钛-钢扩散复合界面组织与结合强度

将钛管、钢管利用冷拔-内压扩散法制备了内包覆钛-钢复管.用扫描电镜、能谱分析、X-光衍射和拉剪试验等方法,研究了扩散退火温度与时间对钛-钢扩散复合界面附近组织、成分和界面剪切强度的影响.结果表明,该制备方法可使钛-钢实现冶金结合;界面剪切强度随扩散温度升高先增加后减小;750-800℃×0.5h扩散退火界面剪切强度最高,可达210MPa左右;扩散退火中Fe、Ti原子发生了互扩散;界面上有TiC形成;750℃×0.5 h扩散退火试样断口未检测到TiFe、TiFe2相;900-950℃×0.5h扩散退火钢侧出现柱状晶区,钛侧出现无晶界晶区与针状马氏体晶区.     

喷涂法制Mo丝增强NiAl单层复合材料的研究

采用等离子喷涂工艺，制备了Mo丝增强的NiAl基单层复合材料。系统地研究了该复合材料的显微组织，Mo丝／NiAl界面的结合特性以及在不同热处理状态下复合材料的界面行为。研究表明：制备态单层复合材料的基体由强烈变形（扁平化）和高速结晶的NiAl熔滴颗粒形成的层状结构构成，颗粒间有较多的分界面，Mo丝／基体的界面结合强度不高，其结合为非冶金结合。800℃，3h退火后，Mo丝／基体界面的结合情况得到改善，复合材料的性能提高。更高温长时处理后，基体元素Ni在Mo丝中形成扩散层，在界面处基体一侧和基体中结晶的熔滴颗粒分界面处的铝的氧化物层明显增厚。     

Si粉微合金化对钢-铝复合材料界面的影响

采用粉末轧制工艺,在界面添加4％ Si粉进行界面微合金化调控,成功制备出界面结合良好的钢-铝复合材料.研究了界面微合金化设计、扩散退火处理工艺对钢-铝复合材料界面区元素扩散、生成物相的影响规律,探讨了元素Si界面调控的作用机理.结果表明:添加4％ Si粉界面微合金设计,在500℃扩散退火,保温1h热处理工艺下,复合材料界面未出现金属间化合物,600℃扩散退火,保温1h热处理工艺下,仅出现少量化合物Fe2Al5,Si粉界面微合金化处理能延缓界面化合物相生成,使生成Fe2Al5相的扩散温度向高温推移;Si扩散固溶到Fe、Al基体中形成连续固溶体,提高了界面两侧物理及力学性能的连续性,改善复合材料的界面结合.     

退火对TA1/5052爆炸复合板界面组织与性能的影响

将TA1/5052爆炸焊接复合板在350、400及450 ℃分别保温1、3、6、9 h退火,对退火前后复合板组织和性能进行分析。结果表明:随退火温度升高,原子扩散加剧,界面形成的扩散层逐渐变厚;退火过程中铝易于向钛侧扩散,白色亮带和柯肯达尔孔洞主要位于靠近界面的5052铝合金侧;退火前界面处物相组成为α-Ti、α-Al、TiAl₃,经350、400 ℃退火3 h及450 ℃退火1、3、6、9 h后,物相组成不变。经不同温度退火后,复合板界面抗拉强度低于退火前,而断面收缩率和伸长率明显高于退火前。拉伸断口分析表明,复合板TA1侧为以脆性断裂为主、韧性断裂为辅的韧脆混合断裂,5052侧为韧性断裂;复合板在350 ℃退火时界面剪切强度和剥离强度最大,较爆炸态分别增加8.24%和45.68%,随退火温度升高,界面剪切强度和剥离强度降低。退火前后界面结合区硬度均高于基复板两侧硬度,且随离界面距离增加,硬度逐渐降低直至降至钛铝两侧母材硬度。退火后界面结合区硬度明显低于爆炸态硬度。     

退火条件对AgCuNi/TU1复合界面的影响

采用轧制复合法制备AgCuNi/TU1复合带材,使用EDS能谱仪分析不同退火条件下复合界面元素的扩散情况,利用两端不受扩散影响的扩散偶模型和Arrenius关系计算退火温度在550~750℃下Ag在TU1中的扩散系数、扩散常数与扩散激活能。结果显示:退火温度在550~750℃之间,分钟级退火时间下(退火时间5 min),AgCuNi/TU1复合界面主要发生表面原子扩散,且扩散系数和扩散常数在同一数量级,而扩散激活能有明显差别。     

白铜/钢双金属管的瞬间液相扩散连接

用扫描电镜组织观察、能谱微区成分分析、显微硬度、剪切试验、反复弯曲试验等方法,研究了以H62黄铜为中间层的B10白铜/20钢双金属管的瞬间液相扩散连接.结果表明,在950～1 000 ℃扩散退火0.5～2 h,白铜与低碳钢可以获得良好的冶金结合;黄铜与白铜间成分连续过渡,形成跨越界面的晶粒组织;在钢/黄铜界面,温度较低、时间较短时,形成珠光体富集带;高温长时间扩散,Cu,Ni,Zn向Fe中扩散形成硬度较高的组织,使界面塑性下降.     

