浅析唐山市废污水排放对水环境的影响及保持措施

浅析唐山市废污水排放对水环境的影响及保持措施田建平水是人类生存不可替代的资源。由于工农业迅速发展、人民生活水平提高，用水量大幅度增加，水资源日趋紧缺，但同时未经处理的废污水大量排入河道，污染地表地下水资源，使可利用的水资源量相对减少，使水资源供需矛盾...     

三门峡水库原型试验对区域水资源开发影响

通过2002~2004年三门峡水库原型试验期间的水库水资源平衡计算以及库区典型区域地下水监测资料分析,发现原型试验的3年间,三门峡水库对库区地下水补给量分别为19.3亿m3、20.3亿m3、23.6亿m3,呈逐年增加的变化趋势;黄河滩地区域的地下水位与水库水位存在线性相关关系,原型试验前后水库水位与地下水位变化差值发生明显变化;黄土塬区地下水水位急剧变化,水位变化幅度增加,区域地下水补给关系发生改变。研究表明,原型试验期间,三门峡库区部分区域的地表、地下水资源补给关系发生改变,直接影响区域水资源开发利用,需要采取有效措施减少水库运行方式变化对水资源开发利用的影响。     

泾惠渠灌区农业活动对区域地下水动态影响分析

泾惠渠灌区农业灌溉是区域地下水消耗的主要原因,研究该灌区农业生产活动对区域地下水动态的影响,对调整区域农业结构、保障粮食安全以及地下水合理开发利用具有一定的指导意义。在分析灌区作物用水的基础上,利用1977～2011年降水及灌溉等资料,分析同期区域地下水位的响应关系。结果表明:伴随着灌区降水量的减少和节水工程的实施,降水入渗补给量呈显著减少趋势,作为灌区地下水主要补给来源的地表引水灌溉及渠系渗漏补给量也大大减少,加之人工开采量的不断增加,进一步加剧了灌溉供需矛盾,导致该区域地下水位剧烈下降。     

SWAT-MODFLOW 耦合模型 在地下水量均衡分析中的应用

利用地下水-地表水半松散耦合数值模拟方法, 选取北京市苏密怀地区为典型地区, 以长时间序列 SWAT 模型获取的平原区地下水补给量和山区对平原区地下水补给量作为传递变量, 分别代替 MODFLOW 模型中降雨入 渗补给量和山前侧向补给量的研究思路, 建立半松散式 SWAT2MODFLOW 耦合模型, 利用地下水位校验耦合模型 并对苏密怀地区地下水水量平衡进行分析。结果表明: 该方法可以提高地下水模型的精度, 耦合模型较传统算法计 算得到的降雨入渗补给量减少了 01 54 亿 m3 / a, 反映出当下垫面条件发生变化和包气带厚度增加时, 含水层的降水补给量减少。本研究为水资源的准确评价提供技术支持。     

地下水埋深对玉米生长及地下水补给的影响

为研究地下水埋深对玉米生长发育及作物系数的影响,选择宁夏彭阳县红河镇玉米为研究对象,借助试坑模拟对比试验,通过试坑旁的马氏瓶控制地下水位,探讨了地下水埋深对玉米生育期株高、干物质积累量、土壤含水率、产量、地下水补给量和作物系数的影响。结果表明:地下水埋深对玉米生长指标影响显著,地下水埋深为0.9 m时地下水补给量最大为83.5 mm,地下水埋深为1.2 m时地下水补给量最小为54.7 mm。     

