一种新颖的虹膜图像噪声检测方法*

为提高虹膜识别的正确率,针对虹膜图像中存在着眼睫毛和眼睑这两类较难检测的遮挡噪声,在分析现有检测虹膜噪声算法的优缺点后,提出了一套新颖的虹膜图像噪声检测方法：基于Gabor滤波变换的灰度均值法检测睫毛和利用最小二乘法检测眼睑。实验表明,该算法能有效地检测两种遮挡噪声,准确率分别达到95.10%和96.51%,且等错率（EER）指标与已有算法相比最优,提高了虹膜识别系统的整体性能。     

基于端点标识的虹膜有效区域提取算法

在虹膜识别中,眼睫毛遮挡会降低虹膜识别准确率。为此,提出一种基于端点标识的虹膜有效区域提取算法。该算法在分析眼睫毛结构特征的基础上,对虹膜外圆内的眼睫毛投影端点进行标识,用一个扇形区域来表示眼睫毛遮挡区域,在虹膜外圆中除去该区域与瞳孔,余下则为虹膜有效区域。实验结果表明,该算法所确定的眼睫毛遮挡区域能包含虹膜外边缘内部所有眼睫毛像素,可以提取“纯净”的虹膜有效区域。     

虹膜定位算法的研究

虹膜识别系统中的虹膜定位精度和定位速度影响识别系统性能.在分析现有虹膜识别算法的基础上,采用基于Canny思想的边缘检测算子提取虹膜图像边缘信息,结合先验知识在小图像块上进行Hough变换拟合虹膜内外圆.实验结果表明,该定位方法在保证定位精度的同时有效地提高了定位速度.虹膜区域的噪声包括眼睑、睫毛、眼睑阴影和光斑等,在眼睑定位方面提出了边缘检测结合Radon变换分段直线定位去除眼睑噪声的方法,同时采用阈值法去除了睫毛和眼睑阴影对虹膜区域的干扰,并用实验验证了该算法的有效性和准确性.     

Toward accurate localization and high recognition performance for noisy iris images

Iris recognition plays an important role in biometrics. Until now, many scholars have made different efforts in this field. However, the recognition performances of most proposed methods degrade dramatically when the image contains some noise, which inevitably occurs during image acquisition such as reflection spots, inconsistent illumination, eyelid, eyelash, hair, etc. In this paper, an accurate iris localization and high recognition performance approach for noisy iris images is presented. After filling the reflection spots using the inpainting method which is based on Navier-Stokes (NS) equations, the Probable boundary (Pb) edge detection operator is used to detect pupil edge initially, which can eliminate the interference of inconsistent illumination, eyelid, eyelash and hair. Besides, the accurate circle parameters are obtained in delicately to reduce the input space of Hough transforms. The iris feature code is constructed based on 1D Log-Gabor filter. Our thorough experimental results on the challenging iris image database CASIA-Iris-Thousand achieve an EER of 1.8272 %, which outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.     

Iris recognition using combined support vector machine and Hamming distance approach

Iris based authentication system is essentially a pattern recognition technique that makes use of iris patterns, which are statistically unique, for the purpose of personal identification. In this study, a novel method for recognition of iris patterns is considered by using a combination of support vector machine and Hamming distance. The zigzag collarette area of the iris is selected for iris feature extraction because it captures the most important areas of iris complex pattern and higher recognition rate is achieved. The proposed approach also used parabola detection and trimmed median filter for the purpose of eyelid and eyelash detection & removal, respectively. The proposed method is computationally effective as well as reliable with a recognition rate of 99.91% and 99.88% on CASIA and Chek image database respectively.     

基于二维正交滤波的虹膜识别算法

提出一种针对灰度虹膜图像进行虹膜特征提取及匹配的方法,其利用四元数二维正交Log Gabor小波提取虹膜图像的纹理特征,以滤波后图像的解析信号作为虹膜的特征编码.该方法可以同时表征虹膜纹理多方向上的特征,更加全面地描述了虹膜纹理的特征空间.特征匹配采用类似汉明距的方式,同时以虹膜图像中眼睑、睫毛以及光斑的分布为匹配模版来减少它们的干扰.大量实验的结果表明该方法具有非常优越的识别性能.     

