A control strategy for variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbines within the regions of partial- and full-load operation without wind speed feedback

In this paper, the control of a variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbine in the whole wind speed range is addressed, without any feedback measurement of wind speed. In addition to an aerodynamic torque observer able to ensure the tracking of the maximum delivered power in the partial-load region, a novel wind speed observer is proposed for power regulation in the full-load region, along with a sliding surface ensuring finite-time set-point stabilization of the speed tracking error. The proposed control solution has been validated on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5-MW three-blade wind turbine model using the recognized high-fidelity simulation tool FAST.     

Adaptive back-stepping pitch angle control for wind turbine based on a new electro-hydraulic pitch system

A new electro-hydraulic pitch system is proposed to smooth the output power and drive-train torque fluctuations for wind turbine. This new pitch system employs a servo-valve-controlled hydraulic motor to enhance pitch control performances. This pitch system is represented by a state-space model with parametric uncertainties and nonlinearities. An adaptive back-stepping pitch angle controller is synthesised based on this state-space model to accurately achieve the desired pitch angle control regardless of such uncertainties and nonlinearities. This pitch angle controller includes a back-stepping procedure and an adaption law to deal with such uncertainties and nonlinearities and hence to improve the final pitch control performances. The proposed pitch system and the designed pitch angle controller have been validated for achievable and efficient power and torque regulation performances by comparative experimental results under various operating conditions.     

基于扩张变参数模型的风力机自适应故障估计

风力发电系统是复杂的空气动力学系统,有效的故障估计是保证发电系统可靠运行的重要方法.本文基于风力机变参数模型,提出一种基于扩张变参数模型的风力机自适应故障估计方法.首先阐述了风力机健康和故障变参数模型,基于此构造故障扩张模型,并利用线性变换得分块矩阵可观测标准型来完成自适应极点配置,进一步分别在扩张系统为奇、偶阶次下给出观测器设计定理及收敛性证明,从而实现扩张自适应观测器设计.最后,在4.8 MW的风力机标准模型上考虑系统元部件和执行器故障的在线估计.仿真结果验证了本文方法的有效性和可靠性.     

Sensorless adaptive output feedback control of wind energy systems with PMS generators

This paper addresses the problem of controlling wind energy conversion (WEC) systems involving permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) fed by IGBT-based buck-to-buck rectifier–inverter. The prime control objective is to maximize wind energy extraction which cannot be achieved without letting the wind turbine rotor operate in variable-speed mode. Interestingly, the present study features the achievement of the above energetic goal without resorting to sensors of wind velocity, PMSG speed and load torque. To this end, an adaptive output-feedback control strategy devoid of any mechanical sensor is developed (called sensorless), based on the nonlinear model of the whole controlled system and only using electrical variables measurements. This control strategy involves: (i) a sensorless online reference-speed optimizer designed using the turbine power characteristic to meet the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) requirement; (ii) a nonlinear speed regulator designed by using the backstepping technique; (iii) a sensorless interconnected adaptive state observer providing online estimates of the rotor position as well as speed and load/turbine torque. The proposed output-feedback control strategy is backed by a formal analysis showing that all control objectives are actually achieved. Several simulations show that the control strategy enjoys additional robustness properties.     

风力发电系统传感器故障诊断

针对非线性风力发电系统,提出了一种基于滑模观测器的传感器故障诊断方法.基于考虑传感器加性故障的非线性动态模型,利用T--S模糊理论建立风力发电系统全局T--S模型,设计模糊T--S系统滑模故障观测器,产生对故障具有敏感性的残差,实现故障检测.通过等价输出控制方法来维持滑模运动,直接获取故障信息,重构传感器故障.最后以三叶片水平轴风力发电系统为例,仿真验证了该方法的有效性与可靠性.     

Stability analysis of the drive‐train of a wind turbine with quadratic torque control

This paper investigates the stability of a variable‐speed wind turbine operating under low to medium wind speed. The turbine is controlled to capture as much wind energy as possible. We concentrate on the mechanical level of the turbine system, more precisely on the drive‐train with the standard quadratic generator torque controller. We consider both the one‐mass and the two‐mass models for the drive‐train, with the inputs being the deviation of the active torque from an arbitrary positive nominal value and the tracking error of the generator torque. We show that the turbine system is input‐to‐state stable for the one‐mass model and integral input‐to‐state stable for the two‐mass model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力发电系统的Hamilton建模及其无速度传感器控制

本文研究了基于端口受控Hamilton(port-controlled Hamiltonian, PCH)模型的永磁同步风力发电系统的无速度传感器控制问题. 首先根据风力发电系统本身的物理结构特性, 建立其端口受控Hamilton结构模型, 然后基于此模型设计了系统的全维状态观测器, 得到系统的速度估计, 从而实现了系统无速度传感器控制. 在控制器设计中还考虑了系统存在参数不确定情况下的自适应控制问题, 以及在控制器设计中用状态量的估值直接替代不可测状态量时存在的误差问题. 最后仿真实验证明了控制器的有效性.     

