一种端口匹配的行波管预失真线性化器

模拟预失真是补偿行波管非线性失真的一种非常重要的方法.不过,目前大多数的预失真器需要在输入输出端加隔离器,增加了系统的复杂性.本文介绍一种工作在L波段的基于二极管的预失真线性化器.这种预失真线性化器利用3dB分支线耦合器的特性,实现输入输出端的良好匹配.随着输入功率的增加,该预失真线性化器可以达到不同的增益扩张和相位扩张.级联行波管后的测试表明,采用这种预失真线性化器,使得行波管在额定输入功率范围内的增益压缩和相位压缩从以前的6dB和40°改善到0.5dB和5°.     

Ultrasonic Guided Wave NDT for Hidden Corrosion Detection

An experimental study of hidden corrosion detection by using ultrasonic guided waves is presented combined with a BEM numerical simulation. Both corrosion simulation specimens by machine cutting and real corrosion specimens by electrochemical processing were used in the investigation, with a range of corrosion depths from 0.02 to 0.4 mm (1.5 to 20% of the original plate thickness). Various wave modes were subsequently generated on these specimens to examine the implications of thinning on mode cutoff, group velocity, and transmission and reflection amplitudes. The transmission and reflection of guided waves upon entering the corrosion zone were simulated by a hybrid BEM calculation that combines a normal mode expansion technique of Lamb waves for far fields with the boundary element representation for the scattered near fields. A quantitative technique for hidden corrosion depth with guided waves is developed based on a frequency compensation concept. The estimated depth of the real corrosion by this method shows good agreement with that by an optical microscope.     

Guided Wave Inspection and Monitoring of Railway Track

Cost-effective NDE of the vast length of aging railway track around the world remains a challenge for the community. Continuously welded rail is installed in tension but temperature changes can result in rail buckling if the initial tension is insufficient or fatigue cracks and ultimately rail breaks if the initial tension is excessive. The NDE challenge therefore includes both the detection of defects and the measurement of axial stress. Since continuously welded railway lines may be thought of as one-dimensional elastic waveguides, they are natural candidates for guided wave ultrasound, which offers the potential to interrogate a large length of rail from a single position. Guided waves have been proposed as a means of detecting the axial stress in rails to prevent buckling and also as a means of detecting complete breakage and cracks prior to breakage. This paper reviews the approaches used and the modeling methods available to support the development of nondestructive inspection and monitoring systems. Possibilities for future systems are also discussed.     

Guided Wave Tuning Principles for Defect Detection in Tubing

Dispersion diagrams for longitudinal modes and several flexural modes are given. A partial loading oblique incidence technique was introduced for non-axisymmetric guided wave generation. Acoustic fields for partially loaded generation of guided waves were obtained along a sample Inconel steam generator tube surface. The axial field and the circumferential fields were non uniform. Even though the acoustic field was much more complicated than in the case of axisymmetric modes, the study of non-axisymmetric mode cannot be avoided; excitation of a single symmetric mode is often difficult due to limited access and transducer efficiency and there is also mode conversion after scattering from defects. For 100% inspection coverage of tubing and piping, three dimensional tuning (distance, frequency, and incident angle tuning), was employed. A single combination of incident angle, position, and frequency may miss defects in blind spots. However, complete inspection coverage of a whole cross sectional area over a certain distance of tubing was successfully demonstrated through a multi crack detection experiment by using the three dimensional tuning concepts. Also, the use of non-axisymmetric guided waves for a large distance inspection capability was successfully demonstrated.     

钢锻件的超声波纵波手动检测工艺的优化

钢锻件超声波手动检测时,其工艺类似钢板纵波检测,但锻件厚度较大,不易确定其缺陷位置,也不易确定其当量。本文对此工艺进行了优化：包括对超声波检测仪器、试块、探头的选择、直探头偏离的测定、检测时机和表面准备、方向、灵敏度的确定校准和复核、手动扫查方法、灵敏度补偿、缺陷当量确定、记录和评级等。     

Berry's Phase in the Coherent Excitation of Atoms

Abstract

The adiabatic variation of a Hamiltonian can cause the wavefunction, governed by the Hamiltonian, to acquire an unexpected phase. The existence of this phase (Berry's phase) is an additional element in the well-known quantum adiabatic theorem. Berry's phase is observable in the interference between two identically prepared systems only one of which is adiabatically varied. We show that a single quantum system prepared in a superposition of the eigenstates of its Hamiltonian leads to observable Berry phase effects at all times. We examine this principle within the context of two-level optical resonance.     

Effects of Phase Lags on Three-Dimensional Wave Propagation with Temperature-Dependent Properties

A three-dimensional model of equations for a homogeneous and isotropic medium with temperature-dependent mechanical properties is established under the purview of two-phase-lag thermoelasticity theory. The modulus of elasticity is taken as a linear function of the reference temperature. The resulting non-dimensional coupled equations are applied to a specific problem of a half-space whose surface is traction-free and is subjected to a time-dependent thermal shock. The analytical expressions for the displacement component, stress, temperature field, and strain are obtained in the physical domain by employing normal mode analysis. These expressions are also calculated numerically for a copper-like material and depicted graphically. Discussions have been made to highlight the joint effects of the temperature-dependent modulus of elasticity and time on these physical fields. The phenomenon of a finite speed of propagation is observed graphically for each field.     

