固溶温度对GH4169微观组织形貌及超声特性的影响

对不同固溶温度的GH4169合金试样,进行了微观组织形貌观察,提取了晶粒尺寸、形状特征参数。采用纵波回波法和共线穿透法进行超声检测和非线性超声检测,计算合金的超声特性参数。提取的超声特性参数包括:衰减系数、声速、相对非线性系数、背散射信号(位于一次底波和二次底波之间)经验模态分解后固有模态函数的平均功率和波形指数。超声-微观结构参数对比分析的结果表明,通过衰减系数、声速、非线性系数可有效识别相变,衰减系数对晶粒尺寸波动敏感,随晶粒粗化而增大;所提取的固有模态函数平均功率和波形维数都可以对晶粒尺寸进行评价,但尚难以用于表征晶粒纵横比。     

超声声速无损评定304不锈钢晶粒尺寸

用A型脉冲超声纵波对不同晶粒尺寸的304不锈钢进行超声声速测量,建立纵波声速和晶粒尺寸之间的关系.结果表明,奥氏体不锈钢晶粒尺寸随着保温时间的延长或固溶温度的提高而长大,水冷条件下的纵波声速呈指数衰减趋势,空冷条件下的纵波声速呈线性衰减趋势.     

基于小波包的奥氏体焊缝缺陷超声信号识别

在使用超声反射波法对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝进行缺陷检测时,由于粗大晶粒组织的声散射作用,致使缺陷信号不易于识别. 针对这一问题,提出一种基于小波包技术的改进噪声抑制方法. 阐明了改进方法的技术原理,采集了奥氏体不锈钢焊缝中含人工缺陷信号的超声回波数据. 利用所提方法对超声回波进行了噪声抑制处理,并对人工缺陷进行了定量化测量. 结果表明,和传统小波包法相比较,所提方法能更为有效地滤除超声反射回波中的噪声成分,可识别直径1.5 mm的平底孔.     

奥氏体不锈钢平均晶粒尺寸的超声评价技术

采用超声纵波声速评价奥氏体不锈钢昌粒尺寸,建立了超声纵波声速与平均晶粒尺寸的关系式,其平均晶粒尺寸与超声速线性相关,并分析了声速测量误差。     

脉冲反射法检测粘接缺陷的有限元模拟

为深入理解工件内脱粘状态与检测回波信号间的关联,使用有限元模拟技术对超声脉冲反射法检测粘接缺陷的工艺参数进行了计算分析。对超声检测时的激励信号进行了定量描述,经采样后将其作为位移载荷加载于探头区域内。首先对良好粘接工件,计算了探头接收到的检测回波信号;然后使用窄脉宽信号进行再次分析;最后,对工件中存在不同尺寸的脱粘情况进行了计算,将检测回波信号进行了对照分析。有限元模拟结果表明:使用脉冲反射法对钢铅两层金属间较薄的粘接层进行检测时,需要有效提高探头的分辨力,以识别出钢层一次与二次回波间的粘接层回波信号,使用此信号幅值可定量反映脱粘大小。     

超声TOFD二次波检测技术在奥氏体不锈钢焊缝无损检测中的应用

由组织结构引起的声能衰减、散射、声束扭曲会使得奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的超声检测较为困难。分析了焊缝中超声波衰减及散射的各向异性特征及其影响因素,并提出了基于超声TOFD技术的二次波检测方法。通过调整探头间距改变焊缝目标区域的检测声束折射角,深入分析声束入射方向及晶粒生长方向对检测信号信噪比的影响。结果表明:检测波在奥氏体不锈钢焊缝中的传播呈现明显的各向异性特征;当检测声束与柱状晶生长方向成较小夹角时,可获得较高的检测信号信噪比。因此,当探头置于焊缝余高侧时,为获得较小的检测声束与柱状晶生长方向间的夹角,采用基于超声TOFD技术的二次波检测方法可提取焊缝中缺陷的衍射波特征信号。     

