复合材料层压板分层缺陷超声相控阵检测与评估

针对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料分层缺陷的无损检测与评估问题,通过制备预埋分层缺陷的标准试样,利用超声相控阵技术对缺陷进行无损检测与定量评估,并对测量误差进行分析。首先,在层压板铺层中间埋入聚酰亚胺薄膜制备分层缺陷试样;然后,对试样进行超声相控阵检测,通过超声S扫和C扫图像对缺陷进行定性分析与定量测量,并结合声场仿真对检测误差进行分析。结果表明:所制备试样内分层缺陷形状规则、埋深及大小与预设一致;超声相控阵步进方向检测尺寸比较准确,而扫查方向尺寸误差较大;超声相控阵技术能够准确识别分层缺陷的形状、尺寸及位置,具有很高的检测精度,对较小缺陷具有很好的检测效果。     

Ultrasonic detection of fatigue damage

Results are reported of recent experiments which used change in ultrasonic attenuation measurements as a continuous monitor of fatigue damage during cyclic testing of polycrystalline aluminum and steel specimens. Ultrasonic pulses were generated by an x-cut quartz transducer firmly attached to the clamped end of a specimen rod using Eastman 910 cement. The frequencies of these ultrasonic pulses were 10 MHz for polycrystalline aluminum and 5 MHz for cold rolled steel. The specimen shape, transducer size, and frequency used insured that the entire specimen was completely filled with ultrasound in a guided wave mode. The specimen was fatigued as a cantilever beam in reverse bending at 1800 cycles per minute with vertical amplitude peak-to-peak set at a fixed value in the range 7·5–15 mm. In a typical test the ultrasonic attenuation initially remained constant, increased slowly, and then increased catastropically just prior to fracture of the test specimen. All experiments performed on both aluminum and steel specimens at various vibrational amplitudes yielded similar results in that ultrasonic attenuation served as a very sensitive indicator of fatigue damage and in every case indicated that failure was eminent several hours before conventional ultrasonic testing could detect an additional echo caused by energy reflected from a crack. These results strongly suggest that ultrasonic attenuation measurements can be exploited successfully to predict earlier fatigue damage and perhaps fatigue life in practical applications.     

SH导波在钢板缺陷检测中的传播特性

水平剪切(Shear Horizontal,SH)导波在传播的过程中有对称模式和反对称模式,其相速度和群速度主要取决于试件的厚度和频率之积(频厚积)。利用COMSOL有限元分析软件,建立了钢板缺陷的3-D模型,仿真分析了SH0导波在钢板中的传播特性。仿真结果表明SH波在传播过程中很少发生波束方向的改变,无频散和模式转换,信噪比高。利用电磁超声方法激励SH波,对钢板中的裂纹和焊缝缺陷进行了实验,验证了仿真结果的正确性及可行性,为超声导波在板材缺陷检测中的应用提供基础。     

MEMS ultrasonic transducers for the testing of solids

Arrays of capacitive diaphragm ultrasonic transducers could potentially be used for non-destructive ultrasonic testing and structural monitoring. In this paper, we consider the efficiency of coupling of these transducers to solid media. We show that efficient coupling can be realized by using a silicone coating as a coupling medium. We present the results of experimental characterization of ultrasonic transducers coupled to solids in this way. We show that these transducers can be used with piezoelectric emitting transducers within the range from 1 to 5 MHz, and we demonstrate the use of several transducers as a phased array to determine the direction and distance of an ultrasonic source.     

高频超声技术用于陶瓷坯体制备过程中的逐段检测

以20～50MHz的工作频率范围,藉助于延迟块（平面、曲面）直接耦合方式,有效地开展了陶瓷坯体（生坯、素坯、毛坯）的超声无损检测．声参数（声速和声衰减）对陶瓷制备过程中各阶段的坯体内显微结构异常有灵敏的响应．适当选取工作频率和耦合条件,可以有效地进行素坯、毛坯超声技术缺陷检测．     

钢锻件的超声波纵波手动检测工艺的优化

钢锻件超声波手动检测时,其工艺类似钢板纵波检测,但锻件厚度较大,不易确定其缺陷位置,也不易确定其当量。本文对此工艺进行了优化：包括对超声波检测仪器、试块、探头的选择、直探头偏离的测定、检测时机和表面准备、方向、灵敏度的确定校准和复核、手动扫查方法、灵敏度补偿、缺陷当量确定、记录和评级等。     