Iris recognition using shape-guided approach and game theory

Most state-of-the-art iris recognition algorithms claim to perform with a very high recognition accuracy in a strictly controlled environment. However, their recognition accuracies significantly decrease when the acquired images are affected by different noise factors including motion blur, camera diffusion, head movement, gaze direction, camera angle, reflections, contrast, luminosity, eyelid and eyelash occlusions, and problems due to contraction and dilation. The novelty of this research effort is that we propose to apply a variational model to localize the iris region belonging to given shape space using active contour method, a geometric shape prior, and the Mumford–Shah functional. This variational model is robust against noise, poor localization and weak iris/sclera boundaries. Furthermore, we apply the Modified Contribution-Selection Algorithm (MCSA) for iris feature ranking based on the Multi-Perturbation Shapley Analysis (MSA), a framework which relies on cooperative game theory to estimate the effectiveness of the features iteratively and select them accordingly, using either forward selection or backward elimination approaches. The verification and identification performance of the proposed scheme is validated using the ICE 2005, the UBIRIS Version 1, the CASIA Version 3 Interval, and WVU Nonideal datasets.     

Real-time image restoration for iris recognition systems.

In the field of biometrics, it has been reported that iris recognition techniques have shown high levels of accuracy because unique patterns of the human iris, which has very many degrees of freedom, are used. However, because conventional iris cameras have small depth-of-field (DOF) areas, input iris images can easily be blurred, which can lead to lower recognition performance, since iris patterns are transformed by the blurring caused by optical defocusing. To overcome these problems, an autofocusing camera can be used. However, this inevitably increases the cost, size, and complexity of the system. Therefore, we propose a new real-time iris image-restoration method, which can increase the camera's DOF without requiring any additional hardware. This paper presents five novelties as compared to previous works: 1) by excluding eyelash and eyelid regions, it is possible to obtain more accurate focus scores from input iris images; 2) the parameter of the point spread function (PSF) can be estimated in terms of camera optics and measured focus scores; therefore, parameter estimation is more accurate than it has been in previous research; 3) because the PSF parameter can be obtained by using a predetermined equation, iris image restoration can be done in real-time; 4) by using a constrained least square (CLS) restoration filter that considers noise, performance can be greatly enhanced; and 5) restoration accuracy can also be enhanced by estimating the weight value of the noise-regularization term of the CLS filter according to the amount of image blurring. Experimental results showed that iris recognition errors when using the proposed restoration method were greatly reduced as compared to those results achieved without restoration or those achieved using previous iris-restoration methods.     

一种基于形态学的虹膜定位快速算法

针对有眼睑、睫毛、光斑干扰的虹膜图像的定位速度慢且不精确等问题,提出了一种快速精确的虹膜定位算法。利用灰度投影法和形态学实现瞳孔的粗定位,再分别利用Hough算法和圆周差分算法在小范围内对虹膜内外边缘进行精定位,采用改进后的模板检测法和圆周梯度法定位眼睑,运用灰度阈值法结合形态学检测睫毛。实验结果表明,该算法在定位速度和准确率上都达到了非常好的效果。     

A new multi-unit iris authentication based on quality assessment and score level fusion for mobile phones

Although iris recognition technology has been reported to be more stable and reliable than other biometric systems, performance can be degraded due to many factors such as small eyes, camera defocusing, eyelash occlusions and specular reflections on the surface of glasses. In this paper, we propose a new multi-unit iris authentication method that uses score level fusion based on a support vector machine (SVM) and a quality assessment method for mobile phones. Compared to previous research, this paper presents the following two contributions. First, we reduced the false rejection rate and improved iris recognition accuracy by using iris quality assessment. Second, if even two iris images were determined to be of bad quality, we captured the iris images again without using a recognition process. If only one iris image among the left and right irises was regarded as a good one, it was used for recognition. However, if both the left and right iris images were good, we performed multi-unit iris recognition using score level fusion based on a SVM. Experimental results showed that the accuracy of the proposed method was superior to previous methods that used only one good iris image or those methods that used conventional fusion methods.     

抗噪的移位Hamming距离差虹膜匹配方法

对传统的Hamming距离匹配方法进行研究,提出抗噪的移位Hamming距离差(OHDD)虹膜匹配方法。首先构造单频两方向的奇对称Gabor滤波器组来提取虹膜边缘特征,然后用过零检测的方法进行虹膜编码,最后使用OHDD参数进行匹配。在6个虹膜数据库中,对传统匹配方法与文中的OHDD匹配方法进行对比实验。实验结果表明,在所有虹膜数据库中,OHDD匹配方法的等错率和正确识别率优于传统匹配方法,并且具有较强的抗眼睑睫毛噪声干扰的能力。     

