家具新产品开发的技术经济分析

目前,家具市场竞争日趋激烈,新产品推出节奏也越发加快。本文利用技术经济评价研究的方法从市场调查预测、技术工艺设备、经济效益和社会效益等方面进行分析论证,为家具企业在新产品开发过程中提供依据,从而选择最优的实现方案。     

EEC Inter- laboratory Tests on Methods of Analysis of Fibre Mixtures EEC Working Party on Textile Names and Labelling - Analysis

Abstract

With today's global competitive marketplace, new textile product development requires a design, marketing, materials and technology interface. An opportunity existed to examine the new textile product development processes being used by global textile companies with a variety of textile product end-uses: apparel, home textiles, transportation, industrial, nonwovens, carpets, and medical textiles. The Crawford and DiBenedetto model (2003) was used as the conceptual framework for the study and data was collected using secondary and primary data sources. A total of 24 global companies, based in the United States, comprised the sample for this study. Each company's new textile product development processes, practices, and new products were examined, with identification of key new product development concepts being utilized. Results indicated that companies were utilizing new product development (NPD) processes as a competitive tool, but are using a combination of NPD strategies to develop and launch products in the global marketplace.     

Application of elements of microbiological risk assessment in the food industry via a tiered approach

Food safety control is a matter for concern for all parts of the food supply chain, including governments that develop food safety policy, food industries that must control potential hazards, and consumers who need to keep to the intended use of the food. In the future, food safety policy may be set using the framework of risk analysis, part of which is the development of (inter)national microbiological risk assessment (MRA) studies. MRA studies increase our understanding of the impact of risk management interventions and of the relationships among subsequent parts of food supply chains with regard to the safety of the food when it reaches the consumer. Application of aspects of MRA in the development of new food concepts has potential benefits for the food industry. A tiered approach to applying MRA can best realize these benefits. The tiered MRA approach involves calculation of microbial fate for a product and process design on the basis of experimental data (e.g., monitoring data on prevalence) and predictive microbiological models. Calculations on new product formulations and novel processing technologies provide improved understanding of microbial fate beyond currently known boundaries, which enables identification of new opportunities in process design. The outcome of the tiered approach focuses on developing benchmarks of potential consumer exposure to hazards associated with new products by comparison with exposure associated with products that are already on the market and have a safe history of use. The tiered prototype is a tool to be used by experienced microbiologists as a basis for advice to product developers and can help to make safety assurance for new food concepts transparent to food inspection services.     

Potential of virtual worlds for marketing tests of product prototypes

For manufacturers of physical goods, conducting market tests of product prototypes to assess consumers' preferences can be costly and complex. To some extent, production and logistic processes need to be in place, not just the marketing rationale. We put forth the hypothesis that virtual worlds may be a feasible environment to conduct early market tests of product prototypes for some physical products. The rationale for this hypothesis is that such tests with virtual versions of product prototypes may be conducted with minimal overhead, based on resources from marketing and design departments, without resources from production or logistics. They could be a first filter or selection process to determine which product prototypes demonstrate better acceptance by the public, with reduced costs and complexity. An expectation is that by having simpler and less costly tests, a wider variety of product prototypes can be considered, and test number and frequency increased, supporting better information gathering. A central question in this regard is the level of similarity between the preferences of the public when presented with virtual items, in comparison with the actual physical items. To attain data about this, we carried out an exploratory study, creating a set of both virtual and physical prototype versions of a physical product: t-shirts. We then invited virtual-world users to experience the virtual t-shirts on their avatars and express their preferences. Finally, we presented users with the option to buy the physical t-shirts with their own money, at promotional cost (as a reward for participating in the virtual trial), but explicitly told them, as they held the various physical versions in their hands, that they could change their preference at no extra cost. The results identified the level of similarity and differences between buyers' preferences in these two situations, pointing to the significant potential of using a virtual world to conduct market tests to assess consumers' preferences on prototypes of physical t-shirts.     

