容量的大小;水印提取不需要原始图像的参与,从而可成功实现水印图像的盲提取.     

Comments on “A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm”

In the recent paper entitled “A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm” by C.-C. Lai (2011) [1], a robust digital image watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and a tiny genetic algorithm is proposed. This comment shows that this watermarking scheme is fundamentally flawed in that the extracted watermark is not the embedded watermark but determined by the reference watermark.     

基于DWT-SVD域的彩色图像自适应水印算法

为了保护数字彩色图像版权,提出了一种结合离散小波变换(DWT)和矩阵奇异值分解(SVD)的彩色图像自适应水印算法。其主要设计思想是:先将原RGB彩色图像的各颜色分量进行小波分解;再将得到的中、低频带的小波系数与原水印图像分别进行奇异值分解,水印信息的奇异值重复嵌入到三通道中、低频带的小波系数奇异值中,且利用临界视觉阈值与奇异值之间的关系对水印嵌入强度作自适应调节,从而达到增强水印鲁棒性和确保水印透明性的目的。本算法适用于二值及灰度水印,在二值水印的提取过程中需设定一个提取阈值,以保证提取水印的完整性。仿真结果说明本算法对水印系统的透明性与鲁棒性作了较好的协调,是一种较稳健的算法。     

基于SVD的灰度水印单色通道嵌入算法

为了更有效地进行多媒体数据的版权保护,提出了一种在真彩色宿主图像中利用奇异值分解实现的灰度水印嵌入的鲁棒算法。该算法首先利用奇异值的特征来对灰度水印图像进行编码预处理,编码后的水印信息存储为二值数字序列,并选择视觉掩蔽性高的宿主图像区域进行隐藏。为了保证水印的不可察觉性,该水印算法先提取宿主图像RGB彩色空间中的蓝色通道分量,然后选择其中具有高活动因子的图像分块作为水印的嵌入区域。用该算法对灰度水印图像进行处理,不仅实现了水印的盲提取,而且在保证隐藏灰度水印大容量生动信息的同时,对宿主图像的视觉效果影响很小。实验结果表明,该水印算法不仅较传统方法有更高的鲁棒性,而且灰度水印图像的提取结果受常见的图像处理攻击操作的影响非常小。     

结合视觉密码和离散小波变换的栅格地理数据双重水印

目的 在栅格地理数据的使用过程中,为防止数据被破坏或被篡改,需要加强对数据完整性的检验;为防止数据被恶意传播,需要加强对数据版权信息的保护。双重水印技术可以同时完成这两项任务。方法 利用基于异或的（2,2）-视觉密码方案VCS（visual cryptography scheme）和离散小波变换DWT（discrete wavelet transform）,对数字栅格地理数据嵌入双重水印,使用半脆弱性水印作为第1重水印进行完整性检验,水印信息依据DWT变换后高频系数中水平分量之间的大小关系嵌入;使用零水印作为第2重水印进行版权保护,提取DWT变换后经低频子带奇异值分解的特征值生成特征份,利用基于异或的（2,2）-VCS,根据特征份和水印信息生成版权份。结果 为验证算法的有效性,对具体的栅格地理数据进行实验分析。结果表明,本文算法中第1重水印能够正确区分偶然攻击和恶意破坏,对含水印的栅格地理数据进行质量因子为90、80、70、60、50的JPEG压缩后,提取出完整性水印的归一化相关系数NC（normalized correlation）值分别是1、0.996、0.987、0.9513、0.949,在定位裁剪攻击时,能准确地定位到篡改的位置,对于定位替换攻击时,能定位到篡改的大致位置;第2重水印具有良好的视觉效果和较强的鲁棒性,对含水印的栅格地理数据进行滤波攻击、JPEG压缩、裁剪攻击、缩放攻击等性能测试,提取出版权水印的NC值优于其他方案。结论 论文基于异或的（2,2）-VCS和DWT提出的栅格地理数据双重水印算法,在实现数据完整性检验的同时达到了版权保护的目的。     

An adaptive color image watermarking using RDWT-SVD and artificial bee colony based quality metric strength factor optimization

