Experimental and numerical study of the geometrical and hydraulic characteristics of a single rock fracture during shear

Coupled shear-flow tests were conducted on two artificial rock fractures with natural rock fracture characteristics under constant normal loading boundary conditions. Numerical simulations using the 3-D Navier–Stokes equations taking account of the inertial effects of fluid were conducted using the void space geometry models obtained from the coupled shear-flow tests. The test and numerical simulation results show that the evolutions of geometrical and hydraulic characteristics of rock fracture exhibit a three-stage behavior. Transmissivity of a certain void space geometry within a fracture is related to the Reynolds number of fluid flow due to the inertial effects of fluid, which can be represented by the Navier–Stokes equations, but cannot be represented by some simplified equations, such as the cubic law, the Reynolds equation or the Stokes equations. The mechanical aperture is usually larger than the hydraulic aperture back-calculated from measured flow rate, and the difference between them is found strongly related to the geometrical characteristics of the fractures. A mathematical equation is proposed to describe the relation between hydraulic aperture and mechanical aperture by means of the ratio of the standard deviation of local mechanical aperture to its mean value, the standard deviation of local slope of fracture surface and Reynolds number.     

Numerical simulation of sanding using a coupled hydro-mechanical sand erosion model

Mechanical failure of materials adjacent to the production cavity and material disaggregation caused by fluid drag are considered as the most important parameters that affect sand production.In light of such factors,the coupling of two mechanisms-mechanical instability and hydrodynamic erosion-is indispensable in order to model this phenomenon successfully.This paper examines the applicability of a coupled hydro-mechanical erosion criterion for simulating sand production using the finite element method.The porous medium was considered fully saturated.The onset of sanding and production of sand were predicted by coupling mechanical failure and subsequent erosion of the grain particles utilizing a sanding model.To consider the erosion process,the Papamichos and Stavropoulou(1998)'s sand erosion criterion was incorporated into the finite element code.Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE) adaptive mesh approach was used to account for large amounts of erosive material loss.Besides,in order to address the problem of severe mesh distortion,themesh mapping technique was employed.Sand production in a horizontal wellbore and in a field case was simulated to demonstrate capabilities of the proposed model.In addition,principal parameters affecting sand production,including in situ stresses,cohesion,perforation orientation,and drawdown were examined.The results indicated the efficiency of the model used in evaluation of sanding in the field.Parametric studies indicated that in situ stresses and formation cohesion could be considered as dominant factors affecting the amount of sand production.     

Numerical study of flow anisotropy within a single natural rock joint

The paper investigates the flow anisotropy within a natural joint subjected to mechanical shear. The cubic law is the simplest way to describe fluid flow through rock joints but because of rock wall roughness, deviations from this model have been observed. The Reynolds equation usually gives better results. In this study, micro-scale roughness is taken into account to define a reduced coefficient of permeability. Numerical simulations have been carried out by applying Darcy's law to the rock joint, described as an equivalent porous medium. The numerical simulations are based on experimental data obtained by Hans (PhD, Grenoble, 2002) from a series of hydromechanical shear tests on a rock joint replica. The numerical results have been compared to the experimental ones, and to the results obtained by applying the Reynolds equation, to assess the relevance of the simulations. For the fracture studied, the approach proposed herein can reproduce relatively well the experimental flow anisotropy, and provides consistent values of flow rates, whereas the Reynolds equation tends to give higher flow rates.     

Nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints using a linearized implementation of the Barton-Bandis model

Experiments on rock joint behaviors have shown that joint surface roughness is mobilized under shearing,inducing dilation and resulting in nonlinear joint shear strength and shear stress vs.shear displacement behaviors.The Barton-Bandis(B-B) joint model provides the most realistic prediction for the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.The B-B model accounts for asperity roughness and strength through the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint wall compressive strength(JCS) parameters.Nevertheless,many computer codes for rock engineering analysis still use the constant shear strength parameters from the linear Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) model,which is only appropriate for smooth and non-dilatant joints.This limitation prevents fractured rock models from capturing the nonlinearity of joint shear behavior.To bridge the B-B and the M C models,this paper aims to provide a linearized implementation of the B-B model using a tangential technique to obtain the equivalent M-C parameters that can satisfy the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.These equivalent parameters,namely the equivalent peak cohesion,friction angle,and dilation angle,are then converted into their mobilized forms to account for the mobilization and degradation of JRC under shearing.The conversion is done by expressing JRC in the equivalent peak parameters as functions of joint shear displacement using proposed hyperbolic and logarithmic functions at the pre-and post-peak regions of shear displacement,respectively.Likewise,the pre-and post-peak joint shear stiffnesses are derived so that a complete shear stress-shear displacement relationship can be established.Verifications of the linearized implementation of the B-B model show that the shear stress-shear displacement curves,the dilation behavior,and the shear strength envelopes of rock joints are consistent with available experimental and numerical results.     