厚壁CCASS材料特性及其对超声检测的影响

对壁厚98 mm的离心铸造奥氏体不锈钢(Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel,CCASS)试样的纵波声速、衰减系数和幅度谱等声学特性进行了测试分析,并采用TRL相控阵探头进行扇形扫描和B扫描检测。结合试样的宏观、微观组织对实验结果进行了分析讨论。研究表明:试样晶粒粗大,内部组织存在分层,介质的非均质性明显,导致超声检测信号噪声水平高、幅度谱波动大,纵波声速和衰减系数在一定范围内变化,相控阵扇形扫查和B扫查成像效果较差。利用CIVA软件得到的模拟结果为解释上述实验现象提供了依据。     

基于超声短时傅里叶变换的液压管路内油液压力测量方法研究

阐述一种利用超声波测量管路内油液压力的方法：使用专用调压设备向钢管中的液压油施加压力,利用中心频率4 MHz的宽带超声换能器在钢管外壁对管内的液压油进行探测并获取反射超声回波信号,然后利用短时傅里叶变换对不同压力下超声回波信号的时间-频率谱与相同压力下时间-幅值谱进行分析。结果表明：随着钢管内液压油承受压力的增加,超声声速变大,声衰减系数变大。对管路内油液压力与超声声速、声衰减系数的关系进行拟合后得到函数关系,可以通过测得的超声声速、声衰减系数反演得出液压油压力。     

固体超声声速的脉冲反射法测量

为了提高声速测量时的延时测量精度,对常用的脉冲反射法声速测量的信号进行了频谱分析。发现声束扩散引起的回波信号畸变,对判断超声传播时间有一定影响。改用函数发生器的正弦信号,采用双探头脉冲反射法,提高了时间测量精度,降低了对仪器的不良影响。     

多道次轧制下2205/NI/EH40复合板组织均匀性

为了提升多道次热轧复合板各层间的组织均匀性,基于Deform软件建立了双相不锈钢复合板多道次热轧三维热力耦合模型,在预设工艺下进行了不锈钢复合板的多道次热轧模拟,依据优劣解距离法建立了组织均匀性判定准则并对各工艺下的组织均匀性进行了判定,借助二辊轧机进行了不锈钢复合板的多道次热轧试验,利用光学显微镜对终轧板材的金相组织进行了观测。结果表明,随着轧制过程的进行,各层板材的晶粒尺寸均呈现下降趋势,板材上下表面处的晶粒尺寸差值呈现先增加后减小。得到了维持组织均匀性较优的轧制工艺参数,且试验结果与仿真结果的误差保持在5%以内,有效证明了仿真结果的准确性。     

Short time Fourier transform analysis for understanding frequency dependent attenuation in austenitic stainless steel

Short time Fourier transform (STFT) has been used to study the distribution of ultrasonic energy as a function of the frequency of the wave in the backscatter and the back-wall echoes obtained from austenitic stainless steel specimens with different grain sizes in a range of 30–210 μm. A 25 MHz nominal frequency immersion transducer was used in pulse-echo mode for data acquisition. In specimens with larger grain sizes (>100 μm), the frequency content of the first back-wall echo was 4.5–7.0 MHz only whereas the predominant frequency of the backscatter was in a range of 15–25 MHz up to the third/fourth back-wall echo. The amplitude and the frequency content of the back-wall echoes decreased rapidly with the propagation distance, however those of the backscatter decreased very slowly indicating high scattering and low absorption rates in the austenitic stainless steel specimens. The decrease in the center frequency of the first, second and third back-wall echoes has been correlated with the average grain size. The study demonstrates the usefulness of STFT in analyzing the frequency content of the backscatter and back-wall echoes simultaneously and thus understanding the frequency dependent attenuation in high scattering materials for microstructural characterization applications.     