退火工艺对Ti/Al复合板组织和性能的影响

针对以纯钛板和工业纯铝为原料铸造复合得到的Ti/Al复合板,采用不同保温时间的退火工艺制度研究了退火时间对Ti/Al复合板的组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着退火时间延长,在复合界面处的扩散层宽度增大。在退火过程中,Ti-Al系金属间化合物的形成和生长是导致Ti/Al复合界面显微硬度增加、结合强度下降的主要原因。在浇铸温度为700℃、退火温度为550℃、保温2 h退火后,Ti/Al复合板结合强度有较大提升,为最佳退火工艺。     

碳钢/不锈钢的瞬间液相扩散复合

用扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法,研究了H62黄铜为中间层的20钢/304不锈钢瞬间液相扩散复合后结合区的组织、成分与性能。结果表明:在950～1100℃扩散退火0.5～1h,20钢与304不锈钢可以获得良好的冶金结合;当温度较高,时间较长时,在界面附近的20钢一侧,因合金元素含量提高,淬透性提高,导致空冷形成高硬度的马氏体组织;Fe、Cr、Ni向H62黄铜中扩散富集,形成高硬度的岛状组织。     

Al/Mg扩散层的形成规律和机理

采用镶嵌式扩散偶,在不同退火热处理条件下,对Al/Mg扩散层进行了研究.利用扫描电子显微镜和电子探针观察和分析了扩散层的形态和结构,从扩散、溶解与结晶角度探讨了扩散层的形成机理.结果表明,当580℃保温60 h退火处理后,在Al/Mg界面处形成厚度约265μm、结构为AL/Mg<,2>Al<,3>/MgAl/Mg<,3...     

铜铝复合板界面组织和性能研究

对固-液法制备的铜铝复合板进行不同工艺的轧制并进行300℃×4h退火处理,测定了复合板的抗拉强度、伸长率、界面剥离强度及电导率,利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜等分析了结合界面的组织形貌,研究了轧制及退火工艺对结合界面扩散层组织和复合板性能的影响。结果表明,轧制后形成的CuAl2相降低了复合板的剥离强度和电导率,退火处理可促进结合界面原子互扩散形成Cu9Al4,改善复合板的性能,同时电导率也得以提高。     

智能材料的发展

智能材料的研制是一个迅速发展的新领域，它吸引着诸如医学，生物材料，航空航天，材料科学以及计算机工程等众多学科研究者的关注。智能材料也是一种由传感器、信息处理器和驱动器构成的新型复合材料，它能够感知外界的刺激并改变自身的特性来适应环境的变化。从概念上智能材料的基础是材料科学和计算机工程先进成就的结合，它使人们去探索利用材料复合的非线性效应来创造新型材料，本文讨论了几类智能材料的构成模式及其工程应用前     

医用贵金属材料的研究与发展

由于贵金属材料具有独特的抗腐蚀性、生理上的无毒性、良好的延展性以及生物相容性，它在医学领域的应用日益拓展。作者在本文着重介绍贵金属材料在牙科(包括牙科汞齐合金和铸造合金)、针灸、体内植入的电子器件及医用生物传感器等方面的研究与发展，分析了牙科用贵金属材料的演变过程等。     

Corrosion behavior of composite brake materials

It is very important to study the corrosion behavior of composite brake materials for their design, manufacture, and application. In the study, one kind of composite brake material used in engineering machinery, two kinds used in automobiles, and gray cast iron HT200 were selected as tested materials. Their corrosion behavior in typical acid solution, alkali solution, salt solution, running water, and air were investigated. The results showed that some components of composite brake materials, such as iron matrix, steel fiber, and iron powder, were easily subject to corrosion in acid solution. Corrosive pitting, net‐like cracking, and breakage appeared at their corrosion surfaces, and in the solution of 3.5% NaCl, corrosive pitting took place and corrosion holes of 2–8 µm diameter formed at the corrosion surface of these components. But when brake materials were exposed to the solution of 5% NaOH, the organic binder was corroded seriously, nearly parallel cracks formed at the corrosion surface and some samples even became loose powders because the corrosion makes the binder lose its adhering function. In running water and air, the tested samples have an excellent corrosion resistance, and the composite brake material containing organic binder has a better corrosion resistance compared with other tested materials. The investigation has also indicated that the interface between ingredients easily corrodes.     

