多菌灵和灭蝇胺在平菇及培养料中的残留及消解动态

目的研究多菌灵和灭蝇胺农药在平菇和培养料中的消解动态规律。方法在大棚中开展平菇及其培养料残留消解动态实验,采用超高效液相色谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)检测平菇和培养料中的农药残留量。结果在培养料中低浓度(1 g/kg)和高浓度(1.5 g/kg)的多菌灵消解半衰期分别为35.4 d和40.1 d,低浓度(0.25 g/kg)和高浓度(0.375 g/kg)灭蝇胺的消解半衰期分别22.5 d和24.2 d。平菇培养料的灭菌会显著减少其中多菌灵和灭蝇胺农药的残留量,低浓度和高浓度的灭蝇胺降解率分别为17.52%和8.04%,低浓度和高浓度的多菌灵降解率分别为43.17%和62.87%。平菇在含有灭蝇胺农药的培养料中栽培,同步采集的平菇子实体中均未检测到灭蝇胺的残留量;平菇在含有多菌灵农药的培养料中栽培,同步采集的平菇子实体中多菌灵的残留量在0.394 mg/kg以上。结论平菇培养料中灭蝇胺农药残留不会向平菇子实体转移,对食用菌产品质量安全的影响较小;平菇培养料中多菌灵农药会向平菇子实体转移,且影响平菇菌丝生长,建议慎用多菌灵。     

平菇和榆黄蘑中吡唑醚菌酯残留动态研究

利用液相色谱仪建立吡唑醚菌酯在平菇和榆黄蘑中残留分析方法,测定吡唑醚菌酯在平菇和榆黄蘑及培养料中的消解动态规律。结果表明:吡唑醚菌酯在平菇和榆黄蘑及培养料中的消解半衰期分别为2.8、2.9 d和14.1 d。培养料灭菌会减少吡唑醚菌酯的残留量。平菇和榆黄蘑及在含有吡唑醚菌酯的培养料中栽培90 d后,培养料中供试农药残留量0.68 mg/kg,在收获期同步采集的平菇和榆黄蘑子实体中均未检测到吡唑醚菌酯的残留量。因此,培养料中吡唑醚菌酯残留不会向平菇和榆黄蘑子实体转移,对食用菌产品质量安全的影响较小。     

枸杞中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留水平及累积暴露评估

目的检测枸杞中的农药残留水平,并对拟除虫菊酯类农药的累积暴露风险进行评估,为是否需要制定枸杞中最大残留限量提供依据。方法收集40份不同来源不同产地的枸杞样品,对332种农药残留进行测定,其中包括15种拟除虫菊酯类农药。采用危害指数(HI)法对通过枸杞摄入拟除虫菊酯类农药产生的急性和慢性累积风险进行评估。结果通过方法学验证得出此方法适用于枸杞中拟除虫菊酯类农药的测定。结果显示4种拟除虫菊酯农药检出率均高于25%,分别为氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氯氟氰菊酯。采用HI法进行累积暴露评估,得出拟除虫菊酯类农药的急性和慢性危害指数分别为0.497和0.016。结论枸杞在拟除虫菊酯类农药的累积摄入风险虽然较小,但由于其检出率较高,应持续保持对样品的监控,并考虑制定相应的最大残留限量值。     

超高效液相色谱-串联飞行时间质谱法测定绿茶中9种拟除虫菊酯类农药

目的建立绿茶中9种拟除虫菊酯农药残留量检测的方法。方法采用超高效液相色谱电喷雾串联飞行质谱对9种拟除虫菊酯进行定量和裂解途径研究。结果样品经QuEChERS方法处理后上机,正离子模式下氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、四溴菊酯易形成[M+NH_4]~+加合离子,苯醚氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氟胺氰菊酯易形成[M+H]~+加合离子。采用一级母离子定量,9种拟除虫菊酯1～20μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r~20.99);9种拟除虫菊酯的最低检出限均为1μg/kg;2～10μg/kg范围内回收率为85.2%～106.3%;相对标准偏差(RSD)≤6.1%。结论方法简便、高效适用于绿茶中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的快速筛查。     

金针菇中6种拟除虫菊酯类农药多残留的测定

建立联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯6种拟除虫菊酯类农药在金针菇中的多残留分析方法。样品以乙腈为提取溶剂,弗罗里硅土柱层析净化,气相色谱-电子捕获法测定。该检测条件下,联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯在0.005～0.50mg/L、高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯在0.01～1.00mg/L的范围内具有良好的线性关系,线性方程的决定系数大于0.996。添加回收实验结果表明,供试农药在添加量范围平均回收率为85.54%～102.27%,变异系数为1.24%～9.58%,联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯的最低检测限为5μg/L,高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯的最低检测限为10μg/kg。该方法的准确性、精确性和灵敏度均满足农药残留分析的要求。     