基于LFM的橡胶脱粘超声检测方法研究

针对SYS510e型空气弹簧底板的金属橡胶粘接结构橡胶脱粘缺陷超声检测难以辨识问题,提出采用改进的线性调频脉冲代替传统窄脉冲作为超声波激励信号,增大超声检测的信号能量和频谱宽度.在宽频带超声检测的基础上,采用小波包-奇异值分解方法解析超声回波在不同粘接状态、不同频率范围的时频能量分布,提取更稳定、一致性更好的橡胶脱粘辨...     

压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环复合振动系统的径向振动

对由压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环组成的复合振动系统的径向振动特性进行了研究。首先分析了压电陶瓷圆环和金属圆环的径向振动,推出了其各自的机电等效电路。在此基础上,得出了压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环复合振动系统的机电等效电路及其共振频率方程。探讨了系统的共振及反共振频率、有效机电耦合系数与其几何尺寸之间的关系。研究表明,当复合振动系统的壁厚比增大时,其共振及反共振频率升高。对于换能器的第一阶径向振动,其有效机电耦合系数随壁厚比的增大而单调减小;对于换能器的第二阶径向振动,其有效机电耦合系数随壁厚比的增大会出现一个极大值,而且,在一定的壁厚比范围内,换能器第二阶径向振动的有效机电耦合系数大于第一阶径向振动的有效机电耦合系数,这一规律与传统的有关压电换能器的分析理论及结果是有所不同的。     

Determination of stress intensity factor in ultrasonic fatigue loading by means of dynamic modal analysis and three-dimensional finite element calculation

Fatigue crack growth (fcg) and threshold behavior of engineering alloys may be studied using an ultrasonic fatigue device, in which the loading frequency is 20 kHz. In this investigation, the stress intensity factors in ultrasonic fatigue testing were determined through dynamic modal analysis and three-dimensional finite element calculation, which, to our knowledge, has never been achieved before in ultrasonic fcg studies. For a better comprehension, the operating principle of the ultrasonic fatigue machine, specimen design as well as experimental procedures, was briefly presented.     

Evaluation of Fatigue Specimens Using EMATs for Nonlinear Ultrasonic Wave Detection

It is suggested that the waveform of the received ultrasonic wave is slightly different from that of the incident ultrasonic wave when the displacement of an ultrasonic wave and the opening width of a crack are almost same. Thus, as regarding the incident ultrasonic wave, its harmonic frequency components change as it penetrates the crack. Since, the nonlinearity of a solid material is very small compared to that of a liquid medium with a high nonlinear efficiency when used as a coupling medium, we applied an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT), which does not require a coupling medium. In addition, we tried to develop the EMAT that could alternately drive S₀-Lamb wave and fundamental Shear Horizontal (SH₀)-plate wave to detect any nonlinearity in an ultrasonic wave. We actually tested the performance using the fatigue specimens we fabricated. As a result, we observed that the harmonic components changed when we used the specimen with a specific loading condition and a specific ultrasonic mode. This is indicated that the harmonic components detection using the trial EMAT could also provide useful information on the degree of damage to any structures or any materials.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头缺陷的超声检测方法研究综述

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊技术广泛运用于航空航天、汽车、船舶等制造领域,在国防工业的发展中扮演着重要角色,而超声波检测技术在对搅拌摩擦焊接头质量评估和控制方面起着不可或缺的作用。综述了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头缺陷的超声检测方法。介绍了接头缺陷的复杂多样的特点,分别阐述了超声检测A信号分析,超声C扫检测和超声相控阵检测方法在搅拌摩擦焊缺陷检测的应用,并介绍了3种检测方法检测能力,明确了搅拌摩擦焊缺陷超声检测尚需解决的突出问题并展望了未来研究的发展方向。     

Device for carrying out environmental very high cycle fatigue tests with ultrasonic excitation in asymmetric push–pull mode