Image watermarking has emerged as a useful method for solving security issues like authenticity, copyright protection and rightful ownership of digital data. Existing watermarking schemes use either a binary or grayscale image as a watermark. This paper proposes a new robust and adaptive watermarking scheme in which both the host and watermark are the color images of the same size and dimension. The security of the proposed watermarking scheme is enhanced by scrambling both color host and watermark images using Arnold chaotic map. The host image is decomposed by redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) into four sub-bands of the same dimension, and then approximate sub-band undergoes singular value decomposition (SVD) to obtain the principal component (PC). The scrambled watermark is then directly inserted into a principal component of scrambled host image, using an artificial bee colony optimized adaptive multi-scaling factor, obtained by considering both the host and watermark image perceptual quality to overcome the tradeoff between imperceptibility and robustness of the watermarked image. The hybridization of RDWT-SVD provides an advantage of no shift-invariant to achieve higher embedding capacity in the host image and preserving the imperceptibility and robustness by exploiting SVD properties. To measure the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed scheme, both qualitative and quantitative evaluation parameters like peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index metric (SSIM) and normalized cross-correlation (NC) are used. Experiments are performed against several image processing attacks and the results are analyzed and compared with other related existing watermarking schemes which clearly depict the usefulness of the proposed scheme. At the same time, the proposed scheme overcomes the major security problem of false positive error (FPE) that mostly occurs in existing SVD based watermarking schemes.     

数字博物馆中的图像版权保护研究

随着数字博物馆的不断发展,关于数字博物馆中的图像版权保护越来越受到人们的重视。首先对数字水印技术和数字博物馆进行介绍,然后就数字水印技术用于解决数字博物馆中图像版权保护问题进行探讨,提出一种新的基于奇异值分解的盲数字图像水印算法。利用Arnold混沌映射将水印进行预处理,并按水印的大小把原始图像分成若干个子块,利用矩阵的奇异分解方法分解每个子块,通过比较调整相邻图像块最大奇异值来完成水印的嵌入。实验结果表明,该算法对于JPEG有损压缩、剪切、加噪声等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性。     

一次Bézier曲线和Legendre神经网络的彩色盲水印算法

针对目前多数图像数字水印算法的载体是灰度图像,无色彩信息,水印信息是二值图像,水印信息量少,适用性差等不足,提出了一种基于一次Bézier曲线和Legendre神经网络小波变换（DWT）的彩色图像盲水印算法,载体图像和水印信息都是彩色图像。首先,将载体图像进行颜色空间转换并对载体图像的亮度分量进行DWT,然后将水印图像进行三基色分离,并对每个颜色分量同时进行Logistic混沌置乱和离散Haar小波分解。最后将每个颜色分量小波分解的四个矩阵系数按照一次Bézier曲线公式嵌入到载体图像的DWT中频子带系数中。实验结果表明,水印的透明性好,对于常见的噪声、裁剪、旋转、JPEG压缩等具有较好的鲁棒性。     

一种基于小波变换的零水印算法

在水印嵌入的时候,已有的大多数数字水印方法都是对原始图像数据信息作一定的运算修改,使得鲁棒性和安全性受到限制。而零水印不需要修改原始图像的任何信息,可以有更好的透明性。本文提出了一种基于图像置乱和小波变换的零水印算法:首先将水印图像进行置乱,然后利用载体图像一级小波分解后的低频子图和置乱后的水印图像得到提取矩阵,再对提取矩阵进行一定的打乱加密。利用提取矩阵来提取水印,增强了水印的透明性、鲁棒性和安全性。     

基于混沌映射和矩阵奇异分解的公开数字水印技术

该文提出了一种基于混沌映射和矩阵奇异分解的公开数字水印技术．利用混沌映射将水印进行预处理,并按水印的大小把原始图像分成若干个子块,每个子块对应于水印的一比特,利用矩阵的奇异分解方法分解每个子块,将水印比特嵌入到子块的某一奇异值位置。修改该奇异值,然后利用矩阵的奇异分解反向变换得到嵌入水印的图像．利用混沌映射结合矩阵奇异分解,将水印信息分散在原始图像的不同位置,提高了水印的视觉效果,保证了水印的安全性。实验结果表明,本方法具有较好的不可见性以及对一般图像处理具有一定程度的鲁棒性。     

基于DCT和SVD的图像哈希水印算法

为使频域水印技术更好地应用于数字图像的版权保护,提出一种基于离散余弦变换和奇异值分解相结合的图像哈希水印算法。利用DWT变换提取载体图像的低频系数矩阵构造水印;对载体图像进行分块DCT变换,提取每个子块的低频系数;对低频系数所组成的矩阵进行SVD变换,在对角阵上嵌入水印;对频域系数进行逆变换得到含水印图。将已有算法和当前所提出的算法进行对比,实验结果表明,所提水印算法具有良好的不可感知性和鲁棒性。