利用纤维素制备燃料酒精的研究

纤维素原料资源贮量十分丰富，又是可再生资源，利用纤维素制备燃料酒精是发展新能源的重要途径，具有巨大的潜力和可再生性。文章综述了燃料酒精的发展状况，重点阐述利用纤维素制造燃料酒精的预处理、糖化、发酵过程的新工艺。     

发展新型能源--木薯燃料酒精

指出了发展新型能源——木薯燃料酒精的必要性;介绍了能源作物——木薯的基本特征、分类及国内外燃料酒精发展的现状和我国对发展燃料酒精实施的具体政策。对高效生产木薯酒精的方法,传统脱水技术特点和存在的问题,膜分离法、吸附法和加盐萃取精馏法等脱水技术进行了对比分析。     

纤维素原料生产燃料酒精的技术现状

综述了纤维素原料的预处理及水解为葡萄糖技术的研究进展，介绍了纤维素原料发酵生产酒精技术的概况，对不同的预处理、水解和发酵方法进行了比较，指出制约以纤维素为原料生产酒精的因素依然是成本问题，如何有效地降低成本是当前亟待解决的一个难题。     

中国燃料乙醇的应用及生产技术的效益分析与评价

针对国内外燃料乙醇的应用和发展情况,对比分析了淀粉质、糖质和纤维素类原料燃料乙醇生产工艺的异同,并对我国3种原料的资源状况进行了评价.以10万t/a的燃料乙醇工厂为例,对不同原料燃料乙醇生产工艺的经济性、能源效益和社会效益进行了对比分析,发现甜高梁和木薯最有经济优势;从能源效益分析可知生产工艺能耗约占80%,工艺改进非常重要;从单位土地能源净产出情况看,甜高梁最高,其次是甘蔗和木薯,可见能源作物具有开发潜力;通过社会效益分析,10万t燃料乙醇工厂会给农民带来2～4亿元的年收益,提供约1000个的就业岗位;且10万t燃料乙醇的应用CO2年减排量可达30万t以上,减排CO、CH等汽车有害污染物近1700t.     

开发我国泥炭燃料补充和发展农村能源

<正> 一、农村能源概述 1.农村能源资源调查与评价农村能源资源是指在农村就地开发、利用的能源物质,如薪柴、农作物秸秆、人畜粪便、小水电、小煤矿以及太阳能、风能、地热等。目前已大量开发利用的主要的前五种。太阳能、风能、地热等大量蕴藏在自然界,其资源的开发受技术和设备的制约,目前还处于研究试用阶段。据全国29个省、市、自治区(未包括台湾省)1979年的调查统计,这五种资源的可利用量共计52653万吨标准煤。按农村人口计算,每人占有量不过650公斤标准煤,其构成比例以生物质能源为主约72％,水电和煤炭只占28％。农村能源大部分是可再生资源,而且具有强     

家用生物质颗粒燃料炉的效益分析

家用生物质颗粒燃料炉是一种新型的炊事炉具,是现行传统炉具的更新换代产品,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益.     

稻壳粉水解液发酵生产燃料酒精的研究

在试验室内分离、筛选、驯化培养出一株高效木糖酒精发酵菌株g-13,采用该菌株发酵稻壳粉水解液,可以同时将水解液中的葡萄糖和木糖转化为酒精,酒精转化率为0.38g/g（酒精/消耗的糖）.该试验技术可操作性强,发酵条件易于控制.文章最后还对稻壳粉的水解条件进行了优化探索.     

本世纪我国内燃机燃料的发展分析

能源与内燃机有着相互依存、相互促进的密切关系,内燃机能否在21世纪再创辉煌,很大程度上受制于燃料的发展。在研究世界和中国能源状况、代用燃料开发、内燃机技术的基础上,分析与预测了本世纪我国内燃机燃料的发展趋势。     

利用城市垃圾生产车用燃料的前景分析

能源和环境问题的日益尖锐，迫使人们开发洁净的可再生能源。同时，由于城市生活水平的提高产生了大量的垃圾，对比现有的垃圾处理方式如堆肥、焚烧、填埋等，利用垃圾生产车用燃料具有相当大的发展潜力。文章简述了用城市垃圾生产制取车用燃料的主要技术手段，分析了城市垃圾生产车用燃料的可行性和发展前景。     

我国农村能源与环境协调发展分析及其策略

对我国农村目前的主要能源来源进行了分析，并阐述了它们对农村环境所造成的不良影响。为了保护农村环境，促进我国农村能源与环境的协调发展，文章提出了几个主要协调发展的策略。     

