基于腰关节力矩补偿的仿人机器人快速步行模式生成

为了有效地提高仿人机器人动步行能力,利用基于预观控制的ZMP 步态生成模式的优点并引入脚尖 脚后跟与地面间的旋转关节,生成了机器人的质心和踝关节轨迹．同时,为了得到更快的步行速度,提出了侧向质 心摆动幅度递减和腰关节偏摆力矩补偿的方法．最后在虚拟物理环境下,利用动力学仿真软件实现了虚拟3-D 仿人 机器人快速动步行．仿真结果证明了所采用方法的有效性．     

Development of a Leg Part of a Humanoid Robot—Development of a Biped Walking Robot Adapting to the Humans' Normal Living Floor

The authors are engaged in studies of biped walking robots from thefollowing two viewpoints. One is a viewpoint as a human science. Theother is a viewpoint towards the development of humanoid robots.In this paper, the authors introduce an anthropomorphic dynamic bipedwalking robot adapting to the humans' living floor. The robot has tworemarkable systems: (1) a special foot system to obtain the positionrelative to the landing surface and the gradient of the surfaceduring its dynamic walking; (2) an adaptive walking control system toadapt to the path surfaces with unknown shapes by utilizing theinformation of the landing surface, obtained by the foot system. Twounits of the foot system WAF-3 were produced, a biped walking robotWL-12RVII that had the foot system and the adaptive walking controlsystem installed inside it was developed, and a walking experimentwith WL-12RVII was performed. As a result, dynamic biped walkingadapting to humans' floors with unknown shapes was realized. Themaximum walking speed was 1.28 s/step with a 0.3 m step length, andthe adaptable deviation range was from -16 to+16 mm/step in the vertical direction, and from-3 to +3° in the tilt angle.     

仿人机器人双足行走模型研究

针对仿人机器人双足行走的稳定性问题,引入零力矩点理论,根据稳定行走必须满足地面反作用力位于稳定区域内这个条件,推导出仿人机器人在行走过程中单双腿支撑期的稳定区域面积和稳定裕量。建立2种不同形状的仿人机器人双足模型,在足底和地面间创建一系列接触力,并通过机械系统动力学自动分析软件得到行走过程中足底各个点的受力曲线并进行受力分析,得出合理的双足形状。     

Walking Control Algorithm of Biped Humanoid Robot on Uneven and Inclined Floor

This paper describes walking control algorithm for the stable walking of a biped humanoid robot on an uneven and inclined floor. Many walking control techniques have been developed based on the assumption that the walking surface is perfectly flat with no inclination. Accordingly, most biped humanoid robots have performed dynamic walking on well designed flat floors. In reality, however, a typical room floor that appears to be flat has local and global inclinations of about 2°. It is important to note that even slight unevenness of a floor can cause serious instability in biped walking robots. In this paper, the authors propose an online control algorithm that considers local and global inclinations of the floor by which a biped humanoid robot can adapt to the floor conditions. For walking motions, a suitable walking pattern was designed first. Online controllers were then developed and activated in suitable periods during a walking cycle. The walking control algorithm was successfully tested and proved through walking experiments on an uneven and inclined floor using KHR-2 (KAIST Humanoid robot-2), a test robot platform of our biped humanoid robot, HUBO.     

Theory of Mind for a Humanoid Robot

If we are to build human-like robots that can interact naturally with people, our robots must know not only about the properties of objects but also the properties of animate agents in the world. One of the fundamental social skills for humans is the attribution of beliefs, goals, and desires to other people. This set of skills has often been called a theory of mind. This paper presents the theories of Leslie (1994) and Baron-Cohen (1995) on the development of theory of mind in human children and discusses the potential application of both of these theories to building robots with similar capabilities. Initial implementation details and basic skills (such as finding faces and eyes and distinguishing animate from inanimate stimuli) are introduced. I further speculate on the usefulness of a robotic implementation in evaluating and comparing these two models.     

国外仿人机器人发展概况

介绍了国外仿人机器人发展的特点,详细分析了日本、美国和韩国等国几种仿人机器人的主要技术及其技术指标．根据国外的样机设计,作者讨论了仿人机器人各部分自由度的选用,分析了仿人机器人传动和控制设计中的一些问题．就国外仿人机器人发展对中国的启示提出了看法．     

基于阻抗控制的步行康复训练机器人的轨迹自适应

把阻抗控制理论运用到步行康复训练机器人系统中,使用基于位置的阻抗控制模型设计了系统的控制器.提出基于阻抗模型的步态轨迹白适应算法,并分析了系统的误差.在建立的Solid Works、Matlab、Adams虚拟样机联合仿真平台上进行了主动康复训练的仿真实验,并在实物样机上进行了健康训练者的实验.结果表明,该控制器能够实...     