一种虹膜图像质量评价的方法

虹膜图像质量是影响虹膜识别系统精度的关键。从序列图像中挑选出符合要求的虹膜图像能有效地降低识别系统的拒识率和误识率。这里按照产生虹膜图像奇异的不同情形：失焦、运动模糊、眼睑遮挡及睫毛遮挡,充分利用虹膜自身的纹理分布特点,在算法中引入了评价区域局部化、小波包分解和能量加权等思想,分别设计相应算法加以评判。实验结果表明该评价方案快速有效,其评价结果和人眼主观评价相吻合。     

灰度分布特征的虹膜定位算法研究

为克服浓密睫毛、眼睑等噪声对虹膜定位算法的影响,提出一种有效的去扰虹膜定位算法。对于虹膜的内边缘,在二值化分离瞳孔区域的基础上,利用形态学中的开运算消除噪声,并用灰度投影法定位瞳孔的圆心、半径。而对于虹膜的外边缘,则采用形态学中的闭运算去除虹膜区丰富的纹理,并设计了一个边缘检测模板,在小范围内搜索虹膜外边界的上下左右4个边界点进而确定虹膜的圆心、半径。对比的仿真实验表明：该算法不仅在计算精度和速度上都有很大提高,而且具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Frame detection using gradients fuzzy logic and morphological processing for distant color eye images in an intelligent iris recognition system

The capture of an eye image with the occlusion of spectacles in a non-cooperative environment compromises the accuracy in identifying a person in an iris recognition system. This is due to the obstruction of the iris by the frame which tends to produce an incorrect estimation of the initial center of the iris and the pupil during the iris segmentation process. In addition, it also causes incorrect localization of the upper eyelid during the process of iris segmentation and sometimes, the edges of the frame are wrongly identified as the edges of the upper eyelid. A frame detection method which involves the combination of two gradients, namely the Sobel operator and high pass filter, followed by fuzzy logic and the dilation operation of morphological processing is proposed to identify the frame on the basis of different frame factors in the capture of a distant eye image. In addition, a different color space is applied and only a single channel is used for the process of frame detection. The proposed frame detection method provides the highest frame detection rate compared to the other methods, with a detection rate of more than 80.0%. For the accuracy of the iris localization, upper eyelid localization and iris recognition system, the proposed method gives more than 96.5% accuracy compared to the other methods. The index of decidability showed that the proposed method gives more than 2.35 index compared to the existing methods.     

由粗到精的虹膜图像离焦模糊评价方法

离焦模糊评价在虹膜识别系统中尤为重要。传统的方法是通过频谱分析测量虹膜图像的离焦模糊程度,这类方法容易受到光照变化以及睫毛和眼皮等噪声区域的影响。提出了一种由粗到精的虹膜图像离焦模糊评价方法。第一步,通过频谱分析去除严重模糊的虹膜图像,进行虹膜图像离焦模糊粗分类。第二步,通过方向金字塔分解,提取虹膜图像的质量特征。在人工合成的离焦模糊虹膜图像数据库中,利用径向基神经网络建立起质量特征与质量等级间的对应关系。通过建立起的模型进行实际的虹膜图像离焦模糊等级预测,以及虹膜图像离焦模糊精分类。在Clarkson数据库上的实验结果证明了该方法不仅可以准确区分清晰图像和离焦模糊图像,而且相比于传统的虹膜图像离焦评价方法更接近于人的视觉感知。     

基于生物形状知识的人眼定位方法

准确地定位出人眼位置并分离出虹膜、眼睑等区域对虹膜识别、人脸识别等生物特征识别技术具有重要意义.但是,在非理想环境下,人眼图像分辨率通常较低,并且容易受到光照条件、睫毛、阴影等噪声影响,对人眼区域进行正确分割是一项非常具有挑战性的工作.因此,本文针对姿态幅度较小的无遮挡人眼图像分割存在的一些问题,利用Hough圆变换和形态学算法改进低分辨率下人眼的定位.该方法首先利用现有的人脸对齐方法分割出人眼感兴趣区域,采用双线性插值法对人眼图像进行预处理,去除镜面反射光斑;然后根据人眼图像中各区域的灰度分布规律,利用带约束的Hough圆检测算法定位出虹膜;之后结合全局动态阈值、局部自适应阈值及形态学算法分别定位出人眼上下眼睑,并利用最小二乘法拟合上下眼睑,最终分割出人眼虹膜、上下眼睑、巩膜等区域;最后在UBIRIS v1.0数据库及低分辨率人脸图像上对本文提出的算法进行测试.实验结果表明,本文提出的方法对实验室环境下高清虹膜图像及低分辨率人脸图像上的人眼定位均具有较强的鲁棒性.     