An observer-based blade-pitch controller of wind turbines in high wind speeds

The paper focuses on variable-rotor-speed/variable-blade-pitch wind turbines operating in the region of high wind speeds, where blade pitch and generator torque controllers are aimed at limiting the turbine's energy capture to the rated power value. Coupled design is described of an observer-based blade-pitch control input and a generator torque controller, both of which not requiring the availability of wind speed measurements. Closed loop convergence of the overall control system is proved. The proposed control solution has been validated on a 5-MW three-blade wind turbine using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) wind turbine simulator FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) code.     

基于直流电动机的风力机特性模拟

首先分析了风力机吸收风能原理.以此建立了风力机运行特性的数学模型,给出了风力机运行的功率特性和转矩特性,并利用Matlab/Simulink实现仿真.采用直流电动机模拟风力机特性以满足实验室风力发电研究的需要,通过风力机与直流电动机的模型,对比研究了风力机与直流电动机运行特性的异同,制定了实现简单、特性优良的转矩模拟方案,通过控制直流电动机电枢绕组电流来实现风力机转矩特性的模拟.以此为基础在Matlab环境中组建了风力机特性的模拟系统.对风速变化及机组转速变化两种典型运行条件下的风力机运行特性进行了模拟,模拟结果与理论数据达到了高度的吻合.基于转矩模拟算法的风力机特性模拟方案,可方便地应用于实验室条件下风力发电技术的研究.     

大型风机主导机械动态的智能灰箱建模及其线性状态空间表征

随着风电发展逐渐从量的扩张过渡为质的提高阶段,风机精细化控制日益受到重视,而风机动态的合理建模是其重要基础.本文研究了风机主导机械动态建模并建立其完整的状态空间表征.首先,分析了风机子系统特性,针对气动特性建立气动转矩的分段仿射模型,用于表征气动系统的静态特性.然后,系统地制定了智能灰箱参数辨识步骤,对于多入多出的传动系统设立加权优化目标进行辨识,以获取其蕴含物理意义的状态空间模型,与气动模型合并得到联合状态空间模型.最后,依托FAST的5 MW风机模型进行仿真,验证了建模策略的有效性,仿真结果展现了构建的联合模型对实际动态特性较好的拟合效果.     

基于微分几何的风力发电机组恒功率控制

当风速超过额定值时, 可以通过降低风力机的转速实现恒功率控制从而避免使用复杂的变桨距机构, 本文基于微分几何理论设计了非线性控制器, 实现了变速风力发电机组的恒功率控制. 首先, 分析了风力机的空气动力学特性, 这是所提出的恒功率控制方法的理论依据; 然后, 通过微分几何反馈线性化变换, 将风力机的非线性模型全局线性化; 最后, 基于新的线性化模型设计了非线性控制器, 实现了变速风力机的全局精确线性化控制. 仿真结果表明, 所提出的控制方法在风速大范围变化的情况下能有效的实现变速风力发电机组额定风速以上的恒功率控制.     

基于有效风速估计与预测的风电机组自适应最大风能跟踪控制

针对如何在有效风速未知情况下实现风电机组最大风能跟踪(MPPT)的问题,本文使用支持向量回归(SVR)和自适应控制原理,提出基于有效风速估计与预测的自适应MPPT控制方案.首先,使用机组的历史运行数据,训练得到基于SVR的风速估计与预测模型,为MPPT控制提供实时参考输入.其次,结合在线学习估计器(OLA)和减小转矩增益(DTG)控制原理,设计自适应MPPT控制器,该控制器能够较好应对系统未知动态特性和干扰,且能降低传动链载荷.最后,使用李雅普诺夫原理证明闭环系统所有信号都是有界的.仿真结果表明本文提出的方法能够获得良好的MPPT效果,进而提高机组产能.     

Gain-scheduling control of a floating offshore wind turbine above rated wind speed

This paper presents an application of gain-scheduling(GS) control techniques to a floating offshore wind turbine on a barge platform for above rated wind speed cases. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamics variation of the wind turbine system caused by plant nonlinearity with respect to wind speed. The turbine system with the dynamics variation is represented by a linear parameter-varying(LPV) model, which is derived by interpolating linearized models at various operating wind speeds. To achieve control objectives of regulating power capture and minimizing platform motions, both linear quadratic regulator(LQR) GS and LPV GS controller design techniques are explored. The designed controllers are evaluated in simulations with the NREL 5 MW wind turbine model, and compared with the baseline proportional-integral(PI) GS controller and non-GS controllers. The simulation results demonstrate the performance superiority of LQR GS and LPV GS controllers, as well as the performance trade-off between power regulation and platform movement reduction.     