Experimental study on the shear performance of quasi-NPR steel bolted rock joints

Quasi-NPR (negative Poisson’s ratio) steel is a new type of super bolt material with high strength, high ductility, and a micro-negative Poisson’s effect. This material overcomes the contrasting characteristics of the high strength and high ductility of steel and it has significant energy-absorbing characteristics, which is of high value in deep rock and soil support engineering. However, research on the shear resistance of quasi-NPR steel has not been carried out. To study the shear performance of quasi-NPR steel bolted rock joints, indoor shear tests of bolted rock joints under different normal stress conditions were carried out. Q235 steel and #45 steel, two representative ordinary bolt steels, were set up as a control group for comparative tests to compare and analyze the shear strength, deformation and instability mode, shear energy absorption characteristics, and bolting contribution of different types of bolts. The results show that the jointed rock masses without bolt reinforcement undergo brittle failure under shear load, while the bolted jointed rock masses show obvious ductile failure characteristics. The shear deformation capacity of quasi-NPR steel is more than 3.5 times that of Q235 steel and #45 steel. No fracture occurs in the quasi-NPR steel during large shear deformation and it can provide stable shear resistance. However, the other two types of control bolts become fractured under the same conditions. Quasi-NPR steel has significant energy-absorbing characteristics under shear load and has obvious advantages in terms of absorbing the energy released by shear deformation of jointed rock masses as compared with ordinary steel. In particular, the shear force plays a major role in resisting the shear deformation of Q235 steel and #45 steel, therefore, fracture failure occurs under small bolt deformation. However, the axial force of quasi-NPR steel can be fully exerted when resisting joint shear deformation; the steel itself does not break when large shear deformation occurs, and the supporting effect of the jointed rock mass is effectively guaranteed.     

装配式异形柱节点抗震性能试验研究

为了研究新型装配式异形柱节点的抗震性能,更好地推广新节点应用于实际工程,设计制作并进行了2组异形柱节点的拟静力试验。通过观察4个试件的裂缝开展破坏过程,分析每个试件位移、刚度、强度和耗能等抗震指标。结果表明:装配边柱节点与现浇节点的破坏过程和类型基本一致,而两个中柱节点的破坏过程及类型有明显区别;纵筋采用直螺纹套筒和灌浆套筒连接均能够有效传递双向应力,实现钢筋与混凝土的有效传力;叠合板滑移影响装配节点承载力;装配节点的刚度比现浇节点稍低,但因较早屈服,破损位移相近,延性变形优于现浇节点,能够满足基于性能设计的框架结构层间位移角限值2%(生命安全(LS)性能)要求。     

Effects of local rock heterogeneities on the hydromechanics of fractured rocks using a digital-image-based technique

A digital-image-based (DIB) finite element approach is developed based on the numerical code rock failure process analysis (RFPA) to characterize micro-scale rock heterogeneity, and to understand the impact of micro-scale rock heterogeneity on the macro-scale hydromechanical response of rocks. The DIB technique incorporates small-scale spatial variability of initial deformation modulus, strength and permeability directly into a coupled hydromechanical model. Variability in Young's modulus, strength, and permeability is applied by a property map defined from the pixel-scale of a digital image. In the RFPA, mechanical deformation is followed, including the accumulation of damage applied in individual elements, which modifies modulus, strength, and permeability with the intensity of damage. The RFPA simulates progressive failure in fractured rocks, representing both the growth of existing fractures and the formation of new fractures, without having to identify crack tips and their interaction explicitly. In this DIB simulation approach, image voxels are used to give equivalent mechanical and flow properties. These property maps are ported to the model capable of solving directly for the evolving deformation, and fluid flow fields. The model is validated through comparisons of the simulated results with phenomenological observations documented in previous studies. The validated model is then applied to investigate the hydromechanical response of fractured rock characterized by digital image. The model is able to reproduce the spatial evolution of damage in the sample, the coalescence of existing cracks, and the formation of new cracks.     

Numerical study of shear behavior of intermittent rock joints with different geometrical parameters

The purpose of this paper is to investigate shear behavior of rock specimens containing several intermittent joints with different geometrical parameters. Through three series of direct shear tests based on rock failure process analysis (RFPA^2D) code, the whole shear failure process is visually observed and the failure patterns in reasonable accordance with other experimental results are obtained. In general, the failure pattern is mostly influenced by the geometrical parameters of rock joints while shear strength is closely related to the failure pattern and its failure mechanism. It is observed that the propagation of wing cracks depends on the joint separation and the joint azimuth angle, and the connection of wing cracks dominates the eventual failure pattern and determines the peak shear load of the rock specimens. The results also show that macro shear fracture is due to the mesoscopic tensile damage of a large number of elements. This numerical study has made a more reasonable theoretical explanation for the shear mechanism of jointed rock due to the inner damages that are difficult to observe in an experimental testing.     