A model for reduced fat food product development success

The majority of new food products fail following launch. The aim of this research has therefore been to model the food product development process and to determine the relative importance of factors comprising the model in terms of product outcome. Data was gathered by qualitative interview. Food product developers (n=47) from food companies based in England and Northern Ireland (n=27) were required to describe their experiences and provide insight into problems encountered in the invention, development, launch and marketing of new standard and reduced fat food products. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and content analysed thematically. Data from 127 product case histories were binary coded, screened and modelled through a series of logistic regression analyses against product outcome (success/failure) as defined by the company concerned. The resulting model implies that actions taken during the concept phase of the product development process and the nature of expertise employed during the process are particularly important for product success. It is recommended that appropriate expertise is enlisted at product conception and that a food technologist is employed to ensure that the texture of the product is acceptable. Whilst it is important to liaise with retailers throughout the process, manufacturers should formulate their own product recipes and avoid following trends in food and ‘me too’ product development.     

“十二五”塑料机械产品结构调整与绿色技术应用的分析研究(Ⅱ)

绿色技术应用和开拓是"十二五"塑料机械产品结构调整的核心。绿色技术主要体现在提高能源和其他资源的利用效率、降低成型加工成本、减少对环境的污染、提高清洁度等方面。国内塑料机械中、低端化的现状不容乐观,一旦塑料机械市场萎缩,首先是中、低端市场萎缩,国内制造商受到的打击最大;高端塑料机械迎合了相关产业科技进步的需要,拥有广阔的发展空间。高端塑料机械实质是充分体现出绿色技术的设备。重点分析研究了注塑设备、拉吹成型设备、挤出设备、中空设备等4类主要塑料机械的产品结构调整和绿色技术应用需要解决的几个问题。转变陈旧发展理念,着力创新技术研发思路,用科学的发展理念加快自主创新塑料机械设备,开发高端塑料机械,掌握绿色核心技术,是改变中、低端化的现状、力做中国创造的绿色技术的唯一出路。     

“十二五”塑料机械产品结构调整与绿色技术应用的分析研究(Ⅰ)

绿色技术应用和开拓是"十二五"塑料机械产品结构调整的核心。绿色技术主要体现在提高能源和其他资源的利用效率、降低成型加工成本、减少对环境的污染、提高清洁度等方面。国内塑料机械中、低端化的现状不容乐观,一旦塑料机械市场萎缩,首先是中、低端市场萎缩,国内制造商受到的打击最大;高端塑料机械迎合了相关产业科技进步的需要,拥有广阔的发展空间。高端塑料机械实质是充分体现出绿色技术的设备。重点分析研究了注塑设备、拉吹成型设备、挤出设备、中空设备等4类主要塑料机械的产品结构调整和绿色技术应用需要解决的几个问题。转变陈旧发展理念,着力创新技术研发思路,用科学的发展理念加快自主创新塑料机械设备,开发高端塑料机械,掌握绿色核心技术,是改变中、低端化的现状、力做中国创造的绿色技术的唯一出路。     

实行内部跨职能整合策略加快上市速度

<正>创新是公司生存的灵魂。任何一个新 产品的成功上市包含着研发、市 场、营运、财务等部门的通力合作。对于 一个企业来说,如何协调内部各部门之 间的工作以保证整个创新过程的发展显 得尤为重要。 在一个新项目启动的初始,需要对项 目团队的组织结构进行合理安排。目前,组 织结构可分成两大类型:一是传统型等级     

Development of service-oriented products based on the inverse manufacturing concept

To achieve sustainability, resource consumption and waste generation must be drastically decreased. For societal acceptance, preservation of both quality of life and corporate profits are essential. One promising approach is to shift the source of value from the amount of product sold to the quality of services the product provides. This paper describes the need for redesigning recycling systems from a manufacturing perspective and then discusses the possibility of this "servicification" of products, describing our experience with prototype development. We discuss development of product prototypes and their business, using consumer facsimile machines as an example of "service-oriented products". Traditional thought presumes that only products comprising new materials and components are valuable. Consideration of a service-oriented product can serve as a stimulus to revise this mode of thought and to control delivery and quality of disposed products. This paper also provides a life cycle simulation of the developed service-oriented business. Simulation results indicate that service-oriented business can potentially reduce environmental impact while extending business opportunities from the viewpoint of whole product life cycles.     