Online Gait Generation Method Based on Neural Network for Humanoid Robot Fast Walking on Uneven Terrain

International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems - Advanced humanoid robots highlight the ability of fast walking and adaptability to uneven terrain. However, owing to the complexity in...     

基于ZMP的仿人机器人跑步运动模式

采用小车-曲面桌子模型,提出了一种基于零力矩点(zero moment point,ZMP)的仿人机器人跑步运动模式.在单腿支撑阶段和飞行阶段,分别规划了仿人机器人的质心运动轨迹和双脚运动轨迹.在单腿支撑阶段,求解根据小车-曲面桌子模型建立的动力学方程,依据小车的运动轨迹规划出仿人机器人的质心轨迹;在飞行阶段,仿人机器人质心可看作抛物线运动,质心轨迹可通过水平方向上的匀速运动和竖直方向上的自由落体运动轨迹表示.分析了双脚与地面接触时的力及力矩约束.通过改变ZMP调整身体的倾斜角度,保持身体动态平衡.同时根据动力学方程分别求解出踝关节及其他关节的关节力矩.仿真实验结果表明:仿人机器人跑步时各关节角度和关节驱动力矩变化稳定,能够实现稳定的跑步,验证了方法的有效性.     

Dynamic Control of Walking Cycle with Initiation Process for Humanoid Robot

This paper focuses on numerical method to solve the dynamic equilibrium of a humanoid robot during the walking cycle with the gait initiation process. It is based on a multi-chain strategy and a dynamic control/command architecture previously developed by Gorce. The strategy is based on correction of the trunk center of mass acceleration and force distribution of the forces exerced by the limbs on the trunk. This latter is performed by mean of a Linear Programming (LP) method. We study the gait initiation process when a subject, initially in quiet erect stance posture, performs a walking cycle. In this paper, we propose to adjust the method for the multiphases (from double support to single support) and multicriteria features of the studied movement. This is done by adapting some specific constraints and criteria in order to ensure the global stability of the humanoid robot along the task execution. For that, we use a Real-Time Criteria and Constraints Adaptation method. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate criteria and constraints influences on the dynamic stability.     

用于人形机器人的声音降噪方法

用于人形机器人的实时多通道降噪方法使机器人能够在实际应用中精确地进行后续的音频分类或语音识别。引入人形机器人具有类似人体的头相关传输函数的性质,避免一般方法中在估计声传播信道模型时只考虑声达时廷,而忽略声散射和共振影响的局限性。该方法通过利用麦克风阵列阵元之间的声音传输信道的差异性,削弱参考噪声和目标信号之间的相关性,从而提升对消噪声后输出信号的信噪比。仿真表明,对目标信号的信噪比提升达到15dB。     

基于运动相似性的仿人机器人双足步行研究

提出了一种基于人体步行运动相似性的仿人机器人双足步行动作设计方法．改进了人体步行轨迹的参数获取与相似性匹配系统,扩展了相似性函数的适用范围．根据仿人机器人的机械连杆特点定义了步行运动周期中的关键姿势与子相变换,建立了运动学约束方程,并对行走中出现的动态稳定性问题进行了约束．仿真和实体机器人实验验证了该方法的有效性．     

给定手部作业轨迹的仿人机器人推操作研究

以推车作业为例对“汇童”仿人机器人动态行走中的推操作进行了研究,分析了手部位置与腰部位 移的关系,对作业运动中手部轨迹的补偿进行了研究．另外,作业中机器人与车之间存在相互作用,根据作业的 期望作用力,开展了基于ZMP 稳定性判据的作业运动稳定性控制研究．仿真和实验验证了该方法的有效性,它能 满足推车作业手臂操作性和运动稳定性要求．     

仿人跑步机器人稳定性与控制策略研究进展

针对仿人跑步机器人稳定性和控制策略的研究现状与发展趋势进行了探讨.首先.分析了仿人跑步模型的固有特性,包括单边约束特性、系统混杂特性和变拓扑结构特性,介绍了基于ZMP(Zero Moment Point)和零化角动量的稳定性判据以及基于庞加莱映射和极限环的稳定性判据,总结了基于轨迹规划的时变控制策略和基于虚拟约束的定常...     