低碳钢晶粒尺寸的超声无损评价技术

研究了超声纵波声速和低碳钢Q235平均晶粒直径的关系。通过热处理改变碳钢试件的晶粒尺寸。其结果表明，用5N14探头测得的纵波声速和晶粒直径之间有很好的线性关系；选择合适的超声波探头及频率测量超声纵波声速，能够无损地评价低碳钢的晶粒尺寸。     

奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的超声波检测方法研究

研究了奥氏体不锈钢焊缝组织结构的特性和不同振动类型超声波对大厚度奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的作用，通过试验得到了一种有效的超声波检测奥氏体不锈钢焊缝中缺陷的定量方法，即二维距离波幅表法。该方法显著减小了一维定量法所产生的较大误差，在一定程度上解决了由于奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的各向异性和组织粗大引起的缺陷无法定量的问题，提高了检测结果的准确性。     

Arrest of weld-decay in 304 austenitic stainless steel by twin-induced grain boundary engineering

A twin-induced grain boundary engineered 304 austenitic stainless steel with a high frequency of coincidence site lattice boundaries produced by a one-step thermomechanical process was arc-welded. The heat-affected zone was examined by orientation imaging microscopy and corrosion tests. The results indicated that the intergranular corrosion due to sensitization in the heat-affected zone were perfectly suppressed, because the high frequency of coincidence site lattice boundaries and the optimum grain boundary character distribution were stable in the grain boundary engineered stainless steel during arc-welding. The grain boundary engineering can arrest the weld-decay of austenitic stainless steel effectively.     

Mean grain size determination in marbles by ultrasonic first backwall echo height measurements

In ultrasonic grain size determination several techniques are in use. In this paper, the Ultrasonic Relative Attenuation (URA) method has been used to estimate the mean grain size of marble samples. Also, mean grain size versus first backwall echo height graphs have been plotted to see the direct relation between these two parameters. The results show less than 10% difference compared with values obtained in an optic microscope. In a comparison, mean grain size values of marbles determined by ultrasonic velocity methods are given.     

超细晶奥氏体不锈钢的研究状况及问题

详细介绍了超细晶奥氏体不锈钢技术,综述了奥氏体不锈钢力学性能、晶间腐蚀性能、应力腐蚀性能、点蚀和缝隙腐蚀性能与晶粒尺寸之间的关系,指出了超细晶奥氏体不锈钢研究存在的问题.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels after cold rolling

The effect of austenite stability on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of three austenitic stainless steels during cold rolling has been studied. Samples of different grain sizes have been used to characterize the microstructures during deformation. In the case of 304/8% Ni and 304/10% Ni stainless steels, the transformation microstructures consist of mechanical twins: ε-martensite and α′-martensite. No hexagonal close-packed (hcp) ε-martensite was detected in 316 stainless steel. The volume fraction of α′-martensite formed increases with increasing strain in 304 and 316 stainless steels for a given grain size. The amount of α′ phase increases with a decrease in grain size in 304 stainless steel, while the formation of this phase has been found to be grain size insensitive in 316 stainless steel. The strain-hardening behavior exhibited by the three stainless steels used in this study indicates the contribution of both α′-martensite and grain size strengthening in the case of both 304 stainless steels, while only grain size contribution was found in the case of 316 stainless steel.     

奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的二维距离-波幅曲线检测方法

为准确定量奥氏体不锈钢焊缝缺陷,制作了人工缺陷试块,测定了各人工缺陷反射回波,通过分析焊缝形貌,选取合适步进插值,制成二维距离一波幅曲线,以此对焊缝的实际检测回波进行修正并定量缺陷。     

大厚度异种钢奥氏体焊缝超声波检测

粗晶焊缝的超声检测一直是无损检测界的难题,而大厚度异种钢奥氏体焊缝的检测困难更大。实验研究了波型、频率、晶片和K值等工艺参数,设计制作了超声探头。根据产品特点,结合JB／T4730．3—2005标准,设计制作了专用的超声波检测试块。编制的检测工艺避免了异种钢奥氏体焊缝各向异性导致的声学性能变化影响。试验取得了较好的效果,为今后同类产品的制造和定期检验工作积累了经验。