类胡萝卜素膳食补充剂

类胡萝卜素膳食补充剂是一类特定的食品,被期望有良好的市场前景.在制造和消费者类产品时,有许多需要澄清的概念,有些是技术问题,有些是法律法规、有些是市场问题.本文综述了欧共体国家和美国的类胡萝卜素膳食补充剂的产品、市场、相关法规和保健功能研究的发展现状.     

“全程互动式研发”在云烟在销规格中的应用

在消费需求变化日益丰富的今天,传统的卷烟产品研发模式已不能最大程度与市场与消费者需求相贴近,各烟草工业企业在研发方面也在寻求创新,为此,红云红河集团技术中心在经过长期探索与实践后,逐步走出了一条新的研发道路,从最根本的消费者需求出发,提出了“卷烟产品全程互动式研发”的新理念,在实际工作中将这一理念加以运用,实现了“到市场中去,到消费者中去”的研发模式,使研发更具科学性与系统性。      

2004年冰淇淋产品的发展动向

分析了哈根达斯顶级冰淇淋的发展历史，简要介绍了美国冰淇淋超市的产品，研究了我国冰淇淋市场的现状。以哈根达斯成功的冰淇淋产品为例，指出了我国冰淇淋产品的发展方向，应大力弘扬我国悠久的饮食文化，注重产品的更新换代(如研发月饼冰淇淋、粽子冰淇淋等)，全面推行营养化、低价化、家庭化、功能化，大力研发推广具有保健功能的功能性产品，大力发展前店后厂式的冰淇淋屋，提升企业知名度，从而使企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。     

Blending response surface methodology and principal components analysis to match a target product

Highly trained sensory panels have long been used to evaluate food products on perhaps dozens of attributes. Principal components analysis is one of a number of multivariate data analysis techniques commonly used in analyzing sensory panel data. More recently, response surface designs have been used to direct the creation of product prototypes so that the effects of ingredient levels and/or processing conditions can be modeled. This paper will discuss how the two methodologies have been used together in projects where the goal is to identify ingredient levels and/or processing conditions that best match a target product's sensory profile. Some unique problems arise when analyzing and interpreting the results of response surface models when the number of responses is quite large. This paper will explain how some of these problems have been addressed through the detailed discussion of the development of a cost reduced product. Six ingredients were systematically varied in a response surface design to create 48 prototypes. The prototypes and the target product were then measured on 33 sensory attributes. Design selection, data collection, response surface modeling, rotated principal components analysis and the use of both desirability and distance functions to identify ingredient level combinations that meet the product development objectives will be discussed in detail using the data analyses from this project. Recommendations for next steps in the product development process will also be given.     

肉及其加工制品的掺假鉴别技术研究进展

肉因其较高的营养价值和独特的风味而成为广大消费者饮食中最重要的组成成分之一。在高额利益的驱动下,肉及肉制品的加工生产中掺假问题频繁发生。因此开发出能够对肉及肉制品的掺假进行有效鉴别的技术与方法对保障消费者的利益具有重要意义。产品和消费方式的不同决定了对掺假鉴别的侧重点不同,因而对相应掺假鉴别技术的要求也不同。本文阐述了目前用于肉及肉制品掺假检测的常见方法的基本原理及其研究进展,包括基于蛋白质组学的免疫和质谱技术,基于DNA的聚合酶链式反应技术以及基于无损检测的传感器和光谱技术。同时也对目前已知方法所存在的鉴别盲区和新的掺假鉴别技术的开发提出了建议,以期为肉类及其加工制品掺假鉴别提供一定的理论依据。     

A Premiere example of the illusion of harm reduction cigarettes in the 1990s

Objective: To use the product launch of Player's Premiere as a case study for understanding the new cigarette product development process during the 1990s. We determine the (in)validity of industry claims that: (1) development of the physical product preceded the promotional promise of "less irritation"; (2) "less irritation" was actually realised; (3) advertising informed consumers; and (4) advertising regulations caused the product's failure in the marketplace.