A Flexible Control Architecture for Mobile Robots: An Application for a Walking Robot

To get the best features of both deliberative and reactive controllers, present mobile robot control architectures are designed to accommodate both types of controller. However, these architectures are still very rigidly structured thus deliberative modules are always assigned to the same role as a high-level planner or sequencer while low-level reactive modules are still the ones directly interacting with the robot environment. Furthermore, within these architectures communication and interface between modules are if not strongly established, they are very complex thus making them unsuitable for simple robotic systems. Our idea in this paper is to present a control architecture that is flexible in the sense that it can easily integrate both reactive and deliberative modules but not necessarily restricting the role of each type of controller. Communication between modules is through simple arbitration schemes while interface is by connecting a common communication line between modules and simple read and/or write access of data objects. On top of these features, the proposed control architecture is scalable and exhibits graceful degradation when some of the modules fail, similar to the present mobile robot architectures. Our idea has enabled our four-legged robot to walk autonomously in a structured uneven terrain.     

基于主支撑腿运动优化的仿人机器人快速步态规划算法

提出一种基于主支撑腿运动优化的快速步态规划算法,利用快速动态步行的特点,规划ZMP(Zero Moment Point)适时地离开质心投影并始终停留在稳定的支撑区域内．规划过程中考虑了仿人机器人摆动足触地时的碰撞,整个步态产生于深度的优化过程．     

一种类人机器人步行鲁棒控制器

提出了一种应用于类人步行机器人研究平台的鲁棒控制算法,当机器人在步行过程中受到一定程度的 外界冲力等干扰时,它可以使机器人自主达到动态平衡,而且该算法具有一定的实时性．通过一个九连杆的仿人平 面机械系统,分析了机器人步行的动态过程;应用科氏力向量等建立起机器人步行的动力学模型,通过非线性补偿, 得出其渐近稳定控制的约束性条件;进而构造出理想的李亚普诺夫函数,并应用遗传算法进行参数优化,设计出具 备一定实时性能的鲁棒控制算法;仿真计算出机器人各个关节的角位移误差,其零力矩点（ZMP）始终在支撑脚的 范围内,重心轨迹在地面的投影基本位于正弦曲线上．将该算法应用于实际的类人步行机器人行走控制中,实验证 明,在受到一定程度的外扰影响时,该机器人可在短执行周期内自主达到动态平衡．     

考虑综合步行约束的仿人机器人参数化3D 步态规划方法

给出了一种三维环境下双足行走的参数化步态规划方法,建立了仿人机器人13 质量块约束动力学模 型．考虑单腿支撑和双腿支撑无冲击连续切换的六点边界约束条件、可行步态物理约束条件以及ZMP 稳定性约束 条件,以关节输出力矩函数的二次型积分值最小作为优化指标,采用参数化步态优化方法,将复杂关节轨迹的规划 问题转化为分段多项式系数组成的有限参数向量的优化问题,得到了快速和慢速两组光滑无振动的优化步态．仿真 和样机实验验证了该方法的有效性．     

基于双臂摆动的仿人机器人偏摆力矩矫正方法

针对仿人机器人在步行时产生的绕ZMP(零力矩点)的偏摆力矩导致其失稳甚至摔倒的问题,提出了一种基于双臂摆动的偏摆力矩矫正方法.分析了偏摆力矩产生的原因及其对机器人步行稳定性的影响;根据仿人机器人的连杆模型和手臂摆动的单摆模型,推导出了双臂摆动力矩的表达式,结合双臂摆动的示意图阐述了利用双臂摆动力矩矫正偏摆力矩的原理;采用三次样条插值规划出双臂参数化的摆动角轨迹,再通过穷举法遍历摆动角参数使双臂摆动力矩满足偏摆力矩的矫正要求.仿真结果表明,该方法不仅能较好地矫正偏摆力矩,使机器人实现稳定的步行,而且能保证双臂的摆动角轨迹单调、平滑和周期性。     

平面双足机器人虚拟斜坡行走步态生成算法研究

在平面双足机器人上应用虚拟斜坡行走方法设计了具有4个参数的步态生成算法．根据虚拟斜坡行走成立的基本条件研究了步态参数之间的关系,最终将独立参数减少到3个．步态参数具有明确的物理意义,可以实时地、便捷地调节行走速度．在平面机器人Stepper上采用所提出的步态生成算法,实现了1.243.88腿长秒的连续速度切换．