近50年来三江平原水循环过程对人类活动和气候变化的响应

人类活动对三江平原水循环过程的影响主要表现在:①大型水利枢纽工程显著削弱了黑龙江、乌苏里江和松花江流经三江平原江段的洪泛过程,减少了三江平原获得过境水资源的天然补给机会与补给量;②大量排水沟的修建,提高区域排水水文梯度,加速了地表径流的集散过程;③旱田改成水稻田,提高了有效降水的利用效率,减少了区域地表径流深,增大了区域蒸散量;④井灌水稻田大面积发展驱动了地下水的大量开采,导致地下水采补平衡打破,地下水位持续下降,地下水贮存量减少;⑤流域源头森林植被破坏,冬季降雪量转变成地表径流量的比例在减少,森林土壤涵养水源能力下降。人类活动作用在三江平原水循环过程的结果是导致水输入项减少,而水的输出项在增大。气候变化对水循环影响主要体现在:①区域降水总量呈减少趋势,但变化趋势不显著;②区域温度上升,蒸发潜力增大;③三江平原地温上升最为显著,冻土层变薄,冻土融通时间提前并缩短55~62 d左右,且冻土层融通后土壤水分的含水量较50年前有明显降低的趋势。耕地土壤含水量明显减少;这些变化均不利于地表径流的形成以及降水入渗补充地下水;基于水循环过程分析,三江平原正在朝旱化趋势发展。加强农业保护性耕作措施的开发与应用,以及加快湿地水资源的恢复,提高区域蓄水能力和农业节水水平是确保未来三江平原水安全的重要努力方向。     

泾惠渠灌区地下水位动态变化特征及成因分析

泾惠渠是我国典型的大型井渠双灌灌区,自20世纪80年代以来地下水位持续大幅下降。从自然和人为两个方面分析了可能引起灌区地下水位持续下降的原因,指出地表引水灌溉量大幅减少导致地下水长期采补失衡,大量的地下水含水地层被超采疏干,是造成灌区地下水位持续大幅下降的最直接原因。此外,90年代以来的降水减少、蒸发增大以及相应地质因素的改变也对地下水位下降起到了一定的作用。结合灌区的实际水资源现状条件,提出加大地表水灌溉水量,适时适地地对灌区地下水进行人工涵养是有效缓解灌区地下水位下降、保障灌溉水资源供水安全、实现水资源持续利用的最佳途径。     

采煤对地下水资源与环境的影响分析——以山西太原西山煤矿开采区为例

以太原西山煤矿集中开采区为例,从水量水质两方面分析煤矿开采对地下水资源与环境的影响。结果表明,随着西山矿区浅层煤炭资源开采的逐步枯竭和开采技术水平的完善,煤炭开采在向下煤组延深的同时,强度也不断增大。浅中层地下水逐渐被疏干,深层岩溶水因采煤排水转化为矿坑水,岩溶大泉的补给量随之减少,而矿坑突水又增大了岩溶泉域的排泄量,造成岩溶泉水位的降低甚至泉水的断流。在采空区,地表径流通过因采煤而造成的裂缝与塌陷地带,大量渗漏入矿井中,从而使地表径流量减少,改变了地下水系统与地表水系统的补排关系。采煤产生的酸性矿坑水及固体废弃物随着地下水而迁移,造成了地下水环境的污染,治理难度加大。老窑水的存在对水资源的开发利用造成了一定的风险。     

基于水量平衡原理的水循环要素动态分析

通过对2000,2010年水循环变化数据的计算和2020,2030,2040年数据预测,得到流域水资源消耗量、排水沟排水量、地下水消耗量及补给量均在减少,地下水位显著下降,区域未来水循环受人类的影响程度减弱,水资源循环通量的减小程度减缓,水循环进程的加快程度放慢。合理配置塔里木河流域地表水资源、适度开发利用地下水可以缓解灌溉高峰区的供水矛盾,有效控制地下水位,减缓流域自循环能力减弱趋势,保证流域水资源及整个新疆的的可持续发展。     

卡拉贝利水库对河流末端地下水埋深的影响

重点水利枢纽工程区域环境现状、发展趋势及水库运行对环境可能产生的影响是环境影响评价工作的重要组成部分。本文分析了克孜河下游河岸林草区的水分运动和补给关系,计算地下水补给量变化值和埋深变化值,预测卡拉贝利水库修建后天然植被的生长状况,为项目决策和工程环境管理提供科学的依据。通过建立区域水均衡模型,模拟工程修建前后,区域地表水与地下水的水量分配和流转关系及平衡状况变化,通过监测研究区地下水埋深数据,模拟工程建成前后河流末端河岸带林草区地下水埋深的分布变化情况,分析由于工程建设导致地下水位变化进而对河岸带林草的影响。结果表明:研究区总体上是河道地表径流补给地下水,河道过水期水面线高于地下水位,河道地表径流与地下水的补给关系是地表水补给地下水,在断流期河道两岸地下水位高于河床高程,地下水侧向渗出补给地表水。     