Guided Wave Damage Characterization via Minimum Variance Imaging with a Distributed Array of Ultrasonic Sensors

Guided wave imaging with a distributed array of inexpensive transducers offers a fast and cost-efficient means for damage detection and localization in plate-like structures such as aircraft and spacecraft skins. As such, this technology is a natural choice for inclusion in condition-based maintenance and integrated structural health management programs. One of the implementation challenges results from the complex interaction of propagating ultrasonic waves with both the interrogation structure and potential defects or damage. For example, a guided ultrasonic wave interacts with a surface or sub-surface defect differently depending on the angle of incidence, defect size and orientation, excitation frequency, and guided wave mode. However, this complex interaction also provides a mechanism for guided wave imaging algorithms to perform damage characterization in addition to damage detection and localization. Damage characterization provides a mechanism to help discriminate actual damage (e.g. fatigue cracks) from benign changes, and can be used with crack propagation models to estimate remaining life. This work proposes the use of minimum variance imaging to perform damage detection, localization, and characterization. Scattering assumptions used to perform damage characterization are obtained through both analytical and finite element models. Experimental data from an in situ distributed array are used to demonstrate feasibility of this approach using a through-hole and two through-thickness notches of different orientations to simulate damage in an aluminum plate.     

MEMS微构件动态特性测试的激励技术和方法

在微机电系统(MEMS)微构件动态特性的测试中,激励是基本环节,通过激励使微构件振动,并测量和分析振动响应信号,实现对微构件动态特性的测试.由于MEMS微构件的尺寸小、谐振频率较高,限制了传统的激励技术和方法在其动态特性测试中的应用.目前应用在MEMS微构件动态特性测试中的激励技术和方法,根据实现激励的方式不同,归纳为三类:利用外部场能的激励方法、内部集成激励元件的方法和基于底座激励的方法.具体介绍了声波激励、超声激励、静电激励、磁激励、电热激励、光热激励和压电激励等具体激励方式的原理及其特点,并对各种激励方法的特点进行了比较和分析.     

等效时间采样在导波雷达物位计中的应用

导波雷达物位计是一种采用时域反射测量原理的高精度微波物位计,为了实现对回波信号的高精度采集,本文采用等效时间采样方法,能有效降低对系统的频带要求,简化电路设计。文章着重论述了导波雷达物位计的测量原理和等效时间采样方法,并设计了基于数字可编程延迟发生器AD9500的步进脉冲延时电路,最小延时时间能达到几十PS,实现以高采样率对导波雷达物位计回波信号的采集。     

Lamb Wave Phase Velocity Imaging of Concrete Plates with 2D Arrays

In the nondestructive evaluation of concrete structures, ultrasonic techniques are considered to be more capable than low-frequency techniques such as the impact-echo method. This is especially true with the recent development of ultrasonic transducers, synthetic apertures, and results in an image form, and because low-frequency techniques are usually limited in their evaluation to the frequency of one single resonant mode. With the aim of reducing this gap in capabilities, we present a 2D array and wide-frequency bandwidth technique for Lamb wave phase velocity imaging. The presentation involves a measurement on a newly cast concrete plate using a hammer and an accelerometer as an example. The key concept of the technique is the use of 2D arrays that record a full wave field response over a limited surface subdomain within the complete measurement domain. Through a discrete Fourier transform, a spectral estimate is obtained for the 2D array in the frequency-phase velocity domain. The variation of the phase velocity is then mapped using a stepwise movement of the 2D array within the complete measurement domain. With two different types of 2D arrays, the variation of the phase velocity for the A0 Lamb mode is mapped and displayed in a polar and image plot, and low variation is observed for both cases. This result verifies the expected condition of a homogenous material and plate thickness and, more importantly, highlights the potential of wide-frequency bandwidth techniques based on full wave field data.     

Spin Wave Excitation in a Mechanically Alloyed Co2MnSi Solid Solution

The spin wave excitation has been analyzed in a Co₂MnSi solid solution compound. A Co₂MnSi sample was prepared by utilizing a mechanical alloying technique in Ar atmosphere. After 72 hours of milling time, the Co₂MnSi solid solution was transformed from a multiphase to a single broadening phase, which is essential in understanding the spin wave excitation in a nanocrystalline material. The magnetization was measured from 7 K to room temperature by using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The thermal-magnetization curve was found to obey the Bloch law, M _S(T)=M _S(0)(1?BT ^3/2?CT ^5/2). Based on this formula, the spin wave stiffness constant was calculated from the magnetization data at low temperatures. The values were 0.264 eV?Ų and 0.325 eV?Ų for 72 and 96 hours of milling time, respectively. The spectroscopic splitting g-factor was obtained via electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements at X-band (9.45 GHz).     

Wave Optical Analysis of the Phase Space Analyser

Abstract

The phase space beam analyser (PSBA) is described in second-order terms of the diffraction integral (Collins integral). Expressions are derived for the intensity distributions in the observation plane and for the second moments. The spatial and angular resolutions are calculated and optimized. Analytical solutions are presented for an apodized slit and the fundamental mode.     

一种基于相位匹配的高精度估计正弦信号频率新方法

为高效估计出正弦信号频率,从离散傅里叶变换定义式出发,总结出其本质是利用相位匹配原理使信号矢量序列求和最大.据此推导出任意频段的离散傅里叶变换计算方法,该方法可实现信号频率的高精度估计.推导出相应的变换矩阵,分析了该方法的各种特点,最后进行了仿真验证.     

Non-destructive Testing by Infrared Thermography Under Random Excitation and ARMA Analysis

Photothermal thermography is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method, which has many applications in the field of control and characterization of thin materials. This technique is usually implemented under CW or flash excitation. Such excitations are not adapted for control of fragile materials or for multi-frequency analysis. To allow these analyses, in this article, the use of a new control mode is proposed: infrared thermography under random excitation and auto regressive moving average analysis. First, the principle of this NDT method is presented. Then, the method is shown to permit detection, with low energy constraints, of detachments situated in mural paintings.