拟除虫菊酯在培养料和白灵菇中的消解动态

针对食用菌中农药残留污染现状,研究探讨拟除虫菊酯在白灵菇拌料、灭菌、接种培养、出菇管理过程的消解动态及转移规律。结果表明,常压高温灭菌条件下,4种菊酯农药的降解率在33%～39%,其中溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯的降解率相对较高;在出菇试验中,在菌料中喷施3个浓度水平的菊酯农药,获取农药在菌料中的动态残留及子实体、菌糠的最终残留数据,得到四种菊酯在菌料中的半衰期为14.26 d～24.71 d;在子实体喷施试验中,分析农药在子实体生长过程的动态残留规律,获得其半衰期为3.03 d～4.22 d;在转移试验中,菌糠中四种菊酯的检出率为100%,子实体未有检出。该研究成果对拟除虫菊酯在菌菇生产中的规范化使用提供一定的理论基础和数据支持。     

不同处理方式对蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的影响

目的探究不同处理方式对蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的影响。方法分别于2016年10月、2017年1月、2月在济南市农贸市场随机抽样采集根茎类,叶菜类,果菜类,薯芋类蔬菜样品共34份,将样品粉碎后提取拟除虫菊酯,采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,简称ELISA)检测蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯残留量。随后,分别通过碱水溶液浸泡、洗涤剂清洗的方法处理样品,检测处理后蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯残留量,评价不同处理方法对蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类残留的影响。结果 34份蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯检出率为100%;蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留量随着采样时间的不同而发生变化,秋季残留量较高,冬季残留量较低;碱处理和洗涤剂洗涤对蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯无明显去除效果。结论拟除虫菊酯类农药普遍存在与蔬菜中,且经碱处理和洗涤剂处理均无法有效去除蔬菜中此类农药残留。     

两株拟除虫菊酯类农药降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解能力的研究

通过富集培养、梯度驯化方法,以拟除虫菊酯类农药降解率为指标,从菜园耕地土壤中分离筛选到两株可广谱降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解菌Q-7和G-04。经形态学观察、生理生化实验及16S rRNA基因序列分析,菌株Q-7鉴定为蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus),菌株G-04鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。两株降解菌都具备较强的拟除虫菊酯类农药耐受性,可在同时含高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯、联苯菊酯,且累积浓度为640 mg/L的培养基中生长。两株降解菌能同时降解初始浓度分别为50 mg/L的高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯和联苯菊酯,接种培养72 h后,菌株Q-7对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯、联苯菊酯的降解率分别为48.31%、64.31%、33.46%、26.52%,菌株G-04的相应降解率为66.94%、45.04%、29.40%、26.40%。研究结果表明,菌株Q-7和菌株G-04具备广谱降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的能力,可作为修复拟除虫菊酯类农药污染环境的优良微生物资源。     

两株拟除虫菊酯类农药降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解能力的研究

通过富集培养、梯度驯化方法,以拟除虫菊酯类农药降解率为指标,从菜园耕地土壤中分离筛选到两株可广谱降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解菌Q-7和G-04。经形态学观察、生理生化实验及16S rRNA基因序列分析,菌株Q-7鉴定为蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,菌株G-04鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）。两株降解菌都具备较强的拟除虫菊酯类农药耐受性,可在同时含高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯、联苯菊酯,且累积浓度为640 mg/L的培养基中生长。两株降解菌能同时降解初始浓度分别为50 mg/L的高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯和联苯菊酯,接种培养72 h后,菌株Q-7对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯、联苯菊酯的降解率分别为48.31%、64.31%、33.46%、26.52%,菌株G-04的相应降解率为66.94%、45.04%、29.40%、26.40%。研究结果表明,菌株Q-7和菌株G-04具备广谱降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的能力,可作为修复拟除虫菊酯类农药污染环境的优良微生物资源。      

联苯菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯在马铃薯中的稳定性研究

目的对4种拟除虫菊酯类农药联苯菊酯,氯氟氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯,溴氰菊酯在马铃薯中的稳定性进行评估。方法通过在马铃薯基质中加入梯度为0.02、0.05、0.08μg/g的4种农药标准溶液,放置于常温(20℃)、4℃和 18℃环境中,间隔一段时间对其农药残留进行检测。结果联苯菊酯在马铃薯基质中的稳定性好,放置50 d残留量仍可保持在90%～110%之间,其余3种拟除虫菊酯类农药稳定性较差,在不同环境中储藏2个月后残留量降低至10%～80%之间。结论本研究提示氯氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯稳定性低,在农产品储藏过程中会降解,可作为低毒农药使用。同时在各级实验室间比对和考核过程中,应对上述参考物质的稳定性进行严格考察。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the