The increasing lifetime of many engineering components leads to a growing demand for accelerated testing methods. Fatigue failure of components submitted to cyclic loading at stress levels below the endurance limit occurs even beyond 10⁷ cycles which has been the traditional limit for fatigue testing in most laboratories. Test programs covering this range of cycles on servo-hydraulic or resonance machines are very time consuming. Therefore methods for very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) testing at ultrasonic frequencies have been developed and are now used routinely. These methods rely on the formation of a longitudinal standing ultrasonic wave inside a test specimen. The wave exerts an alternating tensile and compressive stress on the specimen. Because of their origin in a standing wave, the tensile and compressive stresses usually have the same magnitude, i.e. the test is carried out under fully reversed conditions. Several test rigs have been proposed and built to overcome this drawback by coupling an ultrasonic loading device with a classical uniaxial test bench and superposing the ultrasonic stress to a constant or slowly varying stress. We present a different approach for overcoming that limitation where the constant stress is generated by a pressure difference. This approach is especially useful for testing in hazardous environments since all movable parts like pull rods passing through the walls of the test chamber are avoided.We describe the design and the performance of such a VHCF device and present first test results demonstrating the deterioration of the lifetime of Inconel 718 specimens in high pressure gaseous hydrogen compared to argon.     

金属材料缺陷的电磁超声/涡流复合检测技术研究

电磁超声检测和涡流检测因其非接触、检测速度快、对试件表面要求低等优点而被广泛应用于金属材料的缺陷检测中,但电磁超声检测存在近表面的检测盲区,涡流检测对内部深层缺陷灵敏度不高。基于电磁超声和涡流的复合检测方法,设计了能同时满足电磁超声检测和涡流检测的复合式探头,建立了电磁超声和涡流复合检测有限元模型,并对金属试件中不同类型的缺陷进行了检测实验。仿真和实验结果表明,该复合探头不仅能快速检测表面裂纹,而且可激发出具有明显指向性的纵波,一定程度上削弱了波形转换产生的干扰波,可实现对内部缺陷的准确定位、识别,为电磁超声和涡流复合式检测技术在板材的复杂缺陷检测中的应用提供了基础。     

The inspection of anisotropic single-crystal components using a 2-D ultrasonic array

Single-crystal metal alloys are used extensively in the manufacture of jet engine components for their excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. The inspection of these components using 2-D ultrasonic arrays potentially allows the detection of subsurface defects in threedimensions from one inspection location. Such methods are not currently suitable for the inspection of single-crystal components because the high elastic anisotropy of single-crystal materials causes directional variation in ultrasonic waves. In this paper, a model of wave propagation in anisotropic material is used to correct an ultrasonic imaging algorithm and is applied to a single-crystal test specimen. For this correctedalgorithm, the orientation of the crystal in a specimen must be known before the inspection. Using the same ultrasonic array to measure the orientation and perform the defect inspection offers the most practical solution. Therefore, potential crystallographic orientation methods using 2-D ultrasonic arrays are also developed and evaluated.     

汽轮机轮缘超声相控阵检测中缺陷方向识别

利用超声相控阵检测系统对含有裂纹缺陷的外包菌型低压汽轮机叶轮圆盘实验试块进行检测.针对超声波脉冲反射法中缺陷方向难以确定,尺寸容易误判等问题,提出一种频谱分析方法,研究线状缺陷方向变化对于超声回波的影响.对于3种倾斜角度的裂纹缺陷回波信号,分析其功率谱并进行小波包的分解和重构,用"频率-能量"的方法提取各方向缺陷回波信号的能量特征.实验结果表明,各方向缺陷回波信号的能量特征差别明显,并绘制出声束轴线与缺陷的夹角和高频带所占能量之间关系曲线.该方法实现了缺陷方向的识别,并为后续线状缺陷的准确定量提供依据.     

FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER ULTRASONIC FATIGUE LOADING

Abstract— In this paper, a stress and modal analysis of an ultrasonic vibration system consisting of a notched specimen and one or two amplifying horns have been performed by using 3D finite element calculations. The stress intensity factors in ultrasonic fatigue crack propagation are evaluated by means of displacement and energy approaches. The particular advantages as well as limitations of the two approaches are briefly discussed. Two types of ultrasonic fatigue loading, with a different stress ratio, are exerted on the specimen. From a comparison of the results a conclusion is formed that the energy approach is more accurate; it also has a wide range of practicality in engineering industries.     