Output feedback control of wind energy conversion system involving a doubly fed induction generator

This paper deals with the problem of controlling a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), by IGBT‐based back‐to‐back rectifier‐inverter. The goal of control is to maximize wind energy extraction letting the wind turbine rotor operate in a variable‐speed mode. Interestingly, the present study features the achievement of the above energetic goal without resorting to sensors for wind velocity. The control strategy involves: (i) an output feedback non‐linear regulator designed by the backstepping technique and based on the use of a high gain observer; (ii) a sensorless online reference‐speed optimizer designed using the turbine power characteristic to achieve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) requirement. It is formally shown that the proposed controller actually meets its control objectives. This theoretical result is confirmed by several simulations.     

具有尾缘襟翼风力机的恒功率反步法控制

尾缘襟翼风力机控制技术在大型风力机领域具有巨大的应用潜力.本文首先基于修正的叶素动量方法建立了具有可变尾缘襟翼的风力机气动模型.针对襟翼风力机的非线性模型,采用反步法设计了非线性控制器,保证系统的控制量和状态变量全局有界,并且风机的输出功率可以收敛到额定功率的一个小邻域内.此外,控制器设计过程中没有将实时风速信息纳入反馈系统,因而降低了工程实施的难度.最后针对12 m/s～15 m/s的阶跃风、基于四分量模型模拟的风载扰动、执行机构受到外部扰动以及总转动惯量具有10%不确定性的工况进行了仿真,仿真结果表明所设计的控制器能有效地稳定风力发电系统的输出功率,控制系统具有较强的鲁棒性.     

大型海上风力发电高塔系统一体化分析建模研究

大型海上风力发电高塔系统的精细化建模与整体可靠性设计对保障风能资源开发的安全性与经济性日益重要.本文结合柔体动力学与有限元建模,考虑气动耦合效应、桩土相互作用、塔体前后运动控制和非线性转矩控制,建立了大型海上风力发电高塔系统一体化分析模型(Sto DRAOWT模型).与国际上通用的风机分析软件分析结果对比表明,本文建立的Sto DRAOWT模型分析结果可信,建模更为全面合理,计算效率更高.在此基础上,实现了风浪联合作用下海上风力发电高塔整体系统的动力响应分析,为大型海上风力发电高塔系统的随机响应分析与可靠性设计奠定了基础.     

Nonlinear PI control for variable pitch wind turbine

Wind turbine uses a pitch angle controller to reduce the power captured above the rated wind speed and release the mechanical stress of the drive train. This paper investigates a nonlinear PI (N-PI) based pitch angle controller, by designing an extended-order state and perturbation observer to estimate and compensate unknown time-varying nonlinearities and disturbances. The proposed N-PI does not require the accurate model and uses only one set of PI parameters to provide a global optimal performance under wind speed changes. Simulation verification is based on a simplified two-mass wind turbine model and a detailed aero-elastic wind turbine simulator (FAST), respectively. Simulation results show that the N-PI controller can provide better dynamic performances of power regulation, load stress reduction and actuator usage, comparing with the conventional PI and gain-scheduled PI controller, and better robustness against of model uncertainties than feedback linearization control.     

Strong stabilisation of a wind turbine tower model in the plane of the turbine blades

We investigate the strong stabilisation of a wind turbine tower model in the plane of the turbine blades, which comprises a nonuniform NASA Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) system and a two-mass drive-train model (with gearbox). The control input is the torque created by the electrical generator. Using a strong stabilisation theorem for a class of impedance passive linear systems with bounded control and observation operators, we show that the wind turbine tower model can be strongly stabilised. The control is by static output feedback from the angular velocities of the nacelle and the generator rotor.     

直驱式永磁风力发电机软并网与功率调节的控制集成

为实现直驱式永磁同步风力发电机无冲击并网与风能最大跟踪控制, 设计了一种软并网与功率调节一体化的控制集成装置. 基于广义功角特性, 提出了一种对逆变器输出功率进行直接控制, 从而实现最大风能跟踪的控制策略. 新的控制策略可使发电机的转速按所期待的动态运动, 因而具有良好的静态与动态性能. 另外, 该控制律中对电机参数具有很强的鲁棒性, 因而该控制器能适应各种不同参数的同步风力发电机, 成为同步风力发电并网与功率调节的独立装置.     

Maximum wind power tracking for PMSG chaos systems – ADHDP method

Aiming at the chaotic behavior of PMSG under certain parameters, the new ADHDP method based on Cloud RBF neural network is proposed to track the point of maximum wind power, which can make the system out of chaos and track the point of maximum power stably, and the optimal control problems of the complex nonlinear system can be solved effectively. This method is realized by using the optimal power–speed curve and the vector control principle, and by adjusting the stator output voltage to control the electromagnetic torque, then the rotor speed of wind turbine can operate at the optimal speed that corresponds to the point of maximum power, meanwhile, the measure of wind speed also can be avoided. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.