Assessing Impacts of Conservation Measures on Watershed Hydrology Using MIKE SHE Model in the Face of Climate Change

Climate change triggers changes in temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. and has a significant impact on water resources in many regions. Considering the increasing scarcity of water as a result of climate change, conservation of water and groundwater recharge have become crucial factors for water resources planning and management. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the detailed hydrological behaviour of a treated watershed using physically based distributed hydrological modelling system MIKE SHE to assess the impact of conservation measures on watershed hydrology considering future climate change. Three hypothetical management scenarios are simulated for the period 2010–2040. RegCM4 regional climate model is used in the study for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Detailed hydrological water balance is extracted for individual years from 1979 to 2009 to compare relevant components. The evaluation for base period shows 10.06% reduction in surface runoff and 11.33% enhancement in groundwater recharge. Further simulation with RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios show notable reduction in surface runoff and increase in groundwater recharge. The structures in the micro-watershed influence the surface runoff and increase infiltration into the soil, resulting in higher groundwater recharge. MIKE SHE simulations for various structures management scenarios establish the role of conservation measures in reducing surface runoff and enhancing groundwater recharge under substantial effect of climate change. The results will assist in decision-making on watershed development plans in quantitative terms, including planning for water conservation measures in the face of climate change.

     

华北平原有咸水区雨洪控制利用

华北平原有咸水区,水资源短缺,深层地下水严重超采,生态环境恶化。在这个地区开发利用咸水,腾出地下库容,能够减少潜水蒸发与雨洪径流,增大降雨入渗,把时空分布不均的天然降雨转化为可利用的水资源。该文总结了农村用微咸水灌溉,抗旱增产,调控地下水埋深,增大雨洪回灌,淡化地下水质的经验。提出了城区雨洪控制利用的建议。     

改进的WEAP模型在水资源管理中的应用

在水资源评价和规划模型(WEAP)的基础上耦合多边形网格地下水三维流有限差分模拟系统,建立了WEAP-Tsinghua模型。该模型既能反映各水文测站的径流情况和水资源供需关系与分配,也能反映地下水位动态变化。以石羊河流域为例,建立了该流域的水资源管理模型,并利用2000年用水结构、水文测站径流数据和地下水位观测数据进行参数率定和模型验证,模拟和实测地下水水头差值小于1.0m的观测孔达到总监测点数的50%,模拟和实测蔡旗同金川峡站流量年误差小于1％,模拟的用水结构符合实际,预测分析说明石羊河流域现状用水模式不合理。改进WEAP模型具有友好的用户界面和易于使用的功能,可用于区域水资源规划模拟分析。     

Exploring the Mechanism of Surface and Ground Water through Data-Driven Techniques with Sensitivity Analysis for Water Resources Management

The over extraction of groundwater in central-western and southwestern Taiwan has resulted in serious land subsidence for decades. For making countermeasures in response to land subsidence, this study collects long-term hydrological data to explore the relationships between surface water and groundwater in various monitoring stations, and then constructs one-month-ahead forecast models by using data-driven techniques for the water resources management of the Zhuoshui River basin in Taiwan. The results demonstrate that the constructed models can accurately forecast monthly groundwater levels. The sensitivity analysis is next conducted on the input variables of the constructed models by using the partial derivative method. The analysis results reveal that streamflow is a predominant factor for groundwater level variation, and therefore streamflow management made by the upstream weir of the river would influence groundwater level variations. This study further implements several scenario analyses based on the interactive mechanism between groundwater and surface water in response to future climatic conditions and weir discharge management, respectively. The results of scenario analyses indicate that the groundwater recharge zone spreads along the Zhuoshui River while lateral and vertical recharge sources would cause different quantities and distribution patterns of groundwater recharge. Besides, an increase in weir discharge would improve groundwater recharge quantities with groundwater level variations at 0.12 m and 0.06 m in wet and dry seasons, respectively. As a consequence, the operation of weir discharge would play an import role in sustainable development of water resources management in the study area.     

济南市有效利用城市雨水回灌岩溶地下水探讨

利用雨水补给地下水已成为城市水资源管理的有效措施.文中以济南市为例探讨了雨水回灌岩溶地下水的途径.济南市具有较好的岩溶水赋存条件,通过人工回灌工程,采用点面结合的回灌方式,利用雨水补给地下水,将城区岩溶水直接补给区的水循环尽可能地恢复到一定的自然状态,最终达到供水保泉的目的.     