Method for visualizing the shear process of rock joints using 3D laser scanning and 3D printing techniques

This study presents a visualized approach for tracking joint surface morphology. Three-dimensional laser scanning (3DLS) and 3D printing (3DP) techniques are adopted to record progressive failure during rock joint shearing. The 3DP resin is used to create transparent specimens to reproduce the surface morphology of a natural joint precisely. The freezing method is employed to enhance the mechanical properties of the 3DP specimens to reproduce the properties of hard rock more accurately. A video camera containing a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera is utilized to record the evolution of damaged area of joint surface during the direct shear test. The optimal shooting distance and shooting angle are recommended to be 800 mm and 40°, respectively. The images captured by the CCD camera are corrected to quantitatively describe the damaged area on the joint surface. Verification indicates that this method can accurately describe the total sheared areas at different shear stages. These findings may contribute to elucidating the shear behavior of rock joints.     

圆形截面组合柱-钢梁框架节点反复加载性能试验研究

本文以北京LG大厦塔楼为工程背景,采用6个大尺寸试件,对钢梁和钢骨混凝土圆柱组成的框架节点进行了低周反复加载试验。试件包括按“弱梁强柱强节点”设计和“强梁强柱弱节点”设计两种情况。前者发生梁铰型破坏,节点核心区始终基本完好,试件承载力由梁端承载力控制,延性和耗能均满足要求。后者虽发生节点核心区破坏,但其性能明显好于钢筋混凝土框架节点,能满足抗震基本要求;当轴压比从0.16提高到0.32时,节点核心区强度有所提高;在节点附设柱面承压板(FBP板)可提高承载力、延性和耗能能力。在钢骨上焊接栓钉的构造措施可避免粘结破坏。     

木-混凝土梁柱组合节点的受力性能试验研究与理论分析

为探索木-混凝土组合梁在框架结构中运用的可行性,借鉴钢结构顶底翼缘角钢连接,提出了角钢混合连接木-混凝土梁柱组合节点形式,并就其受力性能展开了试验与理论研究.试验中共设计了3个节点试件,即木梁-木柱节点、木-混凝土组合梁与木柱组合节点和木-混凝土组合梁与钢柱组合节点,并对其进行低周反复荷载试验.结果表明:提出的角钢混合...     

Use of the equivalent continuum approach to model the behavior of a rock mass containing an interlayer shear weakness zone in an underground cavern excavation

An interlayer shear weakness zone (ISWZ) is a weak zonal geotechnical system of variable thickness that occurs between different rock strata (e.g., tuff and basalt). At the site of the future Baihetan hydropower station, Sichuan Province, China, because of the relatively poor ISWZ mechanical properties, the overall stability of the underground powerhouse is potentially at risk. In this study, to evaluate the effects of ISWZs on the stability of the future underground powerhouse by means of three-dimensional continuum modeling (3-D continuum modeling), the concept of a virtual rock mass composed of ISWZ and host rock is proposed. An equivalent continuum approach, including a rock–soil composite material (RSCM) model, is elaborated, with corresponding expressions for the input parameters. Comparisons were made between the predictions from the RSCM model, the results obtained by an analytic method, and existing data from physical model tests. The comparison showed that all three types of information showed good consistency in terms of failure mode and strength. This indicates the suitability of the RSCM model for describing the behavior of a rock mass containing discontinuities. Furthermore, comparison between the predictions of the proposed equivalent continuum approach, the joint element approach, and the solid element approach for a deformation of a test tunnel section containing an ISWZ show that the results produced by the first two approaches are similar, but much smaller than that using the third approach. Further comparison of the actual state of the ISWZ-containing rock mass in the test tunnel section confirmed the applicability of the proposed equivalent continuum approach to prediction of deformation of the rock masses containing ISWZs at the future Baihetan underground powerhouse site.     

胶合木梁柱角钢混合连接静力与抗震性能试验研究

为解决传统的木结构销栓连接刚度低、震后可恢复功能弱等问题,将钢结构梁柱翼缘角钢连接方法应用于木结构,提出了一种胶合木梁柱角钢混合连接形式。为研究此类木结构节点的静力与抗震性能,对节点试件进行了单调与低周反复荷载试验。研究结果表明：当梁柱截面尺寸分别为135mm×420mm和150mm×350mm,连接角钢规格为∟180×110×12时,胶合木梁柱角钢混合连接的极限弯矩达到95.3kN·m,最大转角接近0.096rad,初始刚度达4073kN·m/rad。低周反复荷载作用下,混合连接的变形能力与延性良好,梁端弯矩-转角滞回曲线呈反“S”形,角钢屈服后的大变形使其短肢底部与柱面产生了明显的分离,滞回曲线出现捏缩效应;角钢的短肢翘曲严重,从而使混合连接的耗能能力和等效黏滞阻尼系数均下降。     