相控聚焦超声与圆孔交互作用的散射特性研究

相较于传统超声检测,相控阵技术的声束聚焦控制能力使得相控超声检测的分辨率、信噪比和灵敏度等性能得到有效提升。但针对相控超声与缺陷的交互作用认识不足,导致目前检测技术无法对缺陷进行准确定性和精确定量。为此,建立了一维线阵相控超声检测圆孔缺陷的有限元模型,重点研究相控聚焦波束与圆孔缺陷交互作用的声场散射特性。结果表明,圆孔散射L模态的能量主要集中于正反射区和正透射区,且在透射区的能量大于反射区的能量,而在与入射声束垂直的方向上能量极其微弱,几乎没有散射能量;散射L模态沿入射方向呈轴对称分布;对于不同直径的圆孔缺陷,直径越大,在相同方向上散射波的能量越大;对于相同直径的圆孔,聚焦波与平面波入射时,散射波的分布规律相同,但聚焦波散射的能量明显高于平面波入射时散射的能量。     

An evaluation of effective radiuses of bulk-wave ultrasonic transducers as circular piston sources for accurate velocity measurements

The effective radius of a bulk-wave ultrasonic transducer as a circular piston source, fabricated on one end of a synthetic silica (SiO2) glass buffer rod, was evaluated for accurate velocity measurements of dispersive specimens over a wide frequency range. The effective radius was determined by comparing measured and calculated phase variations due to diffraction in an ultrasonic transmission line of the SiO2 buffer rod/water-couplant/SiO2 standard specimen, using radio-frequency (RF) tone burst ultrasonic waves. Fourteen devices with different device parameters were evaluated. The velocities of the nondispersive standard specimen (C-7940) were found to be 5934.10 +/- 0.35 m/s at 70 to 290 MHz, after diffraction correction using the nominal radius (0.75 mm) for an ultrasonic device with an operating center frequency of about 400 MHz. Corrected velocities were more accurately found to be 5934.15 +/- 0.03 m/s by using the effective radius (0.780 mm) for the diffraction correction. Bulk-wave ultrasonic devices calibrated by this experimental procedure enable conducting extremely accurate velocity dispersion measurements.     

High-spatial-resolution sub-surface imaging using a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique

Scanning acoustic microscopy techniques operating at frequencies in the gigahertz range are suitable for the elastic characterization and interior imaging of solid media with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. Acoustic wave propagation at these frequencies is strongly limited by energy losses, particularly from attenuation in the coupling media used to transmit ultrasound to a specimen, leading to a decrease in the depth in a specimen that can be interrogated. In this work, a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique is presented that uses a pulsed laser source for the generation of broadband acoustic waves and an optical interferometer for detection. The use of a 900-ps microchip pulsed laser facilitates the generation of acoustic waves with frequencies extending up to 1 GHz which allows for the resolution of micrometer-scale features in a specimen. Furthermore, the combination of optical generation and detection approaches eliminates the use of an ultrasonic coupling medium, and allows for elastic characterization and interior imaging at penetration depths on the order of several hundred micrometers. Experimental results illustrating the use of the laser-based acoustic microscopy technique for imaging micrometer-scale subsurface geometrical features in a 70-μm-thick single-crystal silicon wafer with a (100) orientation are presented.     

基于干耦合横波超声换能器的钢丝长度检测及缺陷定位

在特定工况下会出现无法将超声换能器放置在杆状构件底面完成常规检测的问题，如服役桥梁的平行钢丝构件、装配式建筑中灌浆套筒内的插入钢筋。为了提高超声导波技术的适用性，提出了将频率为50 kHz的自发自收式干耦合横波超声换能器置于杆状钢丝侧面进行长度检测及缺陷定位的方法。结合理论分析、仿真模拟和试验验证开展研究，结果表明：干耦合横波超声换能器的最优激发角度为90°，即激发方向垂直钢丝轴向；对于不同长度和不同缺陷位置的钢丝，长度检测和缺陷定位的仿真及试验结果的预测相对误差均小于2%。