新型多碳醇-柴油燃料对柴油机性能及排放的影响

试验在一台S195柴油机上进行,试验结果表明,新型多碳醇-柴油混合燃料的油耗率比纯柴油高,但随负荷的增大,差距呈下降趋势。新型混合燃料在较大工况范围都保持较低的CO排放量。新型混合燃料中,小比例多碳醇油料的加入有利于混合燃料的HC排放状况的改善,大比例多碳醇油料的加入,对改善混合燃料的HC排放影响不明显;新型混合燃料的NOx排放均比纯柴油低,并且小比例多碳醇-柴油混合燃料的NOx排放比其大比例混合燃料的NOx排放量低;新型混合燃料的碳烟排放均比纯柴油低,并且随着多碳醇掺混比例的增大,改善效果越好。     

我国燃料油供需状况分析及替代燃料的研究趋势

介绍了我国燃料油市场的供需现状及其形成原因,预测了燃料油市场未来走向。对替代燃料研究的发展趋势进行了简要分析,介绍了国内现有的替代燃料研究以及不同研究项目的特点、利弊。     

大中型雾化柴油炉芯灶结构特点及效益

根据实践研制了大中型雾化柴油炉芯灶，论述的炉灶结构及砌筑要点为城镇大中型燃煤炉灶节能改造提供了有效参考设备和技术。     

Alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells

The faster kinetics of the alcohol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions in alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells (ADAFCs), opening up the possibility of using less expensive metal catalysts, as silver, nickel and palladium, makes the alkaline direct alcohol fuel cell a potentially low cost technology compared to acid direct alcohol fuel cell technology, which employs platinum catalysts. A boost in the research regarding alkaline fuel cells, fuelled with hydrogen or alcohols, was due to the development of alkaline anion-exchange membranes, which allows the overcoming of the problem of the progressive carbonation of the alkaline electrolyte. This paper presents an overview of catalysts and membranes for ADAFCs, and of testing of ADAFCs, fuelled with methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol, formed by these materials.     

Direct alcohol fuel cells: Assessment of the fuel's safety and health aspects

Fuel cell (FC) is simply a device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy through electrochemical oxidation. Hence, FC inherently exhibits a low-temperature and high-energy conversion efficiency. Direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) overcome the storage, handling, and safety challenges typically associated with gaseous fuels such as hydrogen. Most of the research and development work in DAFC is focusing on maximizing its performance by varying fuel concentration, operating conditions, and electrocatalysts used. However, less attention is being given to the health and safety aspects associated with these fuels and operating conditions. Most of these fuels are known to be highly flammable, toxic, and become even more hazardous at elevated temperatures. The present work performs a systematic assessment of the safety and health aspects of the widely used fuels for DAFCs, namely methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol. The safety assessment is considering the flammability characteristics, along with other safe operation aspects. While the health assessment considers the toxicity of fuel and its reaction byproducts to human and aquatic life. The evaluation has provided an envelope of conditions at which the FC operation would be considered “safer” by applying basic principles of inherent safety, i.e., minimizing, substituting, moderating, and simplifying.     

燃料乙醇的研究进展及存在问题

介绍了燃料乙醇的优点，开发的意义，及在国内外的研究现状和发展前景。结合昙南的实际情况，指出在云南以甘蔗为原料发展燃料乙醇的前景广阔。     

Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane as separator for domestic wastewater fed dual chambered microbial fuel cells

The use of Nafion as a proton exchange membrane in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is expensive with operational issues like biofouling and fuel crossover limiting the practical application of the device to harvest energy from wastewaters. In this connection, a facile route is adapted to fabricate a Nafion-alternative membrane using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) as a relatively low-cost, effective membrane for MFCs. The crosslinking of the PVA membrane resulted in a reduction in hydroxyl groups and the formation of the acetal ring and ether linkage demonstrated by controlled water uptake and swelling ratio with enhanced thermo-mechanical stability. The crosslinked membrane displayed higher power density than those typically reported for domestic wastewater fed MFCs, reaching a maximum of 158.28 mW/m² for the fabricated membrane. The PVA-GA membrane with antimicrobial activity, high power performance, and negligible fuel crossover shows its potential as a separator in future MFCs based on its performance and low cost of installation.     

Comparative exergy analysis of direct alcohol fuel cells using fuel mixtures

Within the last years there has been increasing interest in direct liquid fuel cells as power sources for portable devices and, in the future, power plants for electric vehicles and other transport media as ships will join those applications. Methanol is considerably more convenient and easy to use than gaseous hydrogen and a considerable work is devoted to the development of direct methanol fuel cells. But ethanol has much lower toxicity and from an ecological viewpoint ethanol is exceptional among all other types of fuel as is the only chemical fuel in renewable supply. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of using direct alcohol fuel cells fed with alcohol mixtures. For this purpose, a comparative exergy analysis of a direct alcohol fuel cell fed with alcohol mixtures against the same fuel cell fed with single alcohols is performed. The exergetic efficiency and the exergy loss and destruction are calculated and compared in each case. When alcohol mixtures are fed to the fuel cell, the contribution of each fuel to the fuel cell performance is weighted attending to their relative proportion in the aqueous solution. The optimum alcohol composition for methanol/ethanol mixtures has been determined.