Syntheses of metal nitrides, metal carbides and rare-earth metal dioxymonocarbodiimides from metal oxides and dicyandiamide

We design a facile and efficient solid-state reaction method by selecting an organic reagent dicyandiamide and metal oxides as precursors to prepare metal nitrides, carbides and rare-earth metal dioxymonocarbodiimides in sealed ampoules. Some fine divided nitride and carbide nanoparticles with small and uniform size can be easily obtained at the relatively low temperatures. It is interesting to find that dicyandiamide is not only a highly efficient nitridation reagent but also a highly efficient carburization reagent, and can be used as a precursor to directly synthesize rare-earth metal dioxymonocarbodiimides. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain the results of the reactions between the organic reagent and metal oxides.     

常用银基电工触头材料及无镉新材料的开发

本文介绍了当前国内外银基电工触头材料的研究应用情况,阐述了电工触头材料的种类、性能及用途,以及在实际应用中的选用原则,指出无镉新材料的研究及新技术开发将成为电工触头材料领域的发展目标.     

Dynamic magnetic properties of ZnO nanocrystals incorporating Fe

The aim of the present work is to study the magnetic properties of ZnO(Fe) nanocrystalline samples prepared by two methods of synthesis. We have used the microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis and traditional wet chemistry method followed by calcination. The detailed structural characterization was performed by means of X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. The dynamic magnetic properties were studied by means of AC susceptibility χ. The measurements were performed at small AC magnetic field with amplitude not exceeding 5 Oe and different frequency values (from 7 Hz to 9970 Hz). The AC susceptibility maxima have been found for in-phase susceptibility Re(χ) and for out of phase susceptibility Im(χ). We analyzed the observed frequency dependence of the peak temperature in the AC susceptibility curve using the empirical parameter Φ that is a quantitative measure of the frequency shift and is given by the relative shift of the peak temperature per decade shift in frequency, as well as Vogel-Fulcher law.     

Oxidation of etched Zn foil for the formation of ZnO nanostructure

Oxidation of Zn foil at temperatures of 100-400 °C was carried out in air to produce ZnO with various nanostructures. The final morphology of the oxidised Zn foil is largely dependent on the oxidation temperatures. At less than 300 °C, spherical oxide grains are seen. At 400 °C, 50 nm thick, porous nanosheets were formed after 30 min of oxidation. In portions of the samples, nanorods can be seen with diameters <10 nm and lengths reaching 1 μm. The nanosheets were formed in accordance to a vapour-solid mechanism whereas the nanorods were formed by diffusion of Zn through a certain path leading to the rod structure. At 450 °C, the nanorods became much more uniform. Oxidation at 500 °C resulted in ZnO nanorods. The rods are also blunt with smaller rods seen to branch out from the main rod. The luminescence properties of the ZnO were investigated as a function of the morphology of the oxide. Both green and blue emissions are seen for the samples with nanosheets whereas the nanorods ZnO has mostly green emission.     

Advanced synthesis of nanostructured materials for environmental applications

The present study deals with Aerosol Spray Pyrolysis (ASP) synthesis of two families of nanostructured redox materials targeted to two different environmental applications: transition-metal-doped ferrites and base metal-doped cerium oxide, used for hydrogen production through solar-assisted water splitting and for catalytic soot oxidation, respectively. The synthesized powders were characterized with respect to their phase composition, morphology and particle size distribution by XRD, SEM and TEM analysis, which have shown their nanostructured character. Doped ferrites were evaluated, with respect to their hydrogen production activity from water dissociation, in an in-house built water-splitting testing rig. ASP materials proved to be very active water splitters demonstrating higher water conversion and hydrogen yields than materials of the same composition synthesized through Solid State Synthesis (SSS), with material performance depending on the dopants’ kind and stoichiometry. Base metal-doped cerium oxides were evaluated with respect to their direct soot oxidation activity, via Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), as well as on a diesel engine bench under realistic conditions. It was found that doping improves their activity and that they enhance soot oxidation at lower temperatures compared to materials synthesized through Liquid Phase Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis (LPSHS).     

生物基材料产业化进展

在全球石油资源供给日趋紧张,环保问题日益突出,对低碳经济发展需求日益迫切的情势下,以可再生资源为基础的生物基材料迅速发展成为必然趋势。综述了目前国内外生物基材料产业化的最新进展,系统介绍和总结了乳酸、1,3-丙二醇、聚乳酸、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、聚羟基脂肪酸酯、透明质酸、大豆蛋白、聚天冬氨酸、木塑复合材料等几种生物基材料产业化最新结果。对比了美国、日本和欧洲等国家生物基材料产业状况,分析了生物基材料产业化的发展趋势及前景。     

新型隐身材料吸收剂的研究进展

综述了国内外目前用于隐身技术的几种隐身材料,介绍了几种新型隐身材料的吸收剂.对纳米隐身材料进行了较为详细的描述,简述了其吸收机理.比较了各种吸收剂的特点,提出了雷达波吸收剂的发展趋势.