Recharge Wells Site Selection for Artificial Groundwater Recharge in an Urban Area Using Fuzzy Logic Technique

In arid and semi-arid area, groundwater is the most important water resources. Surface runoff harvesting is the most important process in the artificial recharge of groundwater that should increase groundwater quality and quantity. Urban impervious area provides an appropriate surface to produce adequate amounts of runoff. Groundwater recharge via recharge wells is one of the successful direct sub-surface methods. As many cities around the world face issues of water scarcity due to a fast and unsustainable urbanization, identify the best locations of groundwater recharge wells is an interesting relevant topic, especially in the arid and semi-arid area. Selection of a suitable area for groundwater recharge could increase efficiency of the recharge wells. In this study, the best location of recharge wells was investigated in Urmia city located in the North-west of Iran using fuzzy logic technique. In this study, locations of the drainage channel junctions with adequate potential of surface runoff were determined using SWMM. Appropriate locations for recharge wells were determined based on different layers including distance to runoff harvesting points, distance to the production water wells and depth of groundwater table. Hydraulic condition (hydraulic conductivity and specific recharge) was also used separately. The input layers were prepared using geostatistical interpolation techniques in ArcGIS 9.3 software. Mamdani fuzzy inference system was applied to incorporate the fuzzified input layers. Finally, in each area, pixels with the highest value were proposed as suitable locations for recharge wells. Based on the results, the number of pixels with “High” priorities increased when the hydraulic conductivity was used to site selection. Comparing hydraulic conductivity layer and selected location of the recharge wells shows that the area with low hydraulic conductivity and the area closed to the production water wells has not suitable priority for recharge wells.     

水坝建设对滹沱河流域石家庄段生态环境的影响

在分析大量相关资料的基础上,进行了野外水位观测,并对20世纪70年代、90年代及2002年3个时期的卫星遥感图像数据进行解译,综合研究水坝建设对滹沱河流域石家庄段生态环境的影响。结果表明:由于上游水库的拦截,使下游地表水资源量大幅度减少,分布面积显著萎缩;下游河道径流减少,甚至断流;植被分布面积不断减少,湿地消失,河滩沙化严重,成为当地沙尘的主要物源;水库的拦截和坝基的防渗,截断了下游平原区地下水的补给来源,地下水位因此不断下降,形成区域大漏斗,恶化了地质生态环境,引起地下水资源不断减少。     

三门峡水库低水位运行对岸边地下水的影响

结合多年的地下水监测资料,分析了三门峡水库低水位运行对岸边地下水的影响.结果表明:三门峡水库低水位运行后,导致区域地下水位大幅度持续下降,形成了三门峡市区、陕县城区、灵宝老城等区域地下水降落漏斗,使地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件及埋藏条件发生了改变,造成了地下水流场的巨大变化.     

Water Resource Development Study for a Mining Region

A water resource development study has been carried out for a proposed lignite mining area at Bhavnagar district of Gujarat state in India. This work is essentially a case study that uses standard methodology already applied in earlier research studies. The study covers assessment of water resources for the present and future, water balance status and formulation of a management and conservation strategy for the area. Ramdasiya watershed is considered as influencing zone having 31.92 km² area and covering full or part of ten villages with 13 647 population. There is no perennial river or major surface water bodies in the study area and annual average rainfall is only 567 mm. The groundwater is generally potable. Annual utilisable groundwater resource available in the area is 3.30 hm³ and present annual ground water demand for area is 2.967 hm³, whereas annual demand for various uses in theyear 2010 and 2020 would be around 3.298 and 3.659 hm³, respectively. The above problem of water scarcity in theregion has to be mitigated by immediate initiation of suitable short- and long-term water supply augmentation strategy for enhancing the groundwater recharge. To reduce the heavy surface runoff loss (around 40% of rainfall, although some part of it is also utilized as consumptive used) and enhance the groundwater recharge capacity of the area, suitable water retaining structures should be constructed. Interbasin transfer of water is also required to artificially recharge the aquifers for the augmentation of the groundwater potential of the area so as to meet the future demands.