Multi-physics numerical analyses for predicting the alterations in permeability and reactive transport behavior within single rock fractures depending on temperature,stress, and fluid pH conditions

The aim of the current study was to establish a validated numerical model for addressing the changes in permeability and reactive transport behavior within rock fractures based on the fluid pH under coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (THMC) conditions. Firstly, a multi-physics reactive transport model was proposed, considering the geochemical reactions that depend on the temperature, stress, and fluid chemistry conditions (e.g., fluid pH and solute concentrations), as well as the changes in permeability in the rock fractures driven by these reactions, after which the correctness of the model implementation was verified by solving the 1D reactive transport problem as a fundamental benchmark. Secondly, the validity of the model against actual rock fractures was investigated by utilizing the model to replicate the measurements of the evolving permeability and the effluent element concentrations in single granite fractures obtained by means of two flow-through experiments using deionized water (pH ～ 6) and a NaOH aqueous solution (pH ～ 11) as permeants under stressed, temperature-elevated conditions. The model predictions efficiently followed the changes in fracture permeability over time measured by both experiments. Additionally, the observed difference in the changing rates, which may contribute to the difference in the fluid pH between the two experiments, was also captured exactly by the predictions. Moreover, in terms of the effluent element concentrations, among all the elements targeted for measurement, the concentrations of most elements were replicated by the model within one order of discrepancy. Overall, it can be concluded that the developed model should be valid for estimating the changes in permeability and reactive transport behavior within rock fractures induced by geochemical reactions which depend on the fluid pH under coupled THMC conditions.     

装配式混凝土梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究及参数分析

为研究装配式混凝土梁柱节点的抗震性能,对1个整浇节点和2个装配式节点进行了低周往复加载试验,分析了两类节点的破坏形态、滞回性能、刚度退化、延性和耗能能力等,研究了轴压比对节点抗震性能的影响。利用ABAQUS软件建立节点的有限元模型,扩充影响参数范围,进一步分析梁纵筋配筋率、后浇区混凝土强度及连接钢板的屈服承载力对节点抗震性能的影响。结果表明：与整浇节点相比,装配式节点具有较高的承载力、刚度和耗能能力,且变形性能相当;轴压比增大时,装配式节点的承载力、刚度及耗能能力显著提高,但延性降低;提高纵筋配筋率和后浇区混凝土强度等级均可改善装配式节点的抗震性能;改变连接钢板的屈服承载力可实现梁端塑性铰向柱外侧转移,当连接钢板与梁纵筋的屈服承载力接近时,钢板可辅助节点进行耗能。     

混凝土框架顶部钢结构加层连接节点抗震性能试验研究

通过对锚栓生根、焊接生根、增大截面生根等三类共5个加层连接节点进行低周反复荷载作用下的足尺模型试验,对混凝土框架顶部直接加层钢结构连接节点的破坏形态、滞回曲线、位移延性、耗能能力等进行研究。试验结果表明：三类加层节点的破坏形态均为混凝土梁端受弯破坏,混凝土与钢结构之间的螺栓及焊缝连接性能良好,连接过渡钢板未出现明显变形;增大截面生根节点的滞回曲线较为饱满,抗震性能优于锚栓生根节点和焊接生根节点;锚栓生根节点和焊接生根节点的施工工艺相对简单,可操作性较强。图9表5参8     

大型火电主厂房钢结构异型节点抗震性能试验研究

通过6个1/4比例钢结构异型节点的拟静力试验,研究了节点两侧梁的截面高度比和轴压比对异型节点抗震性能的影响,获得了异型节点的破坏模式、滞回性能、变形和承载能力.为了研究节点核心区的受剪承载力,试件按强构件弱节点进行设计.试验结果表明:异型节点的破坏模式主要是箱型梁下翼缘周围的焊缝开裂;滞回曲线饱满,刚度退化小,承载力高...     

Experimental study of the mechanical behavior of steel staggered truss system under pool fire conditions

Experimental research has been conducted to study the mechanical behavior and failure mode of a 6-storey steel staggered truss system (SSTS) model made in 1/8 scale without fire-proof coating exposed to pool fire. The data of temperature distribution, displacements and strains of typical members were obtained. The results indicate that with the increase in temperature, local buckling appeared primarily on vertical web members of the Vierendeel panel of the truss directly exposed to fire, which contributed to the destruction of the original balance of the internal force. Afterwards, several joints of the truss exposed to fire, which connected diagonal web members with chords, were fractured. Catastrophic destruction of the truss exposed to fire was then observed. It can be inferred that the destruction of the truss exposed to fire may lead to the collapse of the two storeys supported by the truss, which would present a huge threat to the whole structure for the potential progressive collapse might be aroused.