Iris segmentation in non-ideal images using graph cuts

A non-ideal iris image segmentation approach based on graph cuts is presented that uses both the appearance and eye geometry information. A texture measure based on gradients is computed to discriminate between eyelash and non-eyelash regions, combined with image intensity differences between the iris, pupil, and the background (region surrounding the iris) are utilized as cues for segmentation. The texture and intensity distributions for the various regions are learned from histogramming and explicit sampling of the pixels estimated to belong to the corresponding regions. The image is modeled as a Markov Random Field and the energy minimization is achieved via graph cuts to assign each image pixel one of the four possible labels: iris, pupil, background, and eyelash. Furthermore, the iris region is modeled as an ellipse, and the best fitting ellipse to the initial pixel based iris segmentation is computed to further refine the segmented region. As a result, the iris region mask and the parameterized iris shape form the outputs of the proposed approach that allow subsequent iris recognition steps to be performed for the segmented irises. The algorithm is unsupervised and can deal with non-ideality in the iris images due to out-of-plane rotation of the eye, iris occlusion by the eyelids and the eyelashes, multi-modal iris grayscale intensity distribution, and various illumination effects. The proposed segmentation approach is tested on several publicly available non-ideal near infra red (NIR) iris image databases. We compare both the segmentation error and the resulting recognition error with several leading techniques, demonstrating significantly improved results with the proposed technique.     

基于Gabor滤波的虹膜识别系统设计

随着科学技术的发展,信息安全在各个领域显得越来越重要,生物识别技术由于其特有的性质,在传统的识别领域中脱颖而出;其中,虹膜识别以高可靠性和差异性,成为目前安全性最高,最理想的生物识别技术;为增强虹膜识别算法的定位效率,提出一种改进定位算法,即二值化分割出瞳孔区域时,修正瞳孔边界,提高虹膜定位精度,有效提高识别速度;虹膜识别算法是整个系统的核心,要使虹膜识别具有良好的效果,需要对虹膜图像进行一系列的处理;为了完整高效地实现虹膜识别系统,对Gabor滤波器的原理及实现方法进行具体分析,研究Daugman虹膜识别算法,设计并完成了虹膜图像预处理,特征提取,二维Gabor滤波器的构建及参数选取等,经仿真实验,能够非常高效地完成虹膜特征提取并识别比对,计算速度和效果均优于传统算法。     

一种虹膜实时定位新方法

针对现有虹膜定位算法的某些局限性,提出了一种新的虹膜定位方法。先用灰度小于某阈值对虹膜图像纵向与横向计数,以其各计数的最大值取四分之一处连续连通的最大区定位瞳孔的中心与长短半轴,这样可消除光斑、睫毛的影响;再充分利用已经求得的瞳孔中心的位置参量,设定虹膜外边缘的圆心与瞳孔中心相差5个像素,在幅角θ取值限定在（-45°,45°）U（135°,225°）的范围用最大梯度圆法定位虹膜外边缘,这样可消除眼皮和睫毛的干扰。实验结果表明,该算法对虹膜定位具有实时性好、速度快等特点。     

Toward Accurate and Fast Iris Segmentation for Iris Biometrics

Iris segmentation is an essential module in iris recognition because it defines the effective image region used for subsequent processing such as feature extraction. Traditional iris segmentation methods often involve an exhaustive search of a large parameter space, which is time consuming and sensitive to noise. To address these problems, this paper presents a novel algorithm for accurate and fast iris segmentation. After efficient reflection removal, an Adaboost-cascade iris detector is first built to extract a rough position of the iris center. Edge points of iris boundaries are then detected, and an elastic model named pulling and pushing is established. Under this model, the center and radius of the circular iris boundaries are iteratively refined in a way driven by the restoring forces of Hooke's law. Furthermore, a smoothing spline-based edge fitting scheme is presented to deal with noncircular iris boundaries. After that, eyelids are localized via edge detection followed by curve fitting. The novelty here is the adoption of a rank filter for noise elimination and a histogram filter for tackling the shape irregularity of eyelids. Finally, eyelashes and shadows are detected via a learned prediction model. This model provides an adaptive threshold for eyelash and shadow detection by analyzing the intensity distributions of different iris regions. Experimental results on three challenging iris image databases demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both accuracy and speed.