Setting: Court proceedings assessing the constitutionality of Canada's Tobacco Act, which substantially restricts cigarette advertising. The 2002 Quebec Superior Court trial yielded a new collection of internal documents from Imperial Tobacco Ltd (ITL), including several about the development and marketing of Player's Premiere.

Method: Trial testimony and corporate documents were reviewed to determine the validity of the industry representations about the new cigarette product development process, focusing on the case history of Player's Premiere.

Results: In direct contradiction to industry testimony, the documentary evidence demonstrates that (1) communications for Player's Premiere, which claimed less irritation, were developed long before finding a product that could deliver on the promise; (2) ITL did not sell a "less irritating" product that matched its promotional promise; (3) the advertising and other communications for Player's Premiere were extensive, relying on the hi-tech appearances ("tangible credibility") of a "unique" filter, yet were uninformative and vague; and (4) Player's Premiere failed in the marketplace, despite extensive advertising and retail support, because it was an inferior product that did not live up to its promotional promise, not because of regulation of commercial speech.

Conclusions: New product development entails extensive consumer research to craft all communications tools in fine detail. In the case of Player's Premiere, this crafting created a false and misleading impression of technological advances producing a "less irritating" cigarette. This product was solely a massive marketing ploy with neither consumer benefits, nor public health benefits. The industry attempted to deceive both consumers and the court.

     

Rum酒酿制的原料及工艺对品质的影响

兰姆酒(Rum)是甘蔗综合利用高值产品,是国际著名四大蒸馏酒之一。随着对外开放,与国外贸易、交往的形势发展,国内外市场均需要发展兰姆酒。为了科学化、规模化发展这个产品,本文剖析了兰姆酒典型体的香、味、色、体的感官和组分,从而指导其在原料选择和预处理、发酵、蒸馏、陈酿、勾兑等各方面的生产细节,以期做到符合典型体高品质,而又有较好经济效益的产品。     

中国家纺市场现状分析及发展方向探索

在我国,家纺业是民生产业,在保持经济增长、建设生态文明等方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。但是,家纺行业的产品创新力还较为薄弱。随着消费升级加速进行,谁能给消费者提供功能更好、体验更加舒适的产品,谁就能抓住未来的家纺市场,因此新产品开发刻不容缓。从目前国内各大品牌企业主推的新产品来看,新产品的开发多以功能性添加为主,这些新产品的真实效果以及可靠性都有待进一步验证。通过对家纺市场产品开发的主要方向分析以及对国内外纤维材料产品开发资料的调研,针对产品开发提出了相关的看法和建议。     

翡翠鉴别研究新趋势

翡翠市场的发展，要求其鉴定技术赶上步伐，并对市场进行规范和指导。综述了采用红外光谱分析、激光拉曼探针分析及阴极发光显微镜等测试方法对翡翠进行鉴别研究的进展，对翡翠颜色、透明度及综合定量分级新成果进行了探讨和总结，指出翡翠鉴别研究的新趋势是鉴别定量化。     

合成维生素E的研究进展

维生素E是一种具有良好生理活性和药理价值的抗氧化剂,市场需求量不断增长,目前人们获得维生素E的80%来自于合成产品。对合成工艺进行改进,制备高纯度的合成维生素E产品,具有广阔的发展前景。本文简要阐述了合成维生素E的两种原料三甲基氢醌及异植物醇的制备方法,着重介绍了合成维生素E的催化体系与溶剂体系,并对存在的问题及研究发展前景进行了评述。