混酸法制取高浓度富过磷酸钙的实验研究

介绍采用磷酸、硫酸混合分解磷矿粉制高浓度富过磷酸钙[W(P2O5)-34％]的实验过程,研究磷酸替代率、混酸浓度、混酸温度、混酸用量等工艺条件对磷矿分解率的影响。通过实验,得到制备富过磷酸钙的较优工艺条件：磷酸替代率55％-58％,混酸浓度(H3PO4 H2SO4)64％-69％,混酸温度90℃-95℃,混酸用量为理论酸用量的93％-98％。     

重钙混化工艺条件的优化试验研究

研究了磷矿粉和磷酸混合化成制重过磷酸钙的工艺条件 ,得出了最优的工艺条件 ,即在试验用磷矿和磷酸的前提下 ,混化最优工艺条件为 :①磷酸质量分数 (P2 O5) 45 % ,酸温 80～ 90℃ ,②磷酸质量分数 (P2 O5) 46% ,酸温 80℃ ,③磷酸质量分数 (P2 O5) 48% ,酸温 60℃ ,三者磷酸过量系数均为 10 0 % ,可获得一级品以上的重钙和87.2 2 %～ 95 .46%的磷矿分解率。其中磷酸质量分数临界值为 46%。     

在磷酸浓缩过程中脱镁的探索性试验

为了利用高镁磷矿制得符合18-46-0 DAP要求的原料磷酸,进行了磷酸浓缩过程中脱镁的探索性试验,选用(NH4)2SiF6为脱镁沉淀剂。介绍影响脱镁率的主要因素(沉淀系统P2O5浓度、温度、沉淀剂的用量、沉淀时间)及沉淀浊相的过滤条件。试验达到优惠条件运转的技术经济指标为:浓缩磷酸w(P2O5)50.39%,脱镁率47.42%,M.E.R 0.0744,浓酸经24 h沉降,w(固)为0.23%,符合DAP原料酸的品质要求。     

高镁磷尾矿渣制取磷镁复合肥料的试验研究

采用正交试验设计方法组织实验，以确定磷、硫混酸制取磷镁复合肥料较优的工艺条件。研究结果表明，磷酸和硫酸的用量对混酸分解高镁尾矿渣的制取磷镁肥的影响比较显著，反应时间和反应温度影响较小。最佳工艺条件为：湿法磷酸用量95g，硫酸用量75g，反应时间30min，反应温度55℃，此时，MgO转化率为82．63％。     

两步法净化湿法磷酸及食品级磷酸氢钙的制备

采用两步脱氟和一步脱重金属与砷净化湿法磷酸 ,得到磷酸杂质含量为 :w(Pb) <0 0 0 1% ,w(F) <0 0 0 4% ,w(As) <0 0 0 0 2 % ,可作为食品添加剂使用。探讨了pH值、温度以及脱氟剂、脱重金属与脱砷剂用量等对净化效果的影响 ,得到第一步最佳净化工艺条件 :温度为 90～ 95℃ ,脱氟剂 (SiO2 )用量为磷酸中含F总质量的 12 0 % ;第二步最佳净化工艺条件 :pH值为3 0～ 3 2 ,温度为 10℃以下 ,脱氟剂 (SiO2 +Na2 CO3)组分SiO2 用量为第一步净化后磷酸中含F总质量的 2 5 0 % ,两组分的质量比m(SiO2 )∶m(Na2 CO3) =(5～ 10 )∶1,脱重金属与脱砷剂 (Na2 S)用量为磷酸中含重金属与砷总质量的 2 80 %。进一步净化磷酸制得了食品级磷酸氢钙。     

太阳能硅制备过程湿法提纯SiO2的工艺优化

考察了HF质量分数、H2C2O4质量分数、HNO3质量分数、酸浸时间、粒径、液体质量与固体质量的比值(简称液固比,下同)等因素对混酸法提纯SiO2工艺过程的影响,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表征。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:w(HF)=2%、w(H2C2O4)=3%、w(HNO3)=30%、酸浸时间4 h、粒径100～120目、液固比4∶1、酸浸温度30℃。Fe、Al、Ca、P杂质的去除率分别达到99.99%、14.02%、73.27%、60.00%,经混酸法处理后SiO2中杂质总量的质量分数降至1.465×10-4。     

硫铁矿烧渣双酸酸解工艺研究

研究了硫铁矿烧渣双酸酸解工艺及影响酸解的因素。通过正交实验,找到最适宜的工艺条件:w(HCl)37%,盐酸用量系数为0.12,硫酸用量系数为0.95,硫酸w(H2SO4)为65%～70%,反应温度为125℃,反应时间为4 h,酸解率可达95%以上,制得的硫酸铁盐溶液可用作生产聚合硫酸铁及氧化铁系颜料的原料。     

7-苯乙酰氨基去乙酰氧基头孢G酸的制备

以青霉素亚砜硅酯为原料经催化扩环制备头孢G酸。对 11种扩环催化剂进行了筛选 ,研制出了新型高效扩环催化剂MAB -Ⅱ ,使头孢G酸收率可达 93% (以质量计 ) ,w(C1 6 H1 6 N2 O4S) =( 93～ 96 ) %。其最佳工艺条件为 :n(C1 9H2 6 N2 O5 SSi)∶n(C8H1 0 NO) =1.0 0∶( 0 40～ 0 43) ;扩环温度 :10 5～ 10 8℃ ;扩环时间 :2 0～ 2 5h ;水解温度 :6 0℃ ;水解时间 :30～ 35min。以IR、MS谱图验证了头孢G酸的结构     

磷矿浆化学浸提法脱镁工艺研究

磷矿中的镁会对湿法磷酸生产产生危害,研究了磷矿浆化学浸提法脱镁工艺。结果表明,最佳工艺条件:脱镁剂稀硫酸w(H2SO4)为9%,稀硫酸用量为理论用量的70%,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为2 h,反应结束后过滤料浆并洗涤滤渣。最佳工艺条件下,磷矿浆Mg O脱除率为67.39%,P2O5损失率为2.72%,m(Mg O)/m(P2O5)为2.38%,满足湿法磷酸生产要求。     

硝酸分解磷矿半水-二水法脱钙工艺研究

对硝酸分解磷矿半水-二水法脱钙工艺进行研究,考察半水石膏生成阶段反应温度、反应时间,二水石膏生成阶段反应时间、晶种加入量、洗涤对二水石膏的影响及工艺对不同磷矿的适应性.最优条件下,生成的二水石膏长度为150～300μm,直径为30～50μm,w(P2O5残留)降低至0.2％,w(CaSO4·2H2O)>98％